Assignment 1

Of
Quantitative Methods
On
Case Study- College Canteen Decreasing
Sales

Submitted by :-
Dharni Desai-20BSP0656
Shruti Jain-20BSP2335
Tejasvini Sawant- 20BSP2654
Yagya Gupta -20BSP2841
Section -G
 Introduction
Case Study- College Canteen Decreasing Sales
College Canteen is a very important facility for the students through which a
better standard of food and beverages are obtained. There is a college canteen
which was having sales decreasing from past few months. Raghu is the owner
of the canteen and was worried about the same . He wanted to identify the
reason why the sales decreasing. He is running a canteen since long and deals
in fast food and beverages. One day his friend Ramesh who was his supplier
also, came to meet him and take pending payments and to talk about further
supplies. Raghu told him that canteen is not doing good from last few months
and he wanted to know the reasons for this . Then his friend suggested to
conduct a survey on sale of beverages. He, then randomly choose some 60
students comprising 38 males and 22 female students. Students were asked to
fill the feedback form which includes ranking of preferences of beverages,
canteen service providers, sales of beverages.
The main objective of this survey is to understand the satisfaction level of
students with canteens products and service. It will help him to know the taste
and choice of products of the students .
 Scales of Measurement
Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete Discrete Continuous

Scales Scales

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Definition:-
Data – Anything in a raw form is particular known as data. Using that we
create information.

Data is classified into two types:-

1)Qualitative data deals with characteristics and descriptors that can't be

easily measured, but can be observed subjectively—such as smells, tastes,
textures, attractiveness, and colour. 
2)Quantitative data deals with numbers and things you can measure
objectively: dimensions such as height, width, and length. Temperature and
humidity. Prices. Area and volume.

Difference:-
When you measure something and give it a number value, you create
quantitative data. When you classify or judge something, you create qualitative
data.

Different types of quantitative and qualitative data:-

1)Qualitative – Discrete
One Type of qualitative data is : discrete

I)Discrete data is the qualities and characteristics of a given things. We can

say, it can’t be countable. When you classify or categorize something, you
create Qualitative or attribute  data

2)Quantitative – Continuous Data and Discrete Data

There are two types of quantitative data, which is also referred to as numeric
data: continuous and discrete.

Counts are discrete and Measurements are continuous.

I)Discrete data is a count that can't be made more precise. Typically, it

involves integers. For instance, the number of children (or adults, or pets) in
your family is discrete data, because you are counting whole, indivisible
entities: you can't have 2.5 kids, or 1.3 pets.

II)Continuous data could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. For
example, you can measure the height of your kids at progressively more
precise scales—meters, centimetres , millimetres, and beyond—so height is
continuous data.
 Scales of Measurement –
To convert Qualitative Variable to Quantitative Variables

Qualitative Scales- Nominal and Ordinal

1)Nominal – Lowest scale of Measurement
When collecting unordered or nominal  data, we assign individual items to
named categories that do not have an implicit or natural value or rank.

1) Categories – Ex: Male, Female

2) Cannot Rank- Ex: Aadhar Card, Pan Card
3) Cannot perform any Mathematical Operations (+,-,x,/)
4) Only perform MODE -Ex: Place, Names
5) Chi- Square Analysis

2) Ordinal
Ordered or ordinal data, in which items are assigned to categories that do
have some kind of implicit or natural order, such as "Short, Medium, or Tall."
Another example is a survey question that asks us to rate an item on a 1 to
10 scale, with 10 being the best. This implies that 10 is better than 9, which is
better than 8, and so on. 

1) Identification & Ranking

2) No numeric value- Ex: By how much the rank differs
3) Median
4) Rank Correlation
5) Cannot perform any Mathematical Operations (+,-,x,/)

Quantitative Scales- Interval and Ratio

1) Interval
Interval values represent ordered units that have the same difference. In
Interval data, when we have a variable that contains numeric values that are
ordered and where we know the exact differences between the values.
1) Fixed Scale of Measurement
2) Non- Zero Origin
3) Regression Correlation
4) Can perform All Mathematical Operations(+,-,x,/)
 2) Ratio – Highest Scale of Measurement
Ratio values are also ordered units that have the same difference. Ratio
values are the same as interval values, with the difference that they do
have an absolute zero. Good examples are height, weight, length etc.
1) Can perform All Mathematical Operations(+,-,x,/)
2) Natural Zero Origin

Following functions can be done in different scales:-

 Variables-
Following are the Variables listed below according to different scale types :-
Qualitative - Discrete
Nominal Ordinal
Raghu Quality of Service
Ramesh Impression
Male & Female(Ex-I) Feedback Forms
Name Fast Foods & beverages
Gender Preference of Beverages
Phone Number Ranking of Preferences of beverages
by Students(Ex – II (a))

EXHIBIT -I – Coding of broad categories of Students

MALE and FEMALE
Nominal – All the variables which are in Nominal can only be categorized and
cannot be ranked.
Explanation – Male and Female can be categorised as Male for numeral1 and
Female for numeral 2 or vice versa. But you cannot rank them or perform and
mathematical operation.
EXHIBIT -II (a) -Ranking of Preferences of Beverages by Students
Ordinal – Ranking has been done in all the variables so they have been defined
in ordinal.
Explanation – Quality of Service has following 1 to 7 ratings which includes
different saying from 1 it is Agree strongly ,2 Agree fairly strongly and so on …
least to highest preference. Ranking can be done according to everyone’s
opinion and therefore, we cannot calculate by how much the ranking differ.
 Quantitative – Discrete Quantitative – Continuous
Interval Ratio Interval Ratio
No. of Students Age Amount Spent
Sales(Ex-III) Profit Margin(Ex-III)
Frequency- Student’s Preferences of
Student’s First the Quality of Service(Ex-
preference of the IV(b))
Beverage(Ex -II-B)
EXIHIBIT – II (b) – Student’s First Preferences of the Beverages(Frequency and
Percentage)
i)Rank and Beverages – Qualitative Discrete ordinal – Ranking of the beverages
is done according to person’s perspective and cannot be performed any
mathematical operations.
ii)Frequency and %( Percentage) – Frequency -Quantitative Discrete Ratio – It
is calculated according to preference , and it can be zero and can perform
mathematical operations.
%Percentage - Quantitative continuous Ratio – It can be measured in decimals
and can be performed with mathematical operations.
EXIHIBIT – III - Student’s First Preferences of the Beverages
% Profit margin – Quantitative Continuous Ratio- Profit can be measured and
can be performed any mathematical operations.
EXIHIBIT – IV – (a) Student’s Response towards Quality of Service
Quality of Service – Qualitative Discrete ordinal – Quality of Service is done is
done according to person’s perspective and cannot be performed any
mathematical operations.
EXIHIBIT – IV – (b) Student’s Preferences of the Quality of Service
Frequency and %( Percentage) –
Frequency -Quantitative Discrete Ratio – It is calculated according to
preference , and it can be zero and can perform mathematical operations.
%Percentage - Quantitative continuous Ratio – It can be measured in decimals
and can be performed with mathematical operations.