DCC 3132: STATISTIC

DAY:   DATE:   TIME:  

DEPARTMENT: JKA 

STUDENT
INFORMATION:

NAME REG NUM

 MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN SAIFOL BAHRI 01DKA14F1023

CLASS IC NO.

DKA3A 960528385059

GUIDING LECTURE

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ASSIGNMENT 1

1.1 Know the statistical concepts.

1.1.1 Define statistics.

Statistics is concerned with measuring certain variables from existing data so that effective
managerial decisions can be made for the benefit of the organization, the people and the
country.

Statistic represent procedures and methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting
and analysing data, as well as obtaining useful information, drawing valid conclusion and
making effective decisions based on the analysis .

These statistical processes are usually carried out as part of the decision-making procedure in
many organizations today . As a matter of fact, managers of today need to have strong
mathematical ablility to go through statistical analyses before theycan come up with effective
decissions.

1.1.2 Describe types of statistics : descriptive and inferential statistics.

Statistical techniques can be divided into two categories: descriptive statistics and inferential or
inductive statistics.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

For desriptive statistics, data are compiled, organized, summarized and presented in suitable
visual forms which are easy to understand and suitable for use. Various tables, graph, charts
and diagram are used to exhibit the information obtained from the data. Thus , raw data are
transformed into meaningful forms so that the user and manager can make generalizations or
conclusions just by taking a quick look at visual presentations.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

In inferential statistics, we make generalizations about a population by anlsying samples. If a

sample is good representation of a population, accurate conclusions about the population can
be inferred from the analysis of this sample. This is because the samples value are close
representations of the actual values of ht epopulation of interest. However, there is a certain
amount of uncertainty about the estimations. Therefore,probability is often used when stating
the conclusions.

Thus, inferential statistical techniques are used to make inferences about the population
based on measurements obtained from the sample. The producedure is to select a sample from
the population, measure the variables of interest, analyse the data, interpret the output and
draw conclusions based on the analysis.

1.1.3 Identify the steps of statistic problem-solving.

What is Statistical Problem Solving ?

Statistical problem solving is the art of solving quality problems using statistical quality control to
achieve quality production, management and control. Uses specific tools that help companies
and organizations make the right quality decisions. During this process, quality problems are
identified in the production process as well as in the product itself. Statistical problem solving
does involve Statistical Process Control (SPC) which is a random sample inspection of the
output from a process and determines the ultimate decision as to whether the process is
producing products with characteristics that fall within a predetermined range. Serves as a
means through which acceptance sampling is done in the process of randomly inspecting a
sample of goods and then deciding whether to accept the entire lot based on the results.
Ultimately, it determines whether a batch of goods should be accepted or rejected.

1. Plan (Ask a question): formulate a statistical question that can be answered with data. A
good deal of time should be given to this step as it is the most important step in the process.

2. Collect (Produce Data): design and implement a plan to collect appropriate data. Data can
be collected through numerous methods, such as observations, interviews, questionnaires,
databases, samplings or experimentation.

3. Process (Analyze the Data): organize and summarize the data by graphical or numerical
methods. Graph numerical data using histograms, dot plots, and/or box plots, and analyze the
strengths and weaknesses.

4. Discuss (Interpret the Results): interpret your finding from the analysis of the data, in the
context of the original problem. Give an interpretation of how the data answers your original
questions.

1.2 Understand the statistical terms.

1.2.1 Explain population and sample, statistic and parameter, census, sample survey
and pilot study

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

In statistics, the word population is used to designate the complete set of item that are of
interest in the research.

The term sample is used to designate a subset of item that are chosen from the population.
Data on variables of interest are obtained from the sample. The data are then
summarized,analysed and presented in useful forms so that effective information and
conclusions can be derived. For example, In a study on the reading habits od secondary school
children in Malaysia, while the sample may consist of 1000 secondary students randomly
selected from 13 states in Malaysia.

STATISTIC AND PARAMETER

A summary measure such as mean, median, mode, or standard deviation, computed from
sample data is called a statistic. However, a summary measure for the entire population is
called a parameter. Statistician often estimate population parameters from the corresponding
sample statistics. For example in a country of 10 million students when we compute the mean of
English oral scores of all 10 million students and find that the score is 60, this is called a
population parameter. If ten thousand students are randomly selected from ten million students
in the country and the average score of teir English oral test is calculated, then this is a statistic.

CENSUS

If the population we wish to study is small, it is possible for us to measure a variable for every
unit in the population. If the study is carried out in this way on the whole population, the end
result is a census of the population .
 For example, if we wish to study the monthly income of the fishermen in a small fishing
village, it is possible to obtain data on all the fishermen in that village. This is a census of the
population. Many countries carry out a census study of their population every ten years in order
to update the information on the residents. Our country is undertaking a census every 10 years
and the last census study was done in 2001.

SAMPLE SURVEY

A sample survey, on the other hand, involves a subgroup (or sample) of a population being
chosen and questioned on set of topics. The researcher simply asks the respondents to answer
some questions. The results of this sample survey are ussually used to make inferences about
the larger population. A sample survey is necessary if the population is large. Sample surveys
reduce cost and time and the results may be as accurate as the census study if the sample is
selected using a proper sampling technique.

PILOT STUDY

A pilot study is a study done before the actual fieldwork is carried out. The aim is to identify
possible problems and difficulties that the researcher may encounter when the actual study is
being carried out. This study is also used to test out questionnaires and to improve them in
terms of flow, question design, language and clarity.

1.2.2 Explain the variables in statistic.

A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. A

variable may also be called a data item. Age, sex, business income and expenses, country of
birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye colour and vehicle type are examples of variables. It
is called a variable because the value may vary between data units in a population, and may
change in value over time. 

For example; 'income' is a variable that can vary between data units in a population (i.e. the
people or businesses being studied may not have the same incomes) and can also vary over
time for each data unit (i.e. income can go up or down). 
TYPE OF VARIABLES IN STATISTICS.

There are different ways variables can be described according to the ways they can be studied,
measured, and presented.

Numeric variables have values that describe a measurable quantity as a number, like

'how many' or 'how much'. Therefore numeric variables are quantitative variables.

Numeric variables may be further described as either continuous or discrete:

 A continuous variable is a numeric variable. Observations can take any value

between a certain set of real numbers. The value given to an observation for a
continuous variable can include values as small as the instrument of measurement
allows. Examples of continuous variables include height, time, age, and temperature.

 A discrete variable is a numeric variable. Observations can take a value based on

a count from a set of distinct whole values. A discrete variable cannot take the value
of a fraction between one value and the next closest value. Examples of discrete
variables include the number of registered cars, number of business locations, and
number of children in a family, all of of which measured as whole units (i.e. 1, 2, 3 cars).

The data collected for a numeric variable are quantitative data.

Categorical variables have values that describe a 'quality' or 'characteristic' of a data

unit, like 'what type' or 'which category'. Categorical variables fall into mutually exclusive (in
one category or in another) and exhaustive (include all possible options) categories. Therefore,
categorical variables are qualitative variables and tend to be represented by a non-numeric
value.

Categorical variables may be further described as ordinal or nominal:

 An ordinal variable is a categorical variable. Observations can take a value that

can be logically ordered or ranked. The categories associated with ordinal variables
can be ranked higher or lower than another, but do not necessarily establish a numeric
difference between each category. Examples of ordinal categorical variables include
academic grades (i.e. A, B, C), clothing size (i.e. small, medium, large, extra large) and
attitudes (i.e. strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree).
  A nominal variable is a categorical variable. Observations can take a value that is
not able to be organised in a logical sequence. Examples of nominal categorical
variables include sex, business type, eye colour, religion and brand.

The data collected for a categorical variable are qualitative data.