RESEARCH METHODS MODULE REVIEW

METHODS OF RESEARCH
MODULE REVIEW
MODULE 1
Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 1
1. State your own definition of Research.
Base on my understanding, research is the organized and systematic
method of finding answers to questions. It is systematic because it is a
process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. Research is
organized because there is a planned structure or method used to reach
the conclusion. A way of finding a solution to a certain problem. It
helps us know the unknown, and solve the unsolved. It is systematic
since it follows steps.
2. As a researcher, what is the principal purpose and goal of conducting

research?
The principal purpose and goal of conducting research, is to
preserve and improve the quality of human life. The purpose of
research is to serve man. And the goal of research is a good life. It
also helps to satisfy man’s craving for more understanding, to
improve his judgement, to add to his power, to reduce the burden of
work, to relieve suffering and to increase satisfaction in multitudinous
ways.
To discover new facts about unknown phenomena.
To find answer to problems which are only partially solved by
existing methods and information.
To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or
products.
To discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
To order related, valid generations into systematized science.
To provide basis for decision -making in business, industry,
education, government, and in other undertakings.
To satisfy the research curiosity.
To find answers to queries by means of scientific method.
To acquire a better understanding about one phenomenon that can be
known and understood better by research is why women are generally
smaller than men.
To expand or verify knowledge.
To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school
products.
To promote a prolong life.
To provide man with more of his basic needs-more and better food,
clothing, shelter, etc.
To make travel work, travel, and communication faster, easier, and
more comfortable
3. List at least ten (10) characteristics of a good research.
The ten characteristics of a good research are as follow:
1) Research is systematic.
2) Research is controlled.
3) Research is empirical.
4) Research is analytical.
5) Research is objective, unbiased, and logical.
6) Research employs hypothesis.
7) Research employs quantitative or statistical method.
8) Research is original work.
9) Research is accurate investigation, observation and description.
10) Research requires an effort-making capacity.
4. Differentiate research from a mere problem-solving.

The differences between the two are summarized as follows:
(1) There may not be a problem on research, only interest in
answering a question or query, while problem-solving has
always a problem to be solved.
(2) A research problem is rigorous and broader in scope while the
problem to be solved has to be defined specifically and
identified definitely in problem-solving.
(3) The research problem is not necessarily defined specifically.
On the other hand, the problem to be solved has to be defined
specifically and identified definitely.
(4) All research is intended to solve some kind of problem, but this
is not the primary aim. Problem-solving does not always
involve research.
(5) Research is conducted not primarily to solve a problem but to
make a contribution to general knowledge. Problem-solving is
always intended to solve a problem.
(6) Research is concerned with broad problems, recurrent
phenomena, and wide application through generalization.
Problem-solving is concerned with a specific problem and
once the problem is solved that is the end of it

Classify research according to the following:
 Purpose
Trow identifies three broadly different kind of research, namely
predictive, directive, and illuminative.
a. Predictive or Prognostic Research has the purpose of determining
the future operation of the variables under investigation with the
aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better.
b. Directive Research determines what should be done based on
findings. This is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is
any.
c. Illuminative Research is concerned with the interaction of the
components of the variable being investigated.
 Goal
According to goal, research maybe classified as basic or pure research
and applied research.
a. Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories or
principles. It is conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning.
b. Applied research is the application of results of pure research. This
is testing the efficacy of theories and principles.
 Type of Analysis
Weiss classified research into analytic research and holistic research.
a. In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and
isolate the components of the research situation.
b. The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing
attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships.
 Scope
Under to this scope is action research. This type of research is done on
a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big.
It is almost problem-solving.
 Choice of Answers to Problem

Ackoft divides research that is concerned with finding answers to
problems into evaluation, and developmental research.
a. In evaluation research, all of the possible courses of action are
specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most
advantageous.
b. In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing
more suitable instrument or process that has been available.
 Statistical Content
Under this type, maybe mentioned quantitative research and non-
quantitative research.
a. Quantitative or Statistical research is in which inferential statistics
are utilized to determine the results of the study. Inferential
Statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, etc.
are used to test the hypothesis, cause and effect relationships, etc.
b. Non-quantitative research is a research in which the use of quantity
or statistics is practically ill. This is especially true in
anthropological studies where description is usually used.
Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.
 Time Element
Best classifies research as historical, descriptive and experimental.
a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research describes what will be.
VIII. Evaluation/Study Guide

1. How do you define research?
“Research is the process of gathering data or information to solve a
particular or specific problem in scientific manner.” (Manuel and
Mendel)
It is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry varying in technique and
method according to the nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution of a problem.
(Good)
It is simply the systematic search for pertinent information or data on
a specific topic. After a careful systematic search for pertinent
information or data on a specific topic, or problem, and after the
research worker has analyzed and interpreted the data, he eventually
faces another essential task—that of preparing the research report.
(Aquino)
2. What are the purposes and goals of research?

The principal purpose and goal of conducting research, is to
preserve and improve the quality of human life. The purpose of
research is to serve man. And the goal of research is a good life. It
also helps to satisfy man’s craving for more understanding, to
improve his judgement, to add to his power, to reduce the burden of
work, to relieve suffering and to increase satisfaction in multitudinous
ways.
To discover new facts about unknown phenomena.
To find answer to problems which are only partially solved by
existing methods and information.
To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or
products.
To discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
To order related, valid generations into systematized science.
To provide basis for decision -making in business, industry,
education, government, and in other undertakings.
To satisfy the research curiosity.
To find answers to queries by means of scientific method.
To acquire a better understanding about one phenomenon that can be
known and understood better by research is why women are generally
smaller than men.
To expand or verify knowledge.
To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school
products.
To promote a prolong life.
To provide man with more of his basic needs-more and better food,
clothing, shelter, etc.
To make travel work, travel, and communication faster, easier, and
more comfortable
3. How do we characterize a good research?

The good research is characterized as follow:
1) Research is systematic.
2) Research is controlled.
3) Research is empirical.
4) Research is analytical.
5) Research is objective, unbiased, and logical.
6) Research employs hypothesis.
7) Research employs quantitative or statistical method.
8) Research is original work.
9) Research is accurate investigation, observation and description.
10) Research requires an effort-making capacity.
4. How are research and problem-solving differentiated?

The differences between the two are summarized as follows:
(1) There may not be a problem on research, only interest in answering
a question or query, while problem-solving has always a problem to
be solved.
(2) A research problem is rigorous and broader in scope while the
problem to be solved has to be defined specifically and identified
definitely in problem-solving.
(3) The research problem is not necessarily defined specifically. On the
other hand, the problem to be solved has to be defined specifically
and identified definitely.
(4) All research is intended to solve some kind of problem, but this is
not the primary aim. Problem-solving does not always involve
research.
(5) Research is conducted not primarily to solve a problem but to make
a contribution to general knowledge. Problem-solving is always
intended to solve a problem.
(6) Research is concerned with broad problems, recurrent phenomena,
and wide application through generalization. Problem-solving is
concerned with a specific problem and once the problem is solved
that is the end of it
5. How is research classified according to the following?

 Purpose
Trow identifies three broadly different kind of research, namely
predictive, directive, and illuminative.
a. Predictive or Prognostic Research has the purpose of determining the
future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of
controlling or redirecting such for the better.
b. Directive Research determines what should be done based on
findings. This is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.
c. Illuminative Research is concerned with the interaction of the
components of the variable being investigated.
 Goal
According to goal, research maybe classified as basic or pure research
and applied research.
a. Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories or
principles. It is conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning.
b. Applied research is the application of results of pure research. This is
testing the efficacy of theories and principles.
 Levels of Investigation
French categorizes research according to the levels of investigations
into exploratory research, descriptive research, and experimental
research.
a. In exploratory research, the researcher studies the relationships of
the variables pertinent to a specific situation.
b. In descriptive research, the researcher studies the relationships of
the variables.
c. In experimental research, the researcher studies the effects of the
variable on each other.
 Type of Analysis
Weiss classified research into analytic research and holistic research.
a. In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and
isolate the components of the research situation.
b. The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing
attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships.
 Scope
Under to this scope is action research. This type of research is done on
a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big.
It is almost problem-solving.
 Choice of Answers to Problem

Ackoft divides research that is concerned with finding answers to
problems into evaluation, and developmental research.
a. In evaluation research, all of the possible courses of action are
specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most
advantageous.
b. In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing
more suitable instrument or process that has been available.
 Statistical Content
Under this type, maybe mentioned quantitative research and non-
quantitative research.
a. Quantitative or Statistical research is in which inferential statistics
are utilized to determine the results of the study. Inferential
Statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, etc.
are used to test the hypothesis, cause and effect relationships, etc.
b. Non-quantitative research is a research in which the use of quantity
or statistics is practically ill. This is especially true in
anthropological studies where description is usually used.
Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.
 Time Element
Best classifies research as historical, descriptive and experimental.
a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research describes what will be.
MODULE 2
1. What is a research problem?
A research problem is an issue or concern that an investigator presents
and justifies in a research study. A problem that someone would like
to research, anything that a person finds unsatisfactory or unsettling, a
difficult of some sort, and a state of affair that need to be changed. It
involves areas of concerns to researchers for condition they want to
improve, difficulties they want to eliminate and questions for which
they want to seek answers. It is the fuel that drives the scientific
process, and the foundation of any research and experimental design,
from true experiment to case study. It determines your destination
before beginning a journey. It determines what will you do, will it
withstand scientific scrutiny, how you will do it and what you may
achieve in your research work.
2. What is the difference between a thesis and a dissertation?

A thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature degree of
professional qualification presenting the author’s research or findings.
It is also referring to the general claim of an essay or similar work. In
some universities, the word thesis or a cognate is used to be part of a
bachelor’s or master’s course while “dissertation” is normally applied
to a doctorate, while in others, the reverse is true. The word
dissertation can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation
to obtaining an academic degree.
3. List at least four possible sources of problems.

Problems may find in your work experiences, theories which need
empirical support, technological and science researches that need to
be improved, and offshoots of other researches or the
recommendations from other similar studies.
4. Enumerate at least four characteristics of a good problem.

There are some factors that you need to consider in having a good
problem:
a. The topic should be of great interest to you.
b. It is useful for the concerned people in a particular field.
c. A good problem is one which invites more complex designing.
d. A good problem does not carry ethical or moral impediments.
5. Why is it that a good problem must be of great interest to the
researcher?
This factor is considered important because if you are really interested
in the problem you wish to work on, it will be easy for you to
surmount any impending problems that may come along the way. It
usually follows that when you are interested in a topic, you have a
preliminary knowledge of what it is since it is usually within your area
of specialization. There are few instances, however, when you embark
on a topic that is alien to you. In this case, if you are that really
determined to pursue the topic, you may continue working on it.
6. What are the different considerations of presenting a good title?

The different considerations of presenting a good title are as follow:
a. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research
work. It may be revised and refined if there is a need.
b. The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of
the study, the population involved, and the period when the data
were gathered or will be gathered.
c. It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the subject matter
studied or to be studied. Hence, the title indicates what is expected
to be found inside the thesis report.
d. It must be as brief and concise as possible. It should not be long
and should not be 20 words.
e. It should include the variables (independent and dependent) and
the method of analysis.
f. It should enable one to claim the paper as his own, and help other
researches to refer to one’s work as they survey theories
themselves.
g. Avoid using the terms “An Analysis of”, “Study of”, “An
Investigation of”, and the like. All these are understood to have
been done or to be done when a research is conducted.

1. What is the difference of a hypothesis from an assumption?
A hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question
raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess
about the answer to a specific question. It is a tentative explanation for
a certain behavior, phenomena or event which have occurred or will
occur. It is the most specific statement of the problem. It is a testable
statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables.
On the other hand, assumption is self-evident truth which is based
upon a known fact or phenomenon. It is any important fact presumed
to be true but not actually verified. This pertains to the events or
situation that seem so true that they are taken for granted. Unlike the
hypothesis, an assumption does not need testing, verification or
confirmation.
2. In a research, what is the function of a hypothesis?

The functions of a hypothesis in research report are that:
a. It introduces the thinking of the researcher of what is the objective
or the target or research in his mind.
b. It structures the next stage of the research report after presenting
the variables in the study.
c. It identifies the characteristics of the researcher whether an
objective or a biased researcher.
d. It brings the research to a deeper analysis of the variables in the
study.
e. It identifies what the research hopes and contemplates of the study.
f. It helps the research provide the format of the presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered in the study.
3. What are the different characteristics of a good hypothesis?

A good hypothesis shall possess the following characteristics:
a. A good hypothesis is one that shows a reasonable.
b. A good hypothesis should indicate the relationship between
variables.
c. It should follow the findings of previous studies.
d. It should be testable.
e. It should state the type of analysis between the variable whether
differences or relationships.
4. Generally, what are the two types of a good hypothesis?

Generally, the types of hypothesis are research hypothesis and
research hypothesis:
a. A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition
or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific
research study based on a particular property of a population, such
as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or
relationships between variables. Specifying the research
hypotheses is one of the most important steps in planning a
scientific quantitative research study. A quantitative researcher
usually states a priori expectation about the results of the study in
one or more research hypotheses before conducting the study,
because the design of the research study and the planned research
design often is determined by the stated hypotheses.
b. A statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis
of observed data modeled as the realized values taken by a
collection of random variables. [1] A set of data is modelled as
being realized values of a collection of random variables having a
joint probability distribution in some set of possible joint
distributions. The hypothesis being tested is exactly that set of
possible probability distributions.
5. What is a variable and how are variables classified?
“Variable” is a term frequently used in research projects. It is
pertinent to define and identify the variables while designing
quantitative research projects. A variable incites excitement in any
research than constants. It is therefore critical for beginners in
research to have clarity about this term and the related concepts.
Variable, to put in layman statement is something that can change and
or can have more than one value. ''A variable, as the name implies, is
something that varies”. It may be weight, height, anxiety levels,
income, body temperature and so on. Each of these properties varies
from one person to another and also has different values along a
continuum. It could be demographic, physical or social and include
religion, income, occupation, temperature, humidity, language, food,
fashion, etc. Some variables can be quite concrete and clear, such as
gender, birth order, types of blood group etc. while others can be
considerably more abstract and vaguer. “Variable is a property that
takes on different values''. It is also a logical grouping of attributes.
Attributes are characteristics or qualities that describe an object. For
example, if gender is a variable, then male and female are the
attributes. If residence is the variable, then urban, semi urban, rural
become the attributes. So, attributes here describe the residence of an
individual.
Variables are classified as:
a. Quantitative variables are numerical. They represent a measurable
quantity like age, intelligence quotient, number of years of service,
scores in examination, grade point, number of hours in slept,
temperature degrees, height, weight, and the like. It describes how
many. For example, when we speak of the population of a city, we
are talking about the number of people in the city - a measurable
attribute of the city. Therefore, population would be a quantitative
variable.
b. A qualitative variable, also called a categorical variable, is
a variable that isn’t numerical. It describes data that fits into
categories. For example:
 Eye colors (variables include: blue, green, brown, hazel).
 States (variables include: Florida, New Jersey, Washington).
 Dog breeds (variables include: Alaskan Malamute, German
Shepherd, Siberian Husky, Shih tzu).
These are all qualitative variables as they have no natural order. It
means how much.

1. What is the meaning of thesis?
A thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature degree of
professional qualification presenting the author’s research or findings.
It is also referring to the general claim of an essay or similar work.
2. What are the different sources of problems?

Problems may found in your work experiences, theories which need
empirical support, technological and science researches that need to
be improved, offshoots of other researches or the recommendations
from other similar studies, your field of specialization, instructional
programs, pursued and management practices of organizations which
are relevant to his field of interest.
3. What are the different characteristics of a good problem?

There are some factors that you need to consider in having a good
problem:
a. The topic should be of great interest to you.
b. It is useful for the concerned people in a particular field.
c. A good problem is one which invites more complex designing.
d. A good problem can be completed in the allotted time desired.
e. A good problem does not carry ethical or moral impediments.
4. How do we state the problem of the research paper?

There are two ways in stating the problem of the research paper:
a. In Question Form
b. In Topical Form
5. How can we make the research problem specific?

Here are some steps to make your research problem specific:
a. You may start defining some major terms or concepts.
b. You should read further literature.
c. You should identify the instruments to be used. It may be local or
foreign.
d. Identify the limits of your problem.
6. What are the different considerations in writing a good title of the

research?
The different considerations of presenting a good title are as follow:
a. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research
work. It may be revised and refined if there is a need.
b. The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of
the study, the population involved, and the period when the data
were gathered or will be gathered.
c. It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the subject matter
studied or to be studied. Hence, the title indicates what is expected
to be found inside the thesis report.
d. It must be as brief and concise as possible. It should not be long
and should not be 20 words.
e. It should include the variables (independent and dependent) and
the method of analysis.
f. It should enable one to claim the paper as his own, and help other
researches to refer to one’s work as they survey theories
themselves.
g. Avoid using the terms “An Analysis of”, “Study of”, “An
Investigation of”, and the like. All these are understood to have
been done or to be done when a research is conducted.
7. What is the difference of a hypothesis to an assumption?

A hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question
raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess
about the answer to a specific question. It is a tentative explanation for
a certain behavior, phenomena or event which have occurred or will
occur. It is the most specific statement of the problem. It is a testable
statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables.
On the other hand, assumption is self-evident truth which is based
upon a known fact or phenomenon. It is any important fact presumed
to be true but not actually verified. This pertains to the events or
situation that seem so true that they are taken for granted. Unlike the
hypothesis, an assumption does not need testing, verification or
confirmation.
8. What are the functions of hypothesis in a research or a thesis?

The functions of a hypothesis in research report are that:
a. It introduces the thinking of the researcher of what is the objective
or the target or research in his mind.
b. It structures the next stage of the research report after presenting
the variables in the study.
c. It identifies the characteristics of the researcher whether an
objective or a biased researcher.
d. It brings the research to a deeper analysis of the variables in the
study.
e. It identifies what the research hopes and contemplates of the study.
f. It helps the research provide the format of the presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered in the study.
9. How can we consider a hypothesis as a good one?

A good hypothesis shall possess the following characteristics:
a. A good hypothesis is one that shows a reasonable.
b. A good hypothesis should indicate the relationship between
variables.
c. It should follow the findings of previous studies.
d. It should be testable.
e. It should state the type of analysis between the variable whether
differences or relationships.
10. What are the different types of hypothesis and how they differ from
each other?
Generally, the types of hypothesis are research hypothesis and
research hypothesis:
a. A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition
or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific
research study based on a particular property of a population, such
as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or
relationships between variables. Specifying the research
hypotheses is one of the most important steps in planning a
scientific quantitative research study. A quantitative researcher
usually states a priori expectation about the results of the study in
one or more research hypotheses before conducting the study,
because the design of the research study and the planned research
design often is determined by the stated hypotheses.
b. A statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis
of observed data modeled as the realized values taken by a
collection of random variables. [1] A set of data is modelled as
being realized values of a collection of random variables having a
joint probability distribution in some set of possible joint
distributions. The hypothesis being tested is exactly that set of
possible probability distributions.
11.What are the different types of variables and how are they
differentiated?
Variables are classified as:
a. Quantitative variables are numerical. They represent a measurable
quantity like age, intelligence quotient, number of years of service,
scores in examination, grade point, number of hours in slept,
temperature degrees, height, weight, and the like. It describes how
many. For example, when we speak of the population of a city, we
are talking about the number of people in the city - a measurable
attribute of the city. Therefore, population would be a quantitative
variable.
b. A qualitative variable, also called a categorical variable, is
a variable that isn’t numerical. It describes data that fits into
categories. For example: sex, civil status, educational attainment,
grief, stress, amount of depression, type of surgery, personality,
level of management, tenure of service, and the like.
These are all qualitative variables as they have no natural order. It
means how much.
MODULE 3
1. What are the three parts of methods of research that involve in a
research proposal?
This part of the research proposal consists of three parts — subjects,
procedures, and data analysis.
a. The subjects section describes the population from which the
investigation will select the sample. The variables that are usually
considered include the chronological age, gender, age level, sex,
socio-economic status, mental age, and other pertinent attributes of
the target population. The number of subjects desired from the
population and how they will be selected are also indicated in this
part of the research proposal.
b. The procedure part describes the research plan how the researcher
will undertake the investigation, what data are needed and what
data-gathering instruments will be employed.
c. The methodology of data analysis should be described clearly and
be specific so that the reader will know precisely what is planned.
2. What are the categories of methods of research?

We categorize the methods of research in terms of the following:
i. Qualitative methods are data-free.
ii. Quantitative methods of research
3. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods of

research?
Qualitative methods are data-free. These are the methods used for the
following.
a. Usually researches with data from non-probability samples.
b. Researches that do not seek samples.
c. Researches that do not concern with inferring the characteristics
of the population.
d. Used for special kinds of researches or studies such as the
following:
 Ethnographic
 Phenomenological
 Appreciative Inquiry (Al)
 Historical researches
 Quantitative methods of research refer to the methods that deal with:
a. Researches that are not data-free, using all types of sampling
techniques
b. Researches that aim for generalization
c. Usually use probability sampling
d. Infer the characteristics of the population concerned with:
 Descriptive methods
 Experimental methods
4. What does historical methods of research involve?

 It involves a list or record of chronological events that happened
relating to purpose events times and places.it is a systematic process
of searching the facts and then using the information to synthesize
describe, analyze, and interpret the past.

5. What are the different types of research that use the descriptive
methods?
 The following are the type of research that use descriptive method:
a. Case Studies-is a type of detailed and in-depth research involving a
few respondents, ranging from one to a small size of less than ten,
over a considerable period of time.
b. Surveys-is used to gather relatively limited data for relatively large
number of cases.
c. Developmental Studies- design to requires one to devote a
considerable period of time on participants who may be relatively
heterogeneous or narrowly defined as homogeneous group.
d. Follow-up Studies- are employed when you intend to investigate
the subsequent development of participants after a specified
treatments or conditions.
e. Documentary Analysis-involves the gathering of information by
analyzing written records and documents to solve a problem.
f. Trend Analysis- it seeks future status. It is employed in studies
which aim to project the demand of people in the future.
g. Correlation studies- are designed to help you determine the extent
to which different variables are related to each other in the
population of interest.
6. How does an experimental method imply?

 Experimental research is one of the most powerful research
methodologies that researchers can use. It is the best way to establish
the cause-and-effect relationship among variables. Yet, it is not easy
to conduct. It enables the researchers to go beyond description and
prediction, beyond the identification of relationships, to at least a
partial determination of what causes them.
7. What is an ex-post facto research and how does it differ from other
types of research methods?
 Ex-post facto comes from a Latin word which means “from after the
fact”. Ex-post facto research, the researcher investigated the problem
by studying the variables in retrospect. It differs from the other
methods since it the investigators attempts to determine the cause or
consequences of differences that already exist between or among
groups of individuals.
8. Why is it that am ex-post facto research is often types address as casual

comparative research?
 Ex-post facto research is often types address as casual comparative
research because they are both studied in retrospect.
9. What is an action research?

 It is a research initiated to solve an immediate problem or reflective
process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working
with others in teams or as part of a community practice to improve the
way they address issues and solve problems. It involves the process of
actively participating in an organization change situation whilst
conducting research. It has two types: participatory and practical
action research.
10.What particular chapter do we place the methods of research?

 The methods of research can be found on the Chapter 3 of the
research paper.

1. Why do we need to use the alternative form of research method
especially in social science?
 There are enough reasons and many inevitable forces which demand
for these alternative methods:
a. Research tend to forget that subjects in social research are human
beings who are asked to give their reactions, thoughts and feelings
to the unnatural conditions provoked by the standardized methods
the researcher use.
b. imported procedures, instruments, research designs and models
may yield findings which are not relevant to the people’s
experiences and which may also beyond their resources.
c. Filipino professionals who come from foreign countries
indispensably bring home sophisticated tests and instruments,
which if used here, will require special training and the use of
experts for them to be usable. These are eagerly and often, without
proper discrimination, inconsiderably replicated.
d. A practice in strict scientific social research is the detachment of
the researcher from his work.
e. Researcher have uncovered a Filipino cautiousness in voicing the
subjects’ real thoughts apparently as a result of the lack of depth of
rapport and relationship between the researcher and the
respondent.
f. The relevance and cross-cultural equivalence of Western
constructs are also questioned.
2. What are the three alternative research methods used in social science?
 The three alternative research methods used in social science are:
a. Participatory Research Method-a problem is defined in terms of
the people who feel and think that it is a problem.
b. Indigenous Research Method- Enriquez describes two ways of
indigenization: (1) indigenization from without and (2)
indigenization from without.
c. Ethnographic Research Method- it evolved primarily as a response
to the requirement that rapport between the researcher and the
researched is a must for a valid research to be successful.
3. How do we determine the methods of research to be used?

 We can determine the methods of research to be used by
understanding first what the research is all about either it is about
collecting qualitative or quantitative data.

1. Why are methods and procedures important in research?
 Methods and procedures are important in research because they are
the driving tools of your research. The procedure part describes the
research plan how the researcher will undertake the investigation,
what data are needed and what data-gathering instruments will be
employed. The methodology of data analysis should be described
clearly and be specific so that the reader will know precisely what is
planned.
2. What are the methodologies of a historical research?

 Historical Research may use these methods in gathering data: surveys,
questionnaire, interviews, experimental treatments, panel
questionnaire design, etc.
3. What is the value of historical research in education?
 Historical research can provide a better perspective for decision-
making about various educational problems. It is useful for planning
future needs. (1) History is a storehouse of great ideas. (2) The past is
a bulwark against contemporary confusion. (3) knowledge of the past
is essential to understanding and judging current events. (4) history
shows what is and is not possible, thus, knowledge of history
empowers, especially those with decision making task.
4. What is a descriptive research and what are the different types of

methods under the descriptive methods of research?
 Descriptive research is fact finding with adequate interpretation. It is
something more and beyond just data gathering.
 The following are the type of research that use descriptive method:
a. Case Studies-is a type of detailed and in depth research involving a
few respondents, ranging from one to a small size of less than ten,
over a considerable period of time.
b. Surveys-is used to gather relatively limited data for relatively large
number of cases.
c. Developmental Studies- design to requires one to devote a
considerable period of time on participants who may be relatively
heterogeneous or narrowly defined as homogeneous group.
d. Follow-up Studies- are employed when you intend to investigate
the subsequent development of participants after a specified
treatments or conditions.
e. Documentary Analysis-involves the gathering of information by
analyzing written records and documents to solve a problem.
f. Trend Analysis- it seeks future status. It is employed in studies
which aim to project the demand of people in the future.
g. Correlation studies- are designed to help you determine the extent
to which different variables are related to each other in the
population of interest.
5. What is an experimental method of research and how it differs from

other research methods?
 Experimental research is one of the most powerful research
methodologies that researchers can use. It is the best way to establish
the cause-and-effect relationship among variables. Yet, it is not easy
to conduct. It differs from other research method because it enables
the researchers to go beyond description and prediction, beyond the
identification of relationships, to at least a partial determination of
what causes them.
6. What is an ex-post facto or causal comparative method of research?

 Ex-post facto comes from a Latin word which means “from after the
fact”. Ex-post facto research, the researcher investigated the problem
by studying the variables in retrospect. It differs from the other
methods since it the investigators attempts to determine the cause or
consequences of differences that already exist between or among
groups of individuals.
7. What is an action research?

 It is a research initiated to solve an immediate problem or reflective
process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working
with others in teams or as part of a community practice to improve the
way they address issues and solve problems. It involves the process of
actively participating in an organization change situation whilst
conducting research. It has two types: participatory and practical
action research.
8. What are the characteristics and steps involved in action research?

 The characteristics and steps involved in action research are:
a. It studies or examine a local issue.
b. It attempts to improve situation.
c. It is designed an conducted by practitioners.
d. The research collects data, analyze it and use it for decision-
making.
e. It changes practices based on data.
f. The result of the action research is share upon colleagues.
9. What are the reasons why some researchers choose the alternative
methods of research?
 There are enough reasons and many inevitable forces which demand
for these alternative methods:
a. Research tends to forget that subjects in social research are human
beings who are asked to give their reactions, thoughts and feelings
to the unnatural conditions provoked by the standardized methods
the researcher use.
b. imported procedures, instruments, research designs and models
may yield findings which are not relevant to the people’s
experiences and which may also beyond their resources.
c. Filipino professionals who come from foreign countries
indispensably bring home sophisticated tests and instruments,
which if used here, will require special training and the use of
experts for them to be usable. These are eagerly and often, without
proper discrimination, inconsiderably replicated.
d. A practice in strict scientific social research is the detachment of
the researcher from his work.
e. Researcher have uncovered a Filipino cautiousness in voicing the
subjects’ real thoughts apparently as a result of the lack of depth of
rapport and relationship between the researcher and the
respondent.
f. The relevance and cross-cultural equivalence of Western
constructs are also questioned.
10.What are the types of research methods under the alternative research
methods?
 The three alternative research methods used in social science are:
a. Participatory Research Method-a problem is defined in terms of
the people who feel and think that it is a problem.
b. Indigenous Research Method- Enriquez describes two ways of
indigenization: (1) indigenization from without and (2)
indigenization from without.
c. Ethnographic Research Method- it evolved primarily as a response
to the requirement that rapport between the researcher and the
researched is a must for a valid research to be successful.
11.How will you determine or select the method of research to be used in a

particular research?
 We can determine the methods of research to be used by
understanding first what the research is all about either it is about
collecting qualitative or quantitative data.
MODULE 4
1. What is a theory?
 Theory is defined as a set of interrelated constructs (concepts),
definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of
phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose
of explaining and predicting the phenomena.
2. What are the functions of a theory in a research investigation?

 The functions of a theory in a research investigation are as follows:
a. It identifies the start of the search problem by presenting the gaps,
weak points, and inconsistencies in the previous researches. It
provides the study with a conceptual framework, justifying the
need for investigation.
b. It puts together all the construct or concept that are related with the
researcher’s topic. The theory then leads you to the specific
questions to ask in your own investigation.
c. It present s the relationship among variables that have been
investigated. This process enables you to view the topic on hand
against the findings earlier bared.
3. What do you mean by a framework?

 Framework is defined by the dictionary is a skeletal or structural
frame. As a frame interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions
that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations
among variables.
4. In most cases, where can you find reliable theories that will support
your recent study?
 You can find reliable theories that will support your recent study
mostly in the related literature. You can consult books, magazines,
thesis. And dissertations and other sources for this theory.
5. What is the difference between a theoretical framework from a

conceptual framework of the study?
 To differentiate the theoretical framework for the conceptual
framework, let us try to define the two terms. Theoretical framework
indicates all the constructs or concepts, definitions, and propositions
that relate to a research problem. It becomes the basis of the research
problem. It explains the phenomena upon which the thesis
investigation hopes to fill the vacuum in the stream of knowledge. On
the other hand, conceptual framework is a mental image or perception
anchored on the theoretical framework. It is the detailed presentation
of the variables to be observed in the on-going study. It should clarify
the relationship among major variables of the study. It should be
illustrated further in a drawing or a paradigm.

1. In writing a thesis, where do we usually put the review of related
literature and studies?
 The review of related literature and studies has always been Chapter 2
in the past, and is still is, although there have been recent trends to
incorporate it in Chapter 1. But many schools still adopt the old
procedure in making it an important chapter.
2. Why do we need to review some literature and studies that are related
to the proposed study?
 It is important to mention or cite an existing theory that can be used to
help explain the problem. It should be presented in topical from,
irrespective of whether it is local or foreign and not necessary in
chronological order. The amount of information available from a
variety of sources is not a trivial task. This will involve a systematic
process that require careful and perspective reading and attention to
details. The researcher attempts to determine what others have learned
about research problem and to gather information relevant to the
problem to be investigated.
3. Why do we need to cite both foreign and local studies?

 The literature and studies both foreign and local which have
significant bearings on the present study is important. The amount of
information available from a variety of sources is not a trivial task.
This will involve a systematic process that require careful and
perspective reading and attention to details. The researcher attempts to
determine what others have learned about research problem and to
gather information relevant to the problem to be investigated.
 It is needed in order to give a clearer presentation of the
investigations. In some cases, foreign studies may have some biases in
terms of cultural background of the respondents of the study., and
therefore there is a need to review local studies conducted on the same
topics so that the effects of cultural differences may be ascertained.
4. What are the different sources of related studies that might be helpful
for you as a researcher?
 The sources of the related studies usually are laws, department orders,
memoranda and circulars established and promulgated by duly
constituted authority for observance and compliance which are
directly related to the authority of the state.
5. Why do we need to review our related studies in chronological order?

 Both local and foreign studies are normally reviewed in chronological
order to establish the time-order progression of the topic. It should
include existing theories that can be used to explain the problem.
6. Cite at least five phases and expressions that may help in expressing the
review of related literature and studies.
 The use of the following phrases and expressions that may help
express related literature and studies are:
a. In 2006, Cruz made a survey of the…
b. Santos (2008) used…
c. Sevilla (2006) suggested that …
d. Adelante directed that…
e. Geronimo (2008) used…
Evaluation/Study Guide
1. What is the function of the theory in writing the research study or
thesis?
 The functions of a theory in a research investigation are as follows:
a. It identifies the start of the search problem by presenting the gaps,
weak points, and inconsistencies in the previous researches. It
provides the study with a conceptual framework, justifying the
need for investigation.
b. It puts together all the construct or concept that are related with the
researcher’s topic. The theory then leads you to the specific
questions to ask in your own investigation.
c. It present s the relationship among variables that have been
investigated. This process enables you to view the topic on hand
against the findings earlier bared.
2. What is meant by a theoretical framework?
 Theoretical framework indicates all the constructs or concepts,
definitions, and propositions that relate to a research problem. It
becomes the basis of the research problem. It explains the phenomena
upon which the thesis investigation hopes to fill the vacuum in the
stream of knowledge.
3. What is meant by a conceptual framework and what is the function of it

in a research study?
 Conceptual framework is a mental image or perception anchored on
the theoretical framework. It is the detailed presentation of the
variables to be observed in the on-going study. It should clarify the
relationship among major variables of the study. It should be
illustrated further in a drawing or a paradigm.
4. What are the functions of the review of related literature and studies in
writing the thesis?
 The review of related literature performs some functions; these
functions are as follows:
a. It provides the conceptual framework and theoretical framework of
the planned research.
b. It provides you with the information about past researches related
to the intended study.
c. It gives you feeling of confidence since by means of the review of
related literature you will have on hand all constructs related to
your study.
d. It gives you information about the research methods used, the
population and sampling considered, the instruments used in
gathering the data, statistical computation in previous research.
e. It provides findings and conclusions of past investigation which
you may relate to your own findings and conclusions.
5. Differentiate conceptual definition from operational definition of terms.

 The lexical or conceptual definition is usually taken from the
dictionary and carries a universal meaning easily understood by the
readers. On the other hand, operational definition expresses the
meaning of terms or variables as used in a particular field of study.
MODULE 5
1. What is the difference between sample to a population?
 A sample is a small group that you observed and a population is a
larger group about which generalization is made.
2. Why do we need a sample rather than a population?

 We need a sample rather a population because, oftentimes, time,
money and effort involved do not allow you to study all possible
members of a population. You are able to generalize with confidence
and describe the population from which it was taken, the findings and
conclusions obtained from your sample are valid.
3. What are the different techniques used in selecting a sample?

 The different techniques used in selecting a sample are as follows:
a. Random Sampling- is a method of selecting a sample size from a
universe such that each member of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample and all possible
combinations of size have an equal chance of being selected as the
sample.
b. Table of Random Number- is the most systematic for getting
samples units at random. It contains column of digits that have been
mechanically generated usually by computer to assure a random
order.
c. Lottery Sampling- is called the fishbowl technique by Fox. This
procedure can be applied by first assigning numbers to the
participants of your population assembling them in a sampling
frame.
d. Systematic Sampling- it is a strategy for selecting the members of a
sample that allows only one chance and a system to determine
membership in a sample.
e. Stratified Sampling- is defined as a strategy for selecting samples in
such a way that specific sub-groups will have a sufficient number of
representatives within the sample to provide sample numbers for
sub-analysis of the numbers of theses sub-groups.
f. Cluster Sampling- occurs when you select the members of your
sample in clusters rather than using separate individuals.
4. What is the best sampling procedure to be used when wish to give equal
opportunity of your population to be part of the sample size?
 The best sampling procedure to be used when wish to give equal
opportunity of your population to be part of the sample size is the
random sampling. Since it is a method of selecting a sample size from
a universe such that each member of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample and all possible combinations
of size have an equal chance of being selected as the sample.
5. What particular sampling technique is commonly referred as fishbowl
techniques by Fox?
 The Lottery Sampling is called the fishbowl technique by Fox. This
procedure can be applied by first assigning numbers to the participants
of your population assembling them in a sampling frame

1. What particular sampling procedure where the sample is not
proportion of the population and no definite system of selecting the
sample?
 In non-sampling, the sample is not a proportion of the population and
there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection depends on
the situation.
2. What other names are used to describe non-random sampling?

 This strategy is also called non-probability sampling or judgement
sampling because it makes use of judgement in the selection of items
to be put into the subgroup.
3. What type of non-random sampling is used with a purpose or certain

criteria?
 The type of non-random sampling is used with a purpose or certain
criteria is the purposive/ deliberate Sampling. The respondents are
chosen on the basis of their knowledge of the information desired.
4. What is the disadvantage of using the quota sampling as a sampling
technique?
 The disadvantage of quota sampling over accidental is that many
sectors of the population are represented. However, it is
representativeness is doubtful because there is no proportional
representation and there are no guidelines in the selection of the
respondents.
5. What is the fastest and most convenient sampling technique used by a

researcher in gathering information or data?
 Convenience Sampling is a process of picking out of people in the
most convenient and fastest way to immediately get their reactions to
a certain hot and controversial issue.
VII. Evaluation/Study Guide

1. What is meant by sampling?
 Sampling may be defined ad a measuring portion of something and
then making a general statement about the whole thing.
2. What is random sampling and what are the principles behind this
sampling techniques?
 Random Sampling is a method of selecting a sample size from a
universe such that each member of the population has an equal chance
of being included in the sample and all possible combinations of size
have an equal chance of being selected as the sample.
 The two basic principles in random sampling are: (1) Equi-probability
this means that every member of the population has an equal chance
of being included in the sample. (2) Independence. This refers to the
fact that when one member is selected for the sampling this should not
affect the chances of the other members getting chosen.
3. What is the use of the table of random numbers?

 Table of Random Number- is the most systematic for getting samples
units at random. It contains column of digits that have been
mechanically generated usually by computer to assure a random order.
It is generally used when the characteristics of the population are
homogeneous.
4. What are the steps in constructing a table of random numbers?

 The steps in constructing a table of random numbers are as follows:
a. Construct the population frame. Here, you have to enumerate or
identify all the participants of your population.
b. Give number to each participant randomly, as arranging them
alphabetically will introduce a bias.
c. Use the table of random numbers. Close your eyes and randomly
point a number which shall serve as a start of the random numbers
to be used.
d. Stop when the desired number of sample is obtained.
5. What are the steps employed in lottery sampling?

 The Lottery Sampling is called the fishbowl technique by Fox. This
procedure can be applied by first assigning numbers to the participants
of your population assembling them in a sampling frame. Then write
the numbers of your participants in a small piece of papers and put
them in a container big enough to allow all rolled papers to roll freely
in all directions. Now having shaken the box very thoroughly, you
pick the desired numbers of participants form the container.
6. How will you illustrate the process involved in systematic sampling

technique?
 To illustrate this strategy, first decide on the number of participants as
samples of your study. After deciding on the number of your sample
participants, simply divide the population size by the needed sample
size to determine your sampling interval.
7. How will you determine the samples using stratified sampling

technique?
 The target is first divided into groups each belonging to the same
stratum. Thus, is to avoid the possibility of getting samples from
another stratum.
8. When do we use the cluster sampling in getting the sample population?

 It is used when the population is so big or geographical area of the
research is so large. The general procedure is to divide the area or
population into clusters or blocks and then within the final cluster,
apply any of the different methods of selecting a sample.
MODULE 6
1. What do you call these data collection devices and procedures?
 The data collection devices and procedures are methods or techniques
in Data collection.
2. Under the clerical tools, what are the different instruments to be used?
 The different instruments to be used under clerical tool are as follows:
a. The questionnaire method
b. The interview method
c. The empirical observation method
d. The registration method
e. The testing method
f. The experimental method
g. The library method
3. Cite examples of mechanical devices that might be helpful in collecting

data for the research at hand.
 Some mechanical devices that may be helpful in collecting data for
the research at hand are microscopes, thermometer, cameras, recorder,
etc.
4. What could be the most effective instruments when you are conducting
a survey research?
 The most effective instruments when you are conducting a survey
research is the questioning method. This method can be more reliable
if the questions are structured beforehand and if the sample of
questions prepared are representative enough of all questions needed
for the research problem.
5. What are the different library/ computer technique that might be very
helpful in gathering data for your search?
 The different library/ computer technique that might be very helpful in
gathering data for your search are as follows:
a. Clearly define your research
b. Start your research
c. Carefully select your search terms
d. Carefully and accurately record your findings
e. Critically evaluate the information you find
f. Get help whenever you need it

1. What is the importance of data presentation?
 Data presentation is very important in research; it is the process of
organizing data into logical, sequential and meaningful categories and
classifications to make them amenable to the study and interpretation.
2. What are the three types of data presentation and how do they differ
from each other?
 Data can be presented in tabular form, graphical form and textual
presentation of data.
a. Tabular Form- is defined as a systematic arrangement of related
data in which classes of numerical facts or data are given each a
row and their subclasses are given each a column in order to
present the relationship of the sets or numerical facts or data in a
definite, compact and understandable forms.
b. Graphical Form- it is a numerous form of expressions ranging from
the written word to the most abstract of drawings or statistical
graphs. This delineate information by presenting it in a concise
manner and in such form or pattern as will be helpful to
understanding.
c. Textual Presentation- it uses statements with numerals or numbers
to describe data. It aims to focus attention to some important data
and to supplement tabular presentation.
3. Why do we need to document all our citations from other personalities?

 We need to document all our citations from other personalities in
order not to plagiarize the work or idea of other person.
4. What is the difference between a footnote and an endnote?

 Footnotes are single-spaced at the bottom of the page on which the
source is cited. Endnotes are double-spaced on a separate page after
the paper but before the Works Cited or Works Consulted Page.
5. Enumerate the different kinds of footnotes?

 The different kinds of footnotes are as follows:
 Cases Long Cite
 Cases Short Cite
 Books Short Cite
 Law Review/ Journal Articles Long Cite
 Law Review/ Journal Articles Short Cite
 Magazines Articles Long Cite
 Magazine Short Cite
 Newspaper Long Cite
 Newspaper Short Cite
6. Enumerate the different standard footnote abbreviations and their
meaning.
 The different standard footnote abbreviations and their meaning are:
a. ante: This is a Latin adverb that simply means “before” (in this
case, earlier in a book, section or chapter). You are no stranger to
ante: you use it every time you say a.m. (=ante meridiem; literally
“before noon”)
b. cf: This is widely used abbreviation of the Latin verb form confer,
which is the second person singular imperative of the active
present tense of the verb confer (I compare).
c. Et seq. (sometimes plain seq.): Abbreviation of the phrase et
sequens, which means “and the following” (e.g. the following
citations). If the following are several, then you will see the Latin
phrase in the plural, et sequentes, or its corresponding abbreviation
et seq.
d. ff: This is a reduplicated abbreviation of foliis (<Latin frolium, a
leaf). It means “on (the following) pages”.
e. Ibidem: You will find this abbreviated to ibid. or ib. Ibidem is a
Latin verb that means “in the same place”, “in that very place”.
When you see it in a bibliographic note, just for the “place”.
f. loco citato (abbreviated to loc. cit.): The phrase means “in the
place cited”, i.e. in the passage already quoted.
g. opere citato (abbreviated to op. cit.): The phrase means “in the
work cited”, in the book, article, etc. already mentioned.
h. passim: This adverb derives from a Latin verb that means “stretch,
extend, spread”.
i. Quod Vide (abbreviated to q.c.): This Latin means “which see” and
is commonly used on cross-references.
j. vide infra (abbreviated to v. inf.): This phrase means “see below”.
k. vide sufra (abbreviated to v. sup.): This phrase means “see above”

1. What is the meaning of data and where can you find these data?
 Data is a plural form of datum, are a collection of numbers, quantities,
facts or records, used as a basis for drawing conclusions or making
inferences. We can find these data on the primary, secondary or
tertiary sources of information.
2. What is meant by primary, secondary and tertiary sources of

information?
 Primary sources are original materials. They are from the time period
involved and have not been filtered through interpretation or
evaluation. These are original materials on which other research is
based. They are usually the first formal appearance of results in
physical, print or electronic format. They present original thinking,
report a discovery or share new information.
 Secondary sources are less easily defined than primary sources. They
are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. They
are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources. They are not
evidence but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence.
 Tertiary sources consist of information which is a distillation and
collection of primary and secondary sources.
3. What are the different methods or techniques in data collection?

 The different methods or techniques in data collection are as follow:
a. Observation Method- it is perceiving data through the senses:
sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. It is the most direct way and
the most widely used in studying behavior.
b. Questioning Technique- is the most effectively used in the survey
approach. This method can be more reliable if the questions are
structured beforehand and if the sample of questions prepared are
representative enough of all questions needed for the research
problem.
c. Objective Method- researcher may make objective inferences
through the use of any of the methods of data collection, whether
multiple choice or open-ended questionnaire type.
d. Psychological Test- measures individual’s ability or personality as
developed by general experience. Psychological Tests are
standardized.
e. Library Technique- finding data quickly and effectively on the
libraries or internet.
4. Enumerate the different types of data presentation and give a short

description of these types of data presentation used in research.
 Data can be presented in tabular form, graphical form and textual
presentation of data.
a. Tabular Form- is defined as a systematic arrangement of related
data in which classes of numerical facts or data are given each a
row and their subclasses are given each a column in order to
present the relationship of the sets or numerical facts or data in a
definite, compact and understandable forms.
b. Graphical Form- it is a numerous form of expressions ranging from
the written word to the most abstract of drawings or statistical
graphs. This delineate information by presenting it in a concise
manner and in such form or pattern as will be helpful to
understanding.
c. Textual Presentation- it uses statements with numerals or numbers
to describe data. It aims to focus attention to some important data
and to supplement tabular presentation.
5. What is the purpose of “documentation” in research undertaken?
 We need to document all our citations from other personalities in
order not to plagiarize the work or idea of other person. It is generally
used for the gathering and recording of information specially to
establish or provide evidence of facts or testimonies.
6. Enumerate the different types of documentation and give a brief

discussion in each type.
 There are many types of documentation, but the most common are
footnotes and endnotes. Footnotes are single-spaced at the bottom of
the page on which the source is cited. Endnotes are double-spaced on
a separate page after the paper but before the Works Cited or Works
Consulted Page.
MODULE 7
1. What is a bibliography?
 A bibliography is nothing more than an alphabetical listing of all
those sources you used to write your essay or research report. It gives
a reviewer an idea of how much and what quality of background
research you did for your project.
2. What is the purpose of making a bibliography in your research?

 It gives a reviewer an idea of how much and what quality of
background research you did for your project.
3. What are the different rules in research to the writing of the

bibliography?
 The different rules in research to the writing of the bibliography are:
 Author’s names are inverted (last name first) give the last name
and initials for the authors.
 Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name
of the first author of each work.
 For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the
same order, list the entries in chronological order, from the
earliest to most recent.
 Present the journal title in full.
 Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the
journal in its title.
 Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
 Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
 Do not italicize, underline or put quotes around the title of
shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited
collections
4. In writing a bibliography, what comes first?

 In writing the bibliography, the references should be in alphabetical
order and surnames first.
5. When using the internet source, what particular format most researcher
follows?
 In using the internet source, the particular format most researcher
follow is:
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Document.”
Name of Website, complete WWW address, Date Downloaded.

1. What do you mean by quotation?
 A quotation is the exact word that a person speaks.
2. What are the rules in handling quotations?

 Quoting the word of other persons is not an easy task; it should follow
a certain format or style. The first line of each entry in your list should
be on the left margin. Subsequent lines should be indented five spaces
from the margin. All references should be double-spaced. Capitalize
only the first word of a title or subtitle of a work. Italicize titles of
books and journals. Each entry is separate from the next by a double
space. Author’s names are inverted. The reference list should be
alphabetized by author’s last names.
3. When do we usually place the reference list in your essay or research?

 The reference list should appear at the end of the essay or thesis.
4. What is the importance of indicating the reference list in your paper?
 Each source you cite in the essay must appear in the reference list. It
provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve
any source you cite in the essay.
5. What is the difference between direct quotations and indirect ones?

 A direct quotation is the words you hear from someone’s speaking
and an indirect quotation are the words which someone uses to
describe another speaker.

1. What are the basic qualities of good researcher?
 A good research should possess good values in order to have a
successful work. That is a good researcher should possess the right
and desirable qualities in order to succeed in his researches. The
researcher must be intelligent enough. The basic qualities of a
researcher are: intelligence, honesty, curiosity and initiative, enough
knowledge and good in oral and written communication.
2. What could be the effect if a researcher is done dishonestly?

 If the research is done dishonestly, it can be dangerous enough to
everyone. For instance, if you are researching on the possible cure of
the COVID and you declare a certain vaccine usable then millions of
people get themselves vaccinated. Unfortunately, instead of curing the
people, the vaccine that you made worsen the situation of the patients.
3. What could be the main reason why a researcher should share his
work?
 Scientists don’t conduct research just to satisfy their own curiosity.
Research is meant to benefit society by raising public awareness
through the result of the researches.
4. What do we mean by this phrase: “A good researcher is not just born

overnight”?
 To be a good researcher, one must be diligent and patient enough to
obtain a good research result. There will surely lots of obstacles that
you will encounter but always bear in mind that you can do it. Don’t
give up easily.
5. What are the different things to be considered in evaluating the

research report?
 In evaluating the research report, a good researcher should consider
many factors in writing the different parts of the research report.
There are guidelines or checklist to be considered in evaluating a
thesis or dissertation. |In writing the title, it should be clear and
concise, while the statement of the problem, it should be clearly
stated, properly defined, significant questions should be recognized,
specific questions should be raised and the hypotheses should be
clearly stated. On the other hand, the review of related literature and
studies, all the related literature and studies should be adequately
covered, all the important findings should be noted, the literature cited
should be well organized and there should be an effective summary of
all the related literature and study. In the methodology, the research
design should be described in detail, it should be adequate, samples
should be described and relevant variables should be recognized. The
data-gathering instrument should be appropriate to the type of
research being studied. The validity and reliability should be
established and statistical treatment should be appropriate also The
results or data analysis should use appropriate tables and figures. The
textual discussion should be clear and concise, also the analysis of
data relationships should be logical and perceptive, and finally, the
statistical analysis should be accurately interpreted. Lastly, the
summary and the conclusions in this part, the problem should be
restated and the procedures and the findings should be concisely
presented.
MODULE 8
1. What are the things that you need to write or include in the research
methodology?
 The third part of the research report is the research methodology. In
this chapter, the researcher writes the approach used such as whether
the study is descriptive, historical, experimental, ex-post facto or
participatory. Here, you explain why you employ such approach. This
chapter includes the research instrument, the statistical treatment of
data, the sampling procedures used and the locale and respondents of
the study.
2. What are the different devices that you may use to maximize the
lucidity of the presentation of data and findings?
 Tables, graphs and other graphic devices maximizes the lucidity of the
presentation.
3. As a researcher, why do you think that writing or drawing the

conclusions is one of the most difficult parts of the research report?
 Drawing the conclusions is one of the most difficult parts of the
research report because it is an abstraction drawn from the summary
of findings and it is tied to the questions being investigated.
4. In what particular manner does the recommendations allow for free

thinking?
 The implications and recommendations allow the researcher for free
thinking for the reason that as long as there is logical link between the
data, conclusions and the recommendations, you are to write down
what you wish to recommend.
5. What are the things you need to consider in writing the summary of the
research report?
 The summary puts together the highlights of the important findings of
the investigation. You should not include just anything. The best thing
for you to do is look back to the questions you posed at the
introductory chapter, tie them up with main findings and then decide
what to include in the summary. In the summary, you are now writing
bigger chunks of information.
MODULE 9
1. What do you mean by research proposal?
 The research proposal is a plan intended for investigation. The
proposal differs from a research report in that the research paper is an
account of what has happened, while the proposal is an account of
what will happen in the future.
2. Why is it that a thorough and complete review of related literature is

very important in writing the research proposal?
 You should have a thorough and complete review of related literature
related to your topic. If this process is done haphazardly, it will be
difficult for you to present a good proposal. The theory that you
gather from a related literature will assist you great deal in writing the
proposal.
3. What will happen if the review of related literature in a research

proposal is done haphazardly?
 . If this process is done haphazardly, it will be difficult for you to
present a good proposal.
4. In a case where there is no readily available instrument to be used in

collecting data, what should be done by the researcher?
 In cases where there is an unavailability of instrument, there is no
other alternative except to construct one. The literature again will give
you the information about the construction of an instrument including
the tests of validity and reliability.
5. What is the difference by a research report to a research proposal?

 The research report is an account of what has happened while the
research proposal is an account of what will happen in the future.
1. What do you mean by a research abstract?
 An abstract is a short summary presented for a paper consisting of
pertinent parts. It is a concise summary of a larger project that
describes the content and scope of the project and identifies the
project’s objective, its methodology and its findings, conclusions or
intended results.
2. What are the different features of a research abstract?
 A research abstract has the following features:
a. Title
b. Name of the Thesis Writer
c. Degree Working For
d. Name of School
e. School Year
3. What are the two types of abstract and how do they differ from each
other?
 The two types of research abstract are: short and long research
abstract. A short abstract should not exceed more than 300 words.
While, long abstract is kind of an abstract is written in a longer form
to make emphasis on some points of the research study. In thesis or
dissertation, this may cover more than slightly more than five pages.
4. Where can we usually find the Appendices in a research proposal?

 The page of appendices is placed after the bibliography.
5. What are the things embedded in the appendices?

 These are the supplementary materials used in the presentation of the
thesis or dissertation, these may include the questionnaire, letter to the
authority to conduct the study and its approval, letter to the
respondents and other supporting documents used in the thesis.

1. What are the things to be remembered or considered in writing the
research proposal?
 The research proposal is a plan intended for investigation. The
proposal differs from a research report in that the research paper is an
account of what has happened, while the proposal is an account of
what will happen in the future.
2. What is the meaning of an abstract and what is the importance of the

research abstract in the research study?
 An abstract is a short summary presented for a paper consisting of
pertinent parts. It is the description of your project and not the
description of your topic. It is a concise summary of a larger project
that describes the content and scope of the project and identifies the
project’s objective, its methodology and its findings, conclusions or
intended results.
3. Cite an example of a short abstract.

 A short abstract should not exceed more than 300 words.
4. Cite an example of a long abstract and try to compare it with a short

abstract.
 This kind of an abstract is written in a longer form to make emphasis
on some points of the research study. In thesis or dissertation, this
may cover more than slightly more than five pages.
5. What is the function or importance of the appendices in a study?

 The page of appendices is placed after the bibliography. These are the
supplementary materials used in the presentation of the thesis or
dissertation, these may include the questionnaire, letter to the
authority to conduct the study and its approval, letter to the
respondents and other supporting documents used in the thesis.

RESEARCH METHODS MODULE REVIEW

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

RESEARCH METHODS MODULE REVIEW

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

METHODS OF RESEARCH

2. As a researcher, what is the principal purpose and goal of conducting

4. Differentiate research from a mere problem-solving.

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

 Choice of Answers to Problem

VIII. Evaluation/Study Guide

2. What are the purposes and goals of research?

3. How do we characterize a good research?

4. How are research and problem-solving differentiated?

5. How is research classified according to the following?

 Choice of Answers to Problem

2. What is the difference between a thesis and a dissertation?

3. List at least four possible sources of problems.

4. Enumerate at least four characteristics of a good problem.

6. What are the different considerations of presenting a good title?

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

2. In a research, what is the function of a hypothesis?

3. What are the different characteristics of a good hypothesis?

4. Generally, what are the two types of a good hypothesis?

VIII. Evaluation/Study Guide

2. What are the different sources of problems?

3. What are the different characteristics of a good problem?

4. How do we state the problem of the research paper?

5. How can we make the research problem specific?

6. What are the different considerations in writing a good title of the

7. What is the difference of a hypothesis to an assumption?

8. What are the functions of hypothesis in a research or a thesis?

9. How can we consider a hypothesis as a good one?

2. What are the categories of methods of research?

3. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods of

4. What does historical methods of research involve?

6. How does an experimental method imply?

8. Why is it that am ex-post facto research is often types address as casual

9. What is an action research?

10.What particular chapter do we place the methods of research?

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

3. How do we determine the methods of research to be used?

VIII. Evaluation/Study Guide

2. What are the methodologies of a historical research?

4. What is a descriptive research and what are the different types of

5. What is an experimental method of research and how it differs from

6. What is an ex-post facto or causal comparative method of research?

7. What is an action research?

8. What are the characteristics and steps involved in action research?

11.How will you determine or select the method of research to be used in a

2. What are the functions of a theory in a research investigation?

3. What do you mean by a framework?

5. What is the difference between a theoretical framework from a

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

3. Why do we need to cite both foreign and local studies?

5. Why do we need to review our related studies in chronological order?

3. What is meant by a conceptual framework and what is the function of it

5. Differentiate conceptual definition from operational definition of terms.

2. Why do we need a sample rather than a population?

3. What are the different techniques used in selecting a sample?

Evaluation/Study Guide of Learning Chunk 2

2. What other names are used to describe non-random sampling?

3. What type of non-random sampling is used with a purpose or certain

5. What is the fastest and most convenient sampling technique used by a

VII. Evaluation/Study Guide

3. What is the use of the table of random numbers?

4. What are the steps in constructing a table of random numbers?

5. What are the steps employed in lottery sampling?