MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1

1. State your own definition of research?

 Answer: Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge

and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as
to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This
could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent
that it leads to new and creative outcomes

2. As a researcher, what is the principal purpose and goal a of conducting

research?

 Answer: The mean or principal purpose and goal of research is the

preservation and improvement of the quality of human life.

3. List at least (10) characteristics of a good research.

 Answer:

1. Research is systematic. It follows an orderly and sequential procedure

that leads to the discovery of truth, solution of a problem, or whatever is
aimed to be discovered.

2. Research is controlled. All variables except those that are tested or being
experimented upon are kept constant (not allowed to change or vary) so
that the changes made about the study can be attributed only to the
experimental variable. This is especially true in experimental research.

3. Research is empirical. All the procedures employed, and the data

gathered are perceived in the same manner by all observers.

4. Research is analytical. There is a critical analysis of all the data used to

that there is no error in their interpretation.
 5. Research is objective, unbiased, and logical. All the findings and
conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to
alter the result of research.

6. Research employs hypothesis. This is to guide the investigation

descriptive studies; the specific sub-problems or specific questions serve
as the hypotheses and the hypotheses are tested and not proved.

7. Research employs quantitative and statistical methods. Data are

transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically to
determine their significance or usefulness.

8. Research is original work. Except in historical research, data are gathered

from primary sources or first-hand sources and not from secondary
sources.

9. Research is done by an expert. The research uses valid and carefully

designed procedures, valid data-gathering instruments, and valid data. He
subjects his data to an expert scrutiny.

10.Research is accurate investigation, observation, and description. In fact,

every research activity must be done accurately so that the findings will
lead to the formation of scientific generalizations. All conclusions are
based on actual evidence.

4. Differentiate research problem from a mere problem-solving.

 Answer: Research and problem-solving are not always the same;

each has distinctive characteristics and differs from each other. Not all
problem-solving can be considered as a research problem. In broader
sense, a research problem is more rigorous and larger in scope.
Evaluation / Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

 Classify research according to the following:

 Purpose
 Goal
 Type of Analysis
 Scope
 Choice of Answers or Problem
 Statistical Content
 Time Element

 Answer:
a. According to purpose. Throw identifies three broadly different
kinds of research, namely, predictive, directive, and illuminative.
(Treece and Jr.)

b. According to goal. Research may be as a basic pure research and

applied research.

 Basic or pure research is done for the development of

theories or principles. It is conducted for the intellectual
pleasure of learning. Much of this kind of research has
been done in psychological and sociology. (Manuel and
Medel)
 Applied research is the application of all the results of
pure research. This is the testing efficacy of the theories
and principles.

c. According to levels of investigation. French categorizes research

according to the levels of investigation into exploratory research,
descriptive research, and experimental research.

 In exploratory research, the researcher studies the

variables pertinent to a specific situation.
 In descriptive research, the researcher studies the
relationship of the variables.
 In experimental research, the experimenter studies the
effects of the variable on each other.

d. According to type of analysis. Weiss classified research into

analytic research and holistic research.
  In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to
identify and isolate the components of the research
situation.
 The holistic approach begins with the total situation,
focusing attention on the system first and then on its
internal relationships.

e. According to scope. Under this category is action research. This

type of research is done on a very limited scope to solve a
particular problem which is not so big. It is almost solving-
problem.

f. According to choice of answers to problems. Ack off divides

research that is concerned with finding answer to problems into
evaluation and developmental research.

 In evaluation research, all possible courses of action are

specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the
most advantageous.
 In developmental research, the focus is on finding or
developing a more suitable instrument or process than has
been available.

g. According to statistical content. Under this type may be mentioned

quantitative research and non-quantitative research.

 Quantitative or statistical research is one in which

inferential statistics are utilized to determine the results of
the study. Inferential statistics such a correlation, chi-square,
analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis,
cause-and-effect relationship, etc.
 Non-quantitative research is research in which the use of
quantity or statistics is practically ill.

h. According to time element. Best classifies research as historical,

descriptive, and experimental.

 Historical research describes what was.

 Descriptive research describes what is.
 Experimental research describes what will be.
 MODULE 2
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Evaluation / Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1

1. What is a research problem?

 Answer: A research problem is the focus of a research

investigation. A research problem is exactly – that a problem that
someone would like to research. A problem can be anything that a
person finds unsatisfactory, or unsettling, a difficulty of some sort of,
a state of affair that needs to be changed, anything that is not working
as well as it might.

2. What is the difference between a thesis and a dissertation?

 Answer: A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in

support of candidature degree of professional qualification presenting
the author’s research and findings. In some countries/universities, the
word “thesis” or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor’s or master’s
course, while “dissertation” is normally applied to a doctorate, while
in others, the reverse is true.

3. List at least four (4) possible sources of problems.

 Answer: Other problems maybe found in your work experience,

theories which need empirical support, technological and science.

4. Enumerate at least four (4) characteristics of a good problem.

 Answer:

a. A good problem that a researcher should consider is it must be of great

interest on the part of a researcher.
b. It should be possess novelty, and also it should invite more complex
designing,
c. a good problem also must be time bounded and finally,
d. a good problem does not carry ethical or more impediments.
5. Why is it that a good problem must be of great interest to the researcher?

 Answer: This factor is considered important because if you are

really interested in the problem you wish to work on it will be easy for
you to surmount any impending problems that may came along the
way. It usually follows that when you are interested in a topic, you
have preliminary knowledge of what it is since it is usually within
your area of specification. Getting acquainted with the body of
knowledge with the topic will follow later which means that you can
face all difficulties squarely if you have much needed interest.

6. What are the different considerations of presenting a good title?

 Answer:

o Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It
may be revised and refined if there is a need.

o The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of the
study, the population involved, and the period when the data were
gathered or will be gathered.

o It must be broad enough to include all aspect of the subject matter studied
or to be studied. Hence, the title indicates what is expected to be found
inside the thesis report.

o It should be as brief and concise as possible. It should not be long and

should not be more than 20 words.

o It should include the variables (independent and dependent) and the

methods of analysis.

o It should enable one to claim the paper as his own, and helps other
researches to refer to one’s work as they survey theories themselves.

o Avoid using the terms “as analysis of’, “study of’, “an investigation of’,
and the like. All these are understood to have been done or to be done
when research is conducted.
 MODULE 3
METHODS OF RESEARCH

Evaluation / Study Guides of Learning Chunk 1

1. What are the three parts of methods of research that involve in a research
proposal?

 Answer: subjects, procedures, and data analysis.

The subject section describes the population from which the

investigation will select the sample. The variables that are usually
considered include the chronological age, gender, age level, sex, socio-
economic status, mental age, and other pertinent attributes of the target
population.

The procedure part describes the research plan how the researcher
will undertake the investigation, what data are needed and what data-
gathering instruments will be employed.

The methodology data of analysis be described clearly and be specific

so that the reader will know precisely what is planned.

2. What are the categories of method of research?

 Answer: We can categorize the methods of research as qualitative

and quantitative.

3. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods of

research?

 Answer:

Qualitative methods are data-free. These are the methods used in the
following:

 Usually researches with data from non-probability samples.

  Researches that do not seek samples.
 Researches that do not concern with inferring the characteristics of the
population.
 Use for special kinds of researches or studies such as the following:

 Ethnographic
 Phenomenological
 Apprehensive Inquiry (AI)
 Historical Researches

Quantitative methods of research refer to the method that deals with:

 Researches that are not data-free, using all types of sampling
techniques
 Researches that aims for generalization
 Usually used probability sampling
 Infer the characteristics of the population
 Concerned with:
 Descriptive Methods
 Experimental Methods

4. What does historical method of research?

 Answer: Historical method of research is a process of selecting the

area or topic to write the history about, collecting data, shifting the
authentic from non-authentic, and the making an interpretative
narrative about or critical inquiry into the whole truth of the events.

5. What are the different types of research that use the descriptive method?

 Answer: case study surveys, developmental studies, follow-up

studies, documentary analysis, trend analysis, and correlational
studies.

6. How does an experimental method imply?

 Answer: The experimental method of research is defined by Good

as a method or procedure involving the control or manipulating of
 conditions for the purpose of studying the relative effects of various
treatment applied to members of different samples.
7. What is an ex-post facto research and how does it differ from other types of
research methods?

 Answer: In simple terms, ex-po facto research, the researcher

investigates a problem by studying the variables in retrospect. In
casual comparative research, investigators attempt to determine the
cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or
among groups of individuals.

The difference between the groups the two groups, however, has
already occurred. Because both the effects and the alleged causes have
already occurred, and hence are studied in retrospect, that is why casual
comparative research is often called ex-po facto research.

8. Why is it that an ex-post facto research is often types address as casual

comparative research?

 Answer: Because both the effects and the alleged causes have
already occurred, and hence are studied in retrospect, that is why
casual comparative research is often called ex-po facto research.

9. What is action research?

 Answer: Action research is research initiated to solve an

immediate problem or a reflective process of progressive problem
solving led by individuals working with others in terms or as part a
“community practice” to improve the way they address issues and
solve problems. There are two types of action research:
Evaluation / Study Guides of Learning Chunk 2

1. Why do we need to use the alternative form of research method especially in

social sciences?

 Answer: Research tend to forget that subjects in social research

are human beings who are asked to give their reaction, thoughts, and
feelings to unnatural conditions provoked by the standardized
methods the researcher use.

2. What are the three alternative research methods used in social sciences?

 Answer:

o Participatory Research Method

o Indigenous Research Method
o Ethnographic Research Method

3. How determine or select the methods of research to be used?

 Answer: Under this type of research methods is participatory

research method, indigenous research method. At the end your
research will dictate the kinds of research methodologies you will use
underpin your work and methods you will use in order to collect data.
 MODULE 4
THE THEORY AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES

Evaluation / Study Guides of Learning Chunk 1

1. What is a theory?

 Answer: Theory as defined by Kerlinger (1973) is “a set of

interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that
presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations
among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting
phenomena.”

2. What are the functions of a theory in a research investigation?

 Answer:

 It identifies the start for the search problem by presenting the gaps,
weak points, and inconsistencies in the topic. The theory that leads
you into the specific questions to ask in your previous research. This
provides the study with a conceptual framework, justifying the need
for investigation.

 It puts together all the constructs or concepts that are related with the
researcher’s topic. The theory that leads you into the specific
questions to ask in your own investigation.

 It presents the relationships among variables that have been

investigated. This process enables you to view the topic on hand
against the findings earlier bared. These findings have functions of
explaining the phenomena. In this particular case, it is the thesis or
dissertation topic that is the center of the phenomena.
3. What do you mean by a framework?

 Answer: Framework, as defined by the dictionary, is a skeletal or

structural frame. As a frame interrelated constructs (concepts),
definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of
phenomena by specifying relations among variables.

4. In most cases, where can you find reliable theories that will support your
present study?

 Answer: In most cases, we can find reliable theories that will

support our present study is in search of theory, you gather
information mostly from the related literature.

5. What is the difference between a theoretical framework from a conceptual

framework of the study?

 Answer:

o Theoretical framework indicates all the constructs or concepts,

definitions, and propositions that relate to a research problem. It
becomes the basis of the research problem. It explains the phenomena
upon which the thesis investigation hopes to fill the vacuum in the
stream of knowledge. On the other hand, conceptual framework is a
mental image or perception anchored on the theoretical framework.

o The conceptual framework is the detailed presentation of the variables

to be observed in the on-going study. The conceptual framework
should clarify the relationship among major variables of the study. It
should be illustrated further in drawing a conceptual paradigm.
Evaluation / Study Guides of Learning Chunk 2

1. In writing a thesis, where do we usually put the review of related literature

and studies?

 Answer: In most cases, the review of related literature and studies

has always been in Chapter 2 in the past, and still is. Gay (1967) says
that the review of related literature involves the systematic
identification, location, and analysis of documents containing
information related to the research problem.

2. Why do you need to review some literature and studies that are related to the
proposed study?

 Answer: The review of related literature provides the researcher

with the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. On the
other hand, the review of related studies which are both foreign and
local which have significant bearings to the present study is very
important.

3. Why do we need to cite both foreign and local studies?

 Answer: It is also important to mention or cite an existing theory

that can be used to help explain the problem. The review of related
literature and studies should be presented in topical form, irrespective
of whether it is local or foreign, and not necessary in chronological
order.

4. What are the different sources of related studies that might be helpful for
you as a researcher?

 Answer: The sources of related studies usually are laws,

department orders, memoranda and circulars established and
 promulgated by duly constituted authority for observance and
compliance which are directly related to the authority of state.

5. Why do we need to review our related studies in chronological order?

 Answer: The researcher reviews both local and foreign studies in

order to give a clearer presentation of the investigations. In some
cases, foreign studies may have some biases in terms of cultural
background of the respondents of the study, and therefore, there is a
need to review local studies conducted on the same topics so that the
effects of cultural differences may be ascertained.

6. Cite at least 5 phrases and expressions that may help in expressing the
review of related literature and studies.

 Answer: The use of the following phrases and expressions that

may help express related literature and studies are:

o In 20026, Cruz made a survey of the ….

o Santos (2008) used ….
o Sevilla suggested that ….
o Adelante directed that ….
o Guinbatan’s system made detailed and interesting….
o Aguilar’s suggestions focused….
Evaluation/Study Guide

1. What is the function of the theory in writing the research study or thesis?

 Answer: It is important that you look for the theory because it

performs some functions such as listed below:

a. It identifies the start for the search problem by presenting the gaps,
weak points, and inconsistencies in the previous researches. This
provides the study with a conceptual framework, justifying the need
for investigation.

b. It puts together all the constructs or concepts that are related with the
researcher’s topic. The theory that leads you into the specific
questions to ask in your own investigation.

c. It presents the relationships among variables that have been

investigated. This process enables you to view the topic on hand
against the findings earlier bared. These findings have functions of
explaining the phenomena. In this particular case, it is the thesis or
dissertation topic that is the center of the phenomena.

2. What is meant by conceptual framework and what is the function of it in a

research study?

 Answer: Conceptual framework is amental image or perception

anchored on the theoretical framework. The conceptual framework is
the detailed presentation of the variables to be observed in the on-
going study; the concepts defined in a way the investigator wants, the
way the variables are operationalized and the method of measuring the
variables.

3. What is/are the function (s) of the review of related literature and studies in
writing the thesis?
  Answer: The function of a literature review is to gain an
understanding of the existing research and debates relevant to a
particular topic or area of study, and to present that knowledge in the
form of a written report. Conducting a literature review helps you
build your knowledge in your field.
4. Differentiate conceptual definition from operational definition of terms.

 Answer: A conceptual definition tells you what the concept

means, while an operational definition only tells you how to measure
it. On the other hand, your operational definitions describe the
variables you will use as indicators for your constructs and the
procedures you will use to observe or measure the variables.
 MODULE 5
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES / PROCEDURES

Evaluation / Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1

1. What is the difference between sample to a population?

 Answer: A population is the entire group that you want to draw

conclusions about. A sample is the specific group that you will collect
data from. The size of the sample is always less than the total size of
the population.

2. Why do we need a sample rather than a population?

 Answer: Samples are used to make inferences about populations.

Samples are easier to collect data from because they are practical,
cost-effective, convenient and manageable.

Reasons for sampling

o Necessity: Sometimes it’s simply not possible to study the whole

population due to its size or inaccessibility.
o Practicality: It’s easier and more efficient to collect data from a
sample.
o Cost-effectiveness: There are fewer participant, laboratory,
equipment, and researcher costs involved.
o Manageability: Storing and running statistical analyses on smaller
datasets is easier and reliable.

3. What are the different techniques used in selecting a sample?

  Answer:
o Random Sampling
o Table of Random Numbers
o Lottery Sampling
o Systematic Sampling
o Stratified Sampling
o Cluster Sampling
o Non-random Sampling
4. What is the best sampling procedure to be used when we wish to give
equal opportunity of your population to be part of the sample size?

 Answer: In a random sample, every member of the population has

an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should
include the whole population. To conduct this type of sampling, you
can use tools like random number generators or other techniques that
are based entirely on chance. One of the best probability sampling
techniques that helps in saving time and resources, is the Random
Sampling method. It is a reliable method of obtaining information
where every single member of a population is chosen randomly,
merely by chance.

5. What particular sampling techniques is commonly referred as fishbowl

technique by Fox?

 Answer: Techniques of drawing a sample in a simple random

sampling: LOTTERY OR FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE - simply
writing the names or numbers of all the individual members in a
small-rolled piece of papers, then placed in a container.
Evaluation / Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

1. What particular sampling procedures where the sample is not proportion of

the population and no definite system of selecting the sample?

 Answer: In a non-random sampling the sample is not a proportion

and there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection depends
upon the selection. In this strategy, all participants of the investigation
are not derived through equal chances.

2. What other names are used to describe non-random sampling?

 Answer: This strategy is also known as non-probability sampling

or judgement sampling because it makes use of judgment in the
selection of items to be put into the subgroup. The common non-
random sampling techniques are purposive/deliberate sampling, quota
sampling, and convenience sampling.

3. What type on non-random sampling is used with a purpose or certain

criteria?

 Answer: This type of sampling is with a purpose. On the other

hand, quota sampling is done by identifying a set of important
characteristics of a population and then selects your desired samples
in a non-random way. Last sampling technique under non-random
sampling is convenience sampling; is done based on the convenience
of the researcher.

4. What is the disadvantage of using the quota sampling technique?

  Answer: Quota sampling does not allow random selection of
participants of the research. Quota sampling increases the risk of
researcher bias as a researcher might include people in research who
he finds too easy to approach or have co-operative nature

5. What is the fastest and most convenient sampling technique used by a

researcher in gathering information or data?

 Answer: Convenience sampling (also known as grab sampling,

accidental sampling, or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-
probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that
part of the population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is
most useful for pilot testing.
 MODULE 6
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Evaluation / Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1

1. What do you call this data collection devices and procedures?

 Answer: Methods of Data Collection

2. Under the clerical tools, what are the different instrument to be used?

 Answer

1. Questionnaire Method
2. The interview Method
3. The empirical observation Method
4. The registration Method
5. The testing method
6. The experimental method
7. The Library Method

3. Cite example of mechanical devices might that be helpful in collecting data

for the research?

 Answer: microscopes, thermometer, cameras, galvanometers, eye

cameras, eye gaze recorders, audiometers, and tachistoscopes etc.
4. What could be the most effective instruments when you are conducting
survey research?

 Answer: It depends because sometimes the wrong instrument

doesn't affect the result at all but in terms of measuring something
accurately, usually a correct instrument shall be used. For example, if
u want to measure a volume of liquid, u should do it in measuring
cylinder, not in a beaker or conical flask because this would affect
accuracy and accuracy have a big role on your results.

5. What are different library or computer techniques that might be very helpful
in gathering data for your search.

 Answer: Use the following strategies to more quickly and

efficiently find library / internet sources.

1. Clearly define your research need.

2. Start your search
3. Stewart Library Catalog
4. Carefully and accurately record your findings
5. Critically evaluate the information you find
6. Get help whenever you need it.
Evaluation / Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

1. What is the importance of data presentation?

 Answer: Data presentation is very important in research; it is a

process of organizing data logical, sequential, and meaningful
categories and classifications to make them amenable to the study and
interpretation. Data can be presented in tabular form, graphical form,
and textual presentation of data.

2. What are the three types of data presentation?

 Answer

1. Tabular Form
2. Graphical Form
3. Textual Form.

3. Why do we need to document all our citations from other personalities?

 Answer: Documentation is very important in order not to

plagiarize the work or idea of another person. The term
documentation is generally used for gathering and recording of
information, especially to establish or provide evidence of fact or
testimony. There are three types of documentation and the most
common are footnotes and endnotes.

4. What is the difference between a footnote to an endnote?

  Answer: Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page that contains
the sentence to which it refers. Endnotes are listed at the end of the
paper on separate pages.

5. Enumerate the different kinds of footnotes.

 Answer

o Cases-Long Cite
o Cases-Short Cite
o Books-Short Cite
o Law-Review/Journal Articles-Long Cite
o Law-Review/Journal Articles-Short Cite
o Magazine Articles – Long Cite
o Magazine Articles – Short Cite
o Newspaper – Long Cite
o Newspaper – Short Cite
o The Internet
o Articles w/ Authors on the Internet-Long Cite
o Articles w/ Authors on the Internet-Short Cite
o Internet Sources w/o Authors

6. Enumerate the different standard footnote abbreviation and their

meaning.

 Answer: Here is the list of some of the most common Latin words
and phrases (and their abbreviation, where applicable) commonly
used in footnotes.
 ante: This is a Latin preposition/adverb that simply means
“before”
 cf.: This is widely used abbreviation of the Latin verb from confer,
which is the second person-singular imperative of the active
present tense of the verb confer (=I compare).
 Et seq. (sometimes plain seq.): Abbreviation of the word
sequences, which means “and the following” citation). If the
following are several, then you will see the Latin phrase in the
plural, et sequences, or its corresponding abbreviation et seqq.
 Ff.: This is a reduplicated abbreviation of foliis (<Latin froilium, a
leaf). It means “on (the following) pages”.
 Ibidem: You will find this abbreviated to ibid, or ib. Ibidem is a
Latin verb that means “in the same place”, (i,e the book article, etc.
that is the sources of the citation) in the previous footnote.
 Loco citato (abbreviated to loc. Cit.): The phrase means “in the
place cited”, i.e in the passage already quoted.
 Opera citato (abbreviated to op. cit.): The phrase means “in the
work cited”
 MODULE 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ITS MEANING

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1

1. What is a bibliography?

 Answer: A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you

have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching
your work. In general, a bibliography should include:

o the authors' names

o the titles of the works
o the names and locations of the companies that published your copies
of the sources
o the dates your copies were published
o the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source
volumes)

2. What is the purpose of making bibliography in your research?

 Answer: The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to

give credit to authors whose work you've consulted in your
research. It also makes it easy for a reader to find out more about
your topic by delving into the research that you used to write your
paper.
3. What are the different rules in research to the writing of the bibliography?

 Answer

Rules in research on writing the bibliography.

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should
be intended one-behalf inch from the left margin. This is called hanging
indention.

• Author’s name are inverted (last name first); give the last name and
initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven
authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and
then use ellipses after the sixth author’s name. After the ellipses, list the last
author’s name of the work.

• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the

first author of each work.

• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same
order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

• Present the journal title in full.

• Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal

in its title.

 For example: ReCALL not RECALL or Knowledge Management

Research & Practice not Knowledge Management Research and Practice.

• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize
only the first letter of the first letter of the word of a title and subtitle, the
first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not
capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound
word.

• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter

works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

• Please note: While APA manuals provide many examples of how to

cite common types of sources, it does not provide rules on how to cite all
types of sources. Therefore, if you have a source that APA does not include,
 APA suggests that you find the example that is most similar to your source
and use that.

4. In writing bibliography what comes first?

 Answer: The sources should be listed in alphabetical order

by surname of the author or editors name.

5. When using the internet source, what particular format most researcher
follows?
 Answer: On many websites, it's difficult to determine the author of
the material. The general form of a citation from an Internet source
is: Author's name.

Evaluation / Study Guides of Learning Chunk 2

1. What do you mean by quotation?

 Answer: A “quotation” is the exact words or words that a person

speaks. Quoting the word of other person is not an easy task; it should
follow a certain format or style.

2. What are the rules in handling quotations?

 Answer:

o The first line of each entry within your list should be on the left
margin.
o Subsequent lines should indicate five spaces from the margin.
o All reference should be doubled space.
o Capitalize only the first word of a title or a subtitle of a work.
o Italicize title of book and journals.

3. When do we usually place the reference list in your essay or research report?

 Answer: The reference list of a bibliography should appear at the

end of the essay or thesis.
 4. What is the importance of indicating the reference list in your paper?

 Answer: It provides the information necessary for a reader to

locate and retrieve any source you cite in the essay.

5. What is the difference between direct quotation and indirect quotation?

 Answer: A direct quotation is a words you hear from someone

speaking, and an indirect quotation, which are the words that someone
uses to describe another speaker.
Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 3

1. What are the basic qualities of a good researcher?

 Answer: A good researcher should possess good values in order to

have a successful work. That is, a good researcher should possess the
right and desirable qualities in order to succeed in his researches. It
cannot be denied that a researcher must be intelligent enough. The
basic qualities of a researcher are intelligence, honesty, curiosity and
initiative, enough knowledge, and good in oral and written.

2. What could be the effect if a researcher is done honestly?

 Answer: The effect is he/she is a good researcher. People are more

likely to fund a research project if they can trust the quality and
integrity of research. Likewise, ethical standards promote values that
are essential to collaborative work, which include trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. We must, therefore, be
honest in our researches.

3. What could be the main reason why a researcher should share his work?

 Answer: Data sharing encourages more connection and

collaboration between researchers, which can result in important new
findings within the field. Data sharing allows researchers to build
upon the work of others rather than repeat already existing research.
4. What do we mean by this phrase: “A good researcher is not just born
overnight”?

 Answer: “A good researcher is not just born overnight.” Be ready

with your diligence and patience. A time when the data seem to be not
reliable, the methods do not seem to work, and other irritating
difficulties encountered in doing research.

5. What are the different things to be considered in evaluating the research

report?

 Answer: In evaluating the research report, a good researcher

should consider many factors in writing the different parts of research
report. There are guidelines or checklist to be considered in evaluating
a thesis or dissertation. In writing the title, it should be clear and
concise, while the statement of the problem, it should be clearly
stated. In the methodology, the research design should be recognized,
specific questions should be raised and the hypothesis should be
clearly stated.
 MODULE 8
WRITING REPORT

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

1. What are the things that you need to write or include in the research
methodology?

 Answer: The researcher writes the approach used such as whether

the study is descriptive, historical, experimental, ex-post facto, or
participatory. Here you explain while you employ such approach. On
some occasions, however, more than one approach is used. The next
section discusses the variables considered which includes the type and
level of each variable.

2. What are the different devices that you may use to maximize the lucidity of
the presentation of data and findings?

 Answer: Tables, graphs, and other graphic devices maximize the

lucidity of the presentation. But criterion should be exercised so that
the sequence of these graphic devices will not in any way distract the
flow of discussions.

3. As a researcher, why do you think that writing or drawing the conclusions is

one of the most difficult parts of the research report?
  Answer: The last chapter of the research report is the summary,
conclusions, and recommendations. In most research, the summary
puts together the highlights of the important findings of the
investigation. The conclusions have been judged by all researchers as
one of the most difficult to write. After having finished your study
after having written the research report up to the summary, still you
find the drawing the conclusions far from being written.

4. In what particular manner does the recommendations allow for free

thinking?

 Answer: The recommendation and implications on the other hand,

allows the researcher for free thinking for the reason that as long as
there is logical link between the data, conclusions, and the
recommendations, you are to write down what you wish to
recommend. Suggestions for further research end this chapter.

5. What are the things you need to consider in writing the summary of the
research report?

 Answer: The last chapter of the research report is the summary,

conclusions, and recommendations. In most research, the summary
puts together the highlights of the important findings of the
investigation. The conclusions have been judged by all researchers as
one of the most difficult to write. After having finished your study
after having written the research report up to the summary, still you
find the drawing the conclusions far from being written.
 MODULE 9
WRITING THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Evaluation/ Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1

1. What do you mean by a research proposal?

 Answer: The research student who is contemplating on an

investigation must be of sure necessity to write a proposal. The
dictionary defines a proposal as “a proposing, or setting forth for
consideration, something proposed, an offer, a proposition, a scheme,
a plan, a bid, or the like.” The research proposal is, then, the plan for
an intended investigation.

2. Why is it that a through and complete review is very important in writing the
research proposal?

 Answer: Before writing a proposal, you should have a thorough

and complete review of literature and studies. The theory that you
gather from the related literature will assist the researcher with a great
deal in writing the proposal. With an intensive review of related
literature, the researcher will have better chances of being able to
identify and state the problem, delimit the cope, and gather methods
and procedures for your own data collection and analysis.

3. What will happen if the review of related literature in a research proposal is

done haphazardly?
  Answer: Without a literature review, same area of research topic
could be repeated, and where there was already ample knowledge
available. This effectively meant that the research was superfluous
and therefore a waste of time and resources.

4. In case there is no readily available instrument to be used in collecting data,

what should be done by the researcher?

 Answer: Data collection tools refer to the devices/instruments

used to collect data, such as a paper questionnaire or computer-
assisted interviewing system. Case Studies, Checklists, Interviews,
Observation sometimes, and Surveys or Questionnaires are all tools
used to collect data.

5. What is the difference by a research report to a research proposal?

 Answer: A research proposal is prepared at the beginning of the

project. In contrast, the research report is prepared after the
completion of the project. The research proposal is concerned with the
problem or topic to be investigated. Conversely, the research report
focuses on the results of the completed research work

Evaluation/ Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

1. What do you mean by research abstract?

 Answer: The research abstract is a choice summary of a project

that concisely describes the content and scope of the project that
concisely describes the content and scope of the project and identifies
the project’s objective, its methodology, findings, and conclusions or
intended results. The abstract is the description of your
thesis/dissertation and not description of our topic.
2. What are the different features of a research abstract?

 Answer: An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300

words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed
sequence that includes:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you
investigated;
2) the basic design of the study;
3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and,
4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

3. What are the two types of abstract and how do they differ from each other?

 Answer: There are two main types of abstracts: descriptive and

informative. A descriptive abstract briefly describes the longer work,
while an informative abstract presents all the main arguments and
important results.

4. Where can we usually find the Appendices in a research proposal?

 Answer: The place for the appendices is placed after the

bibliography. These are the supplementary materials used in the
preparation of the thesis or dissertation.

5. What are the things embedded in the appendices?

 Answer: The Appendices should follow the

References/Bibliography unless your Appendices include citations or
footnotes. Appendices can consist of figures, tables, maps,
photographs, raw data, computer programs, musical examples,
interview questions, sample questionnaires, etc.