Week 7

MAT101 –Mathematics in the

Modern World
Lesson Coverage

 Data and Kinds of Data

 Variables and Types of Variables
 Scales of Measurement
 Lesson Objectives

At the end of the lesson students should be able

to:
 identify and distinguish the classifications of data
 understand and differentiate types of variables
 distinguish the different scales of measurement
 Statistics involves much more than simply drawing
In Education, it is frequently used to describe test
results. In from experiments must be collected and
analyzed. In better product at reasonable costs
through the use of statistical quality control
techniques. In government, many kinds of statistical
data are collected all the time. Statistics can help us
become more critical in our analysis of information.
 Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the
collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of data.
When we talk of collection of data, we refer to the process of
obtaining numerical measurements. Tabulation of or
presentation of data refers to the organization of data into
tables, graphs, or charts, so that logical and statistical conclusions
can be derived from the collected measurements. Analysis of
data pertains to the process of extracting from the given data
relevant information from which numerical description can be
formulated. Interpretation of data refers to the task of drawing
conclusions from the analyzed data. It normally involves the
formulation of forecasts or predictions about a larger group
based on the data collected from small groups.
 A population is a complete
collection of all elements ( scores,
people, . . . ) to be studied.

A census is a collection of data from

every element in a population
(members of the given population).

A sample is a subcollection of
elements drawn from a population.
The things that are changing in an experiment are
called variables. A variable is any factor, trait, or
condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. An
experiment usually has three kinds of variables:
independent, dependent, and controlled.
Level of Measurement

1. NOMINAL - data that consist of names, labels, or categories only.

Example : The political party to which each candidate belongs.
Area codes
2. ORDINAL - data that may be arranged in some order but differences
between data values either cannot be determine or are meaningless.
Example : ratings of good, better, and best
3. INTERVAL - like the ordinal level, but meaningful amounts of
differences between data can be determined. It has no starting point.

Interval data examples:

1. Time of each day in the meaning of a 12-hour clock.
2. Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius (but not Kelvin).
3. IQ test (intelligence scale).
4. Test scores such as the SAT and ACT test scores.
5. Age is also a variable that is measurable on an interval scale, like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 years and etc.
6. Measuring an income as a range, like $0-$999; $1000-$1999; $2000-$2900, and etc. This is a classic
example of turning a non-interval, ordered variable scale into an interval scale to support statistical analysis.
7. Dates (1015, 1442, 1726, etc.)
8. Voltage e.g. 110 and 120 volts (AC); 220 and 240 volts (AC) and etc.
9. In marketing research, if we ask 2 people how much time do they spend reading a magazine each day, we
would know not only who spend more time reading but also the exact difference in minutes (or another
time interval) between the two individuals.
10. Grade levels in a school (1st grader, 2nd grader, and etc.)
4. RATIO - does not include those characteristics of interval level of
measurement but also starts at the zero ( 0 ) value. It is the highest
level of measurement.
Ratio Data Examples
Following are the most commonly used examples of ratio data that can be used in
surveys to extract ratio data:
What is your weight in kgs?
•Less than 50 kgs
•51-60 kgs
•61-70 kgs
•71-80 kgs
•81-90 kgs
•Above 90 Kgs
What is your height in feet and inches?
•Less than 5 feet.
•5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
•5 feet 6 inches- 6 feet
•More than 6 feet
What is the number of burgers you can eat daily?
•1-2
•2-3
•3-4
•4-5
•5-6
•More than 6
Sources:
Elbo, Morris

De Leon et al. Fundamental Statistics. Sinag-Tala Publishers, Inc. Manila

Variables in Your Science Fair Project. shorturl.at/mAGJ1. 03 Nov 2020

Interval Scale Examples, Definition and Meaning. http://www.intellspot.com/interval-data-examples/.

03 Nov 2020

Continuous vs Discrete Data. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cz4nPSA9rlc

Thank you!