COMPREHENSIVE EXAM

EDUC 701- ADVANCED RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

1. In outline form, explain briefly the six criteria of a good research problem.
Good research uses relevant, empirical data and proper data analysis methods.

One of the most important qualities of a good research study is that it deals with
empirical data. Empirical data is data that has been collected by researchers themselves
through observation, experience, or experimentation This is crucial in doing good
research because empirical data is considered objective, unbiased evidence. Good
research doesn’t stop with the collection of empirical data, the data collected must be
analyzed properly as well. The type of data collected largely determines the right data
analysis method to use.

Good research is guided by logic.

One of the distinguishing characteristics of research is that the entire process is

guided by logic. Using logic, for instance, can help researchers determine what kind of
data they need for answering their research question. Being guided by logic throughout
the research process also helps researchers spot fallacies and inconsistencies in their
claims and findings.The logical processes of induction and deduction can also prove to be
valuable in the research process.

Good research is replicable, reproducible, and transparent.

Replicability, reproducibility, and transparency are some of the most important

characteristics of research. The replicability of a research study is important because this
allows other researchers to test the study’s findings. Replicability can also improve the
trustworthiness of a research’s findings among readers. Good research is also
reproducible. Though replicability and reproducibility are often used interchangeably,
research is reproducible if researchers achieve consistent results using the same data and
analysis methods .The reproducibility and replicability of a research study and its findings
can confirm the study’s overall validity and credibility.

Good research is ethical.

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 Understandably, good research is carried out according to research ethics.
According to the World Health Organization, research ethics provide academic research
standards for conducting studies. These standards help protect the rights and dignity of
research participants while ensuring that researchers practice values, such as honesty,
objectivity, integrity, and accountability in their work

Good research has external validity.

Good research has external validity and reliability if its results or findings can be
applied to the real world. If your research findings can be generalized to other situations
or applied to a broader context, your study has high external validity.

 Good research is anchored on a sound research question.

A sound research question is one of the most important characteristics of good

research. In fact, formulating one is embedded in the curricula of research-heavy
programs like engineering and physics degrees and careers. Developing a research
question is the most important step in doing a research project, and is at the core of what
makes a good research.

2. How is research classified according to the following?

• Purpose
There are three broadly different kinds of research, namely, predictive, directive
and illuminative.
Predictive or prognostic research has the purpose of determining the future
operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better. “

Predictive research proposes to give the result from one specific educational
practice or pattern and seeks to establish a close statistical connection between
characteristics of students and a prediction of educational outcome.”

Directive research determines what should be done based on the findings. This is
to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.

Illuminative research is concerned with the components of the variable being

investigated, as for example, “interaction of the components of educational
systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, student
characteristics, organizational patterns and policies, and educational
consequences.”

• Goal
According to goal, research may be classified as basic or pure research
and applied research.

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` Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories or principles. It is
conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this kind of research has
been done in psychology and sociology.

Applied research is the application of the results of pure research. This is

testing the efficacy of theories and principles. For instance, a principle says that
praise reinforces learning. To determine if this is true, one conducts an experiment in
which there are two classes. In one class, he uses praise but in the other class there
is no praise at all. All other things are kept equal. At the end of the experimental
period, he gives the same test to the two classes. If the scores of the pupils in
the class with praise are significantly higher than those in the class without praise,
then the principle is true.

• Levels of investigation
French categorizes research according to the levels of investigation into
exploratory research, descriptive research and experimental research.

In exploratory research, the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific

situation.
In descriptive research, the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
In experimental research, the experimenter studies the effects of the variables on
each other.

• Type of analysis
According to the type of analysis, research is classified into analytic and holistic
research.

In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.

The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing attention on
the system first and then on its internal relationships.
• Scope
Under this category is action research. This type of research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost
problem solving.

In education, it is a firing-line or on the job type of problem solving or research

used by teachers, supervisors, and administrators to improve the quality of their
decisions and actions; it seeks more dependable and appropriate means of
promoting and evaluating pupil growth in line with the specific and general
objectives and attempts to improve educational practices without references to
whether findings would be applicable beyond the group studied

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 • Choice of analysis
Research that is concerned with finding answers to problems into evaluation
and development research.

In evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified
and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.

In development research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable

instrument or process than has been available.

• Statistical content
Under this type may be mentioned  quantitative research and non-quantitative
research.

Quantitative or statistical research is one in which inferential statistics are

utilized to determine the results if the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation,
chi-square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of
research usually includes comparison studies, cause-and-effect relationships, etc.

Non-quantitative research. This is the research in which the use of quantity or

statistics is practically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies where
description is usually used. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative
data.

• Time element
According to time element, best classifies research as historical, descriptive and
experimental.

Historical research describes what was.

Descriptive research describes what is.
Experimental research describes what will be.

3. In your field of specialization, give a major problem and illustrate the independent,
intervening, and dependent variables.
One of the major problem to be considered in my field of specialization is the student
achievement .

Independent variable Intervening variable Dependent variable

type of instruction (e.g. Student engagement Student achievement

traditional classroom, with the instruction (e.g. test scores,
online learning) grades)

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 In this example, the independent variable is the type of instruction, which is manipulated
by the researcher or educational system. The intervening variable, student engagement,
can affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. The
dependent variable, student achievement, is the outcome being measured.

4. Why are assumptions and hypotheses important in research? What functions do they
serve? How are they formulated? Are hypotheses always explicit? Why?

Assumptions are important aspects to a study as they are bases for credible and
valid research work. Assumptions are essential in a research as they are foundations for
formulation of research questions. Testing assumptions in a study are key to determining
if conclusions can be correctly drawn from the results of an analysis. Assumptions help in
understanding the problems, thinking of possible dimensions within the problem and
reaching to the desired conclusion. Assumptions help us to get testable hypothesis and
solving to them helps us in reaching the correct decision. Assumptions are also important
in a study as they help in identification of possible inconsistencies and incomplete
processes in a research. To formulate an assumption, you must not just state, but explain
and cite examples to justify your premise's validity. On the other hand, a wrong
assumption is not easily valid and justified.
Hypothesis is an assumption or proposition whose testability is to be tested on the
basis of the compatibility of its implication with empirical evidence with /previous
knowledge. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to
happen in your study.
The Hypotheses play significant role in the scientific studies because it helps in
the testing of the theories, serves as a great platform in the investigation activities,
provides guidance to the research work or study ,hypothesis sometimes suggests
theories , also acts as a bridge between the theory and the investigation. provides a
relationship between phenomena in such a way that it leads to the empirical testing of the
relationship and lastly it helps in knowing the most suitable technique of analysis. Helps
in the determination of the most suitable type of research.
Hypotheses can be explicit or implicit. An explicit hypothesis is a statement that
is clearly and directly stated, while an implicit hypothesis is a statement that is implied or
suggested, but not directly stated. For example, a statement such as "I believe that the sun
will rise tomorrow" is an explicit hypothesis, while a statement such as "I believe that
tomorrow will be a good day" implies the implicit hypothesis that the sun will rise.

5. When and where the following statistical tools are used in research designs?

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 • z – test : A z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population
means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is large. In
z-test mean of the population is compared .The parameters used are population
mean and population standard deviation. Z-test is used to validate a hypothesis
that the sample drawn belongs to the same population

• F – test : The F-Test is utilized to determine whether two populations' variances

are equal. In addition, it is used to examine the hypothesis that a population's
mean values are normally distributed. It is also utilized to determine whether a
suggested regression model accurately predicts the data.

The F-test is used by a researcher in order to carry out the test for the
equality of the two population variances. If a researcher wants to test whether or
not two independent samples have been drawn from a normal population with the
same variability, then he generally employs the F-test. The F-test is also used by
the researcher to determine whether or not the two independent estimates of the
population variances are homogeneous in nature.

• H – test : Refers to a method of matching the medians of more than two groups
for ascertaining whether the samples have the same group source as an origin or
not. It is a key tool for comparing three or more groups based on a dependent
variable by measuring at a categorical level.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is a nonparametric (distribution free) test, and

is used when the assumptions of one-way ANOVA are not met. Both the Kruskal-
Wallis test and one-way ANOVA assess for significant differences on a
continuous dependent variable by a categorical independent variable (with two or
more groups).

• Chi – square : Chi-square test is used to compare two categorical variables.

Calculating the Chi-Square statistic value and comparing it against a critical value
from the Chi-Square distribution allows to assess whether the observed frequency
are significantly different from the expected frequency.

• t – test : A t-test is an inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant

difference between the means of two groups and how they are related. A t test is
appropriate to use when you’ve collected a small, random sample from some
statistical “population” and want to compare the mean from your sample to
another value. The value for comparison could be a fixed value (e.g., 10) or the
mean of a second sample.

6. What is a theoretical framework? A conceptual framework? How they are constructed?

What is the difference between the two frameworks?

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 A theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work
based on existing research while  conceptual framework allows you to draw your own
conclusions, mapping out the variables you may use in your study and the interplay
between them.
A conceptual framework is the researcher’s idea on how the research problem will
have to be explored. This is founded on the theoretical framework, which lies on a much
broader scale of resolution. The theoretical framework dwells on time tested theories that
embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena occur.
The theoretical framework provides a general representation of relationships
between things in a given phenomenon. The conceptual framework, on the other hand,
embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken.
Statistically speaking, the conceptual framework describes the relationship between
specific variables identified in the study. It also outlines the input, process and output of
the whole investigation.
7. Explain the meanings of finding, implication, inference and interpretation?

Research findings are facts and phrases, observations, and experimental data
resulting from research. It is also the outcome gotten from data analysis and represents the
factual link or association between or amongst the variables being interrogated by the
researcher. It is any results arrived at and portrays the true position of how two or more
variables relate with one another.

The implications are part of your discussion section, where you summarize your
findings and then put them into context—this context being earlier research but also the
potential effect your findings could have in the real world, in whatever scenario you think
might be relevant. Research implications suggest how the findings may be important for
policy, practice, theory, and subsequent research. Research implications are basically the
conclusions that you draw from your results and explain how the findings may be
important for policy, practice, or theory. However, the implications need to be
substantiated by evidence and the study's parameters need to be explained and the
limitations taken into account to avoid over-generalization of results.

An Inference is a conclusion we come to by analyzing Information. It is inductive

reasoning: looking at facts and then making a conclusion from those facts. Inference helps
to assess the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The purpose
of statistical inference to estimate the uncertainty or sample to sample variation. It allows
us to provide a probable range of values for the true values of something in the
population.

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 An Interpretation is an Inference from a specific Point of View. Two people might
have the same facts, but with different Points of View, they may each come to a different
solution to the problem. The interpretation of data helps researchers to categorize,
manipulate, and summarize the information in order to answer critical questions.

8. How do you evaluate a thesis or dissertation? What are the criteria for judging the
worthiness of a thesis or dissertation?
A dissertation or thesis is being evaluated based on the diploma policies of the
graduate school , and the program and laboratory that the candidate belongs to. The
criteria for judging the worthiness of a thesis or dissertation are the following : the title
clearly identifies the topic of the dissertation ,introduction (background, objective),
chapters including published papers on which the dissertation is based, general discussion,
conclusion and references should be in a standard dissertation style ,previous studies are
critically investigated and analyzed to provide the background and objective of the
dissertation , methods are described in detail, so it is clear why they were selected for the
research ,data are shown accurately and clearly in the text using figures and tables ,results
are interpreted critically and discussed in reaching logical conclusions, the dissertation
includes creative and original findings ,the research is academically valuable and has the
potential for future advances that will contribute significantly to society and lastly,
references are listed completely and accurately and with careful attention paid to research
ethics, including plagiarism and proper citation.
9. What are the guidelines in writing a recommendations? What is the rationale of each
guideline? Give examples.
Recommendations in the research paper should be the objective of the research.
Therefore at least one of your objectives of the paper is to provide recommendations to
the parties associated or the parties that will benefit from your research.
Recommendations in the research paper should be written in the order of priority.
The most important recommendations for decision-makers should come first. However, if
the recommendations are of equal importance then it should come in the sequence in
which the topic is approached in the research. 
Recommendations in the research paper should come from your review and
analysis For example It was observed that coaches interviewed were associated with the
club were working with the club from the past 2-3 years only. This shows that the attrition
rate of coaches is high and therefore clubs should work on reducing the turnover of
coaches.
Recommendations in the research paper should also come from the data you have
analyzed. For example, the research found that people over 65 years of age are at greater
risk of social isolation. Therefore, it is recommended that policies that are made for
combating social isolation should target this specific group.

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 Recommendations in a research paper if associated with different categories then
you should categorize them. For example, you have separate recommendations for
policymakers, educators, and administrators then you can categorize the
recommendations. 

Example of recommendation :

Based on both the findings and conclusions, the following were recommended:
1. Since the study reveals the crucial responsibility of teachers, the Curriculum Planners
may conduct strategic scenario analysis to determine the best and worst scenarios for
handling learners with special needs. Since there are insufficient funds in Inclusive
Education, DepEd Officials and Policy Makers are encouraged to allocate funds to
provide all the necessary materials to cope with the new normal situation in special
Education.
2. Considering the result of the study particularly on the identified challenges on the lack
of support and resources by the participants, the researcher recommended that school
heads provide a support system that could help teachers deal with the challenges that
may arise when handling learners with special needs.
3. It is recommended that teachers should attend numerous trainings and seminars to
address the challenges they have encountered in handling learners with special needs
and improve their identified adaptive strategies in order to meet the standards in
implementing inclusive education programs.
4. The researcher also recommend that the parents will undergo series of capacity
building programs and trainings on giving the needs of their children and to have
deeper understanding on the situation on their children especially on the reinforce
behavior as identified on the study.
5. For the students, it is also recommend that they should provide a well trained special
education teachers to handle the reinforce behaviors of the learners as identified on
the result of the study and also provide them experts in special education program to
facilitate capacity building activities to increase their level of confidence despite of
their conditions.
6. Further, a similar study may also be conducted quantitatively so that the SPED
teachers’ perceptions, based on the themes that emerged in this study, can be
measured numerically. Likewise, they are encouraged to investigate other factors that
may contribute to teachers' lived experiences handling learners with special needs.

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 EDUC 702- MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

1. Identify the following as Quantitative or Qualitative variable. Indicate the level of

measurement required (minimum level).

1.1. Income per month of employees

Answers Reasons

QUANTITATIVE Income may vary by the peso/dollar.

RATIO Level of measurement

1.2. Citizenship
Answers Reasons

QUALITATIVE The selection of citizenship is based on the country the person

belongs.

NOMINAL Level of measurement

1.3. Educational Level of Respondent

Answers Reasons

QUALITATIVE It is not measurable with numerical instrument but with objective

that do not imply rank or scales.

ORDINAL Level of measurement

1.4. Air temperature of the Sahara Desert

Answers Reasons

QUANTITATIVE There is an infinite selection of air temperature values from time

to time

INTERVAL Level of measurement

1.5. Number of Children in the Family

Answers Reasons

QUANTITATIVE There are an infinite number of children in the family.

ORDINAL Level of measurement

2. A statistics instructor wishes to study the relationship between the number of absences
students take and their final course grade. Is there a relationship between the number of
absences of students in their final course grade?

No. of 1 2 4 3 5 2 4 3 6 5 2 1
Absences

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 Grade 98 89 83 88 76 68 84 77 68 75 80 96

No. of Gra
Absen de(
ce(x) y) (xy) x2 y2
1 98 98 1 9604
2 89 178 4 7921
4 83 332 16 6889
3 88 264 9 7744
5 76 380 25 5776
2 68 136 4 4624
4 84 336 16 7056
3 77 231 9 5929
6 68 408 36 4624
5 75 375 25 5625
2 80 160 4 6400
1 96 96 1 9216
∑y ∑x ∑x ∑ y2=
∑ x =3 =98 y=29 2
=15 81,40
8 2 44 0 8

r= n ¿ ¿
n=12
∑ x =38
∑ y=982
∑ x y=2944
∑ x 2=150
∑ y2=81,408

1. n . ∑ xy −∑ x . ∑ y
=12(2,994) –((38) (982)
=35,928- 37,316
= -1,388
2. n . ∑ 2−¿
x

=12(150) – (38) 2
=1800-1444
=356
3. n ∑ .
2−¿
y

= 12( 81, 408)- (982) 2

=976,896-964,324
=12,572

1
r=
√2.3

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 −1388
r=
√(356)(12,52)
−1,388
r=
√(4,475,632)
−1,388
r=
2,115.5690
r= -0.6561
Since the computed value range below -1.00 and 1.00. Therefore the relationship between the
students absence(x) and students grade(y) are negatively correlated.

I.Theory:

A. Identify a problem for an investigative study for your dissertation

LIVED EXPERIENCES OF TEACHERS HANDLING LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL
NEEDS
B. Make a rationale of your study
In recent years, inclusive education (IE) has emerged as the dominant paradigm in
special education across the globe. In the realm of education, the majority of nations
around the world are moving in this direction. On one hand, the Philippines is one of
those countries that included this educational reform in their official curriculum. On the
other hand, the implementation of inclusive education in schools across the country,
whether public or private, was never a matter of ease for the educators. Philippines is a
signatory to international inclusive education policies, but despite these milestones in the
practice of IE, Raguindin (2021) argued that a significant number of Filipino learners
were not able to go to school because of either financial challenges faced by households
or lack of access to educational facilities. The country subsequently struggles in the
implementation of IE due to compounded misconceptions on what IE is about, inadequate
resources, knowledge, and self-preparation of teachers (Muega, 2016).
There are a significant number of public and private schools in the regions of the
Philippines that provide inclusive education for their students. According to Sanchez et al.
(2021), frustrations for teachers in inclusive classrooms can be caused by a lack of skills
and professional competence to effectively deliver the lesson to children with special
needs. Therefore, holding a degree and having training in special education (SPED) is
extremely beneficial for a teacher working in an inclusive classroom. Unfortunately, there
are teachers in some schools in Cebu City who accommodate students with special needs
despite not having adequate training or experience in special education. The researchers
were only aware of a small number of inclusive education teachers who lacked a
background in special education and who worked with learners with intellectual
disabilities. These educators discussed their feelings, burnouts, and stresses associated
with teaching students with special needs and regular students in the same classroom
setting.
In each classroom, students with varying talents and personalities are paired
together. Because each student has a unique set of skills, some children learn faster than
others. Teachers must devise and implement effective teaching tactics in order to satisfy
the particular needs of each student in the classroom. (Mahanta, 2019).
Special education teachers in the Philippines take a practical and individual
approach when instructing their students with disabilities. However, this is made even
more difficult because they must use a personalized approach while taking into account
the various limitations of their students, whether through emergency e-learning or flexible

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 learning. Only 3,050 elementary-level special education teachers were employed
nationwide in 2017–18, according to a Department of Education draft report. (National
Council on Disability Affairs, 2020).
To meet the various demands of its people, the Philippine government has been
looking for and creating solutions. The administration has faced significant difficulties in
implementing policies and laws that support education for all, especially in the
implementation of SPED classes, despite the fact that education is one of the areas that
needs to be improved. This is especially true in special education. (Allam & Martin,
2021). The development of special education has nevertheless received strong support
from both government and non-governmental organizations over the years. Despite efforts
to implement and uphold progressive reforms for the educational system for students with
disabilities, teachers appear to believe that the current condition of special education
indicates the opposite. (Gallarde et al., 2022).
Even though previous studies and literature show exploration on the lived
experiences of teachers handling learners with special needs and examine how they
overcome the challenges in teaching those learners, the researcher was not able to
encounter numerous studies done locally .In light of this, the researcher saw the need
and relevance of to describe, and understanding the lived experiences of the public
teachers handling learners with special needs in the integrated schools in the first
congressional district of SDO-1 Pangasinan.
C. State the main and sub-problems
This study aims to describe, understand, and explore the lived experiences of
teachers handling learners with special needs in the first congressional district in SDO-1
Pangasinan. The results of the investigation will serve as the basis for designing various
learning and development programs and trainings that would enhance the capability of
teachers in dealing with learners with special needs and provide a support system for
teachers in the implementation of inclusive education.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the lived experiences of the teachers handling learners with special needs
in the first congressional district in SDO-1 Pangasinan?
2. What are the challenges encountered by the teachers of public elementary schools
in handling learners with special needs?
3. How did the teachers of public elementary schools face the challenges
encountered in handling learners with special needs?
4. Based on the findings, what learning and development programs may be proposed
to enhance the capability of teachers teaching learners with special needs in the first
congressional district in SDO-1 Pangasinan
D. Determine the statistics / statistical treatment intended for the subproblems
Since the research study cited /mentioned is qualitative phenomenological study no
statistical tool will be used instead it will analyze the data using Moustakas'
phenomenological data analysis approach. The overall approach entails preparing data for
analysis, phenomenologically reducing the data, participating in creative variation, and
finding the core of the experience (Cabal, 2018).
The conversations of the informants will be transcribed and translated by the researchers.
The researchers' subjectivity will be excluded to clarify preconceptions by excluding
prejudgments and predispositions toward the occurrence. The following processes will be
used in data analysis: (a) horizontalize or list all relevant phrases. The researchers will

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 give equal weight to each piece of data. The researcher will disregard and eliminate
statements that are irrelevant, repetitive, or overlapping. The remaining information will
be referred to as horizons, which are a component of the phenomenon. (b) Thematic
grouping. The data being translated will be organized by the researcher into meaning units
of single-meaning themes. The researcher will collect the experiences of the participants
using a specific data collection procedure and create cluster themes from the data. (c.) A
textual explanation. The researcher will write narratives that explain the perspectives of
participants on a phenomenon. (d) Describe the structure. Textual descriptions and
creative variety will be used in this phase. The researcher will speculate and explain how
the event or experience occurred. The narratives will be built around the process of
combining texture and structural descriptions to express "what" happened and "how" it
happened. The researcher will write the textural and structural descriptions that will
reflect the group in the third person. This stage is a compilation of all of the group's
stories.

E. What is the significance of statistics to research and education?

Teachers are able to better comprehend student performance with the help of statistics. It
enables teachers to recognize patterns in student performance via the use of data
visualizations, and it also enables teachers to evaluate the effectiveness of various
instructional strategies through the application of hypothesis testing. Having understanding
of statistics enables you to utilize the appropriate procedures to collect the data, to carry out
the appropriate analysis, and to present the results in an effective manner. The application
of statistics is an essential step in the scientific discovery process, as well as in the
formulation of decisions and the formation of hypotheses based on empirical evidence.

II. Computational Aspects:

A. Computation of the Pearson r from the Deviation from the Means. Use this formula for the
data below:

Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Test x 19 18 15 12 11 9 7 5 6

Test y 25 27 29 25 21 19 14 13 12
* interpret and make decisions

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 Σ (102) (185) Σ x = 102 Σ y = 1185
________________
(Σ (102)2 (Σ (185)2

Σ 18,870
________________
(Σ 356,076,900)

0.0005299417

Since the coefficient value range between -1.00 and 1.00, therefore ,the
relationship between student X and student Y is positively correlated.

Degress of freedom

df=(number of rows -1) (number of columns -1 )

df = (3-1) (4-1)

df =(2) (3)

df = 6

α= 0.05

= 7.815

Compare = X2 Critical value

5.0174 < 7.815

(less than ) X2 < critical value ------- Do not reject Ho: Therefore
students mental ability and level of performance are independent.

(greater than ) X2 > critical value ------- Reject Ho: Therefore p

students mental ability and levelof performance are independent.

B. Analysis of Variance:

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1. A child psychologist is interested on the effects of “mother-presence in the early
development of a child on his speech development. He wants to know if children to
be by their mothers learn to speak faster than those whose mothers are working. The
data obtained below were gathered from a small sample of urban households in the
Philippines.

Working Mothers Non-Working Mothers

(Time to first word) (Time to first word)
1 year 0.75 year
1.50 1.00
1.75 0.80
2.00 1.20
1.60 0.90
* What does the data suggest? (If you want to test a hypothesis, use a
0.05 probability level).

I. Problem : Is there a significant difference between the mother presence in the

early development of a child on his speech development ?

II.Hypothesis :

Ho : There is no significant difference between the mother-presence I in the early

development of a child on his speech development .

Ha : There is significant difference between the mother-presence I in the early

development of a child on his speech development .

III.Level of Significance

α = 0.05

dfb = 2-1 =1

dfw = (N-1)-(k-1)

= (10-1)-(2-1)

=9-1

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 =8

F 0.05 =5.32

IV.Statistics F-test One -Way ANOVA

WM NWM
X1 X1 2 X2 X22
1 1 0.75 0.5625
1.5 2.25 1 2
1.75 3.0625 0.8 0.64
2 4 1.2 1.44
1.6 2.56 0.9 0.81
7.85 12.8725 4.65 5.4525

n1=5 n2=5
X 1 =1.57 X2=0.93

( ΣX1 +  ΣX2)2
________________
CF=
n1 + n2

( Σ 7.8 +  Σ 4.65)2
________________
CF=
10

=15.50025

TSS =12.8725 + 5.4525 -CF

= 2.82475

( ΣX1)2+  ΣX2)2
________________ - CF
BSS=
n1 + n2
=12.8725/5 + 5.4525/5 – 15.50025

= -11 .53725

WSS =TSS-BSS

= 2.82475- (-11.53725)

= 14.362

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 V. Decision Rule

If the F-computed value is greater than the F-tabular value ,disconfirm Ho.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

SOURCE OF VARIANCE DEGRESS OF FREEDOM SUM OF SQUARE MEAN SQUARE F VALUE
COMPUTED TABULAR

Between groups 1 -11.53725 -11.53725

Within Groups 8 14.362 1.79525

Total 9 2.82475 -6.4265 5.32

Conclusion : Since the F-computed value is -6.4265 is lesser than the F-

tabular value of 5.32 at 0.5 level of significance within 1 and 8 degrees of
freedom ,the null hypothesis is confirmed in favor of the research hypothesis
which means that there is no significant difference between the mother-
presence in the early development of a child on his speech development.

C. Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test:

Compute the coefficient r and the magnitude of relationship.

Very
Performance Excellent Good Poor TOTAL
Good
Mental Ability
High 10 5 6 4 25
Average 5 6 3 7 21
Low 3 4 2 5 14
TOTAL 18 15 11 16 60

( Row total X Column total )

________________________
X=
2

Over all total

Σ(O-E) 2
________________
X2=
E

X2 = chi -square test

O = observe
E = expected

  Excellent Very Good Good Poor

High 7.5 6.25 4.58 6.68
Average 6.3 5.25 3.89 5.6
Low 4.2 3.5 2.57 3.73

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 X2 = 0.8333 + 0.25 +0.5237 +1.0688 +0.2683 +0.5625+ 0.1877 +0.35 +0.3429 +0.07143 +
0.1264+0.43241

X2 =5.0174

EDUC 703- SOCIO-CULTURAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

1. How do academics working in different institutional and disciplinary contexts interpret

the concepts of the internationalization of the curriculum? How can we engage academic
staff in the process of internationalizing the curriculum in their discipline areas?

2. Discuss the concepts of academic freedom. How are these concepts practiced in your own
school?

3. What are the different activities included in the implementation of inclusive education in
the teaching and learning arrangements? How do you integrate these in your own
classroom?

4. Compare and contrast the different feedbacks on the elements of the revised K-12
Curriculum implementation based from the different perspectives of the stakeholders.

5. Explain the meaning of intercultural and global dimensions of the teaching and learning
arrangements. What do you think are the important skills/ attributes do you see from your
students or graduates to imbibe? Discuss the top 3 important components which you
believe most essential.

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EDUC 704- COMPARATIVE SPECIAL EDUCATION

1. Explain the administrative structures covering the different educational levels of the top
five countries and describe their curricular offering using the following factors:
1.1 Economics of education;
1.2 Teacher preparation,
1.3 Pay and status in the community;
1.4 Curriculum and pedagogy;
1.5 Assessment of learning;
1.6 Remedial programs and
1.7 Education of children with disabilities.

2. How do societal factors influence and shape education within a country in terms of?

2.1 Language;
2.2 Culture;
2.3 Religion;
2.4 Politics;
2.5 Health care;
2.6 Environment;
2.7 Economics.
3. Discuss the historical background of the top 1 and top 46 country (Philippines) based
from the 2018 Top 50 Global Educational System that led to the formulation of
educational policies, practices, and reforms of the identified country.

4. How can education and human resource policies affect national development from global
and comparative perspectives?

5. Discuss how do language development and mathematical literacy provide the common
content thread for analyzing programs and outcomes across countries with emphasis on
the impact of globalization on traditional learning and indigenous languages?

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EDUC 705- THERAPEUTIC EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN

1. Enumerate at least three (3) ancillary and/or auxiliary services available for children with
special needs.
2. How does Play Therapy work?
3. How you discuss with the child about his or her therapy session?
4. Identify 1 Educational Therapy that you as a teacher can implement in your class.
Discuss. (example music therapy)
5. When does a child need the Filial Therapy?
6. When will Play Therapy be beneficial to a Child?
7. Who can provide play therapy for the Child?
8. Why do we use play in Filial Therapy?
9. Why is Filial Therapy also known or considered as Play Therapy?
10. Why should therapeutic education be or be not a part of a Special Education Education
Program? Cite advantages and disadvantages.

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