TNG HP HMT

Cu 1
Ti sao cc thut ton da trn ng qut (scanline) li ph hp vi kin trc phn cng ca my tnh
hin i?
Vi cc thut ton v ng thng trn kin trc phn cng ca my tnh hin i ch loi ng thng
no v ra mi thc s l ng thng?
Tr li
Hin nay, cc thit b ha l thit b mnh. Mnh l mt ma trn ch nht gm cc im nh (pixel).
Mt dng ca mnh gi l ng qut (scanline). Ton b bc nh s c mt b phn iu khin
qut ln lt tng dng t trn xung di. Mt sng in t s bn vo lp pht pho to nn
cng sng ca im, trong h thng mn hnh mu, ba sng in t c dng tng ng vi ba
mu c bn , xanh l cy v xanh da tri. nh hin th trn mn hnh c to nn do s kt hp ca
cc im c thp sng v im khng c thp sng. V th, cc thut ton da trn ng qut l
ph hp.
Vi cc thut ton v ng thng trn kin trc phn cng ca my tnh hin i th ch nhng ng
thng song song vi trc ta hoc c gc 45 vi trc ta mi thc s l ng thng.
Cu 2
iu kin ca mt ng thng hon ho (l tng)
Tr li
iu kin ca mt ng thng hon ho:
1. Trng thng v lin tc
2. Phi i qua hai im u v cui
3. Phi c mt v cng sng u: u trn mt ng thng v u trn tt c cc ng
thng.
4. Thut ton v phi hiu qu v c th thc hin nhanh (ci ny ch bit c phi ni hay khng
nh???)
Cu 3
Hy ch ra khuyt im ca cch v ng thng da trn phng trnh chnh tc khi h s (slope) ln
hn 1?
Tr li
Da trn phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng: y=mx+b
Cch tip cn n gin: tng x, ri tm y => v th phi tnh ton s thc
Thut ton ny ch n vi nhng ng thng c h s gc nh hn hoc bng 1, cn i vi nhng
ng thng c h s gc nghing ln hn 1 th trng ng thng s ri rc v s im trn ng
thng l rt t.
Gii php: s dng phng php i xng.C th i tn trc ta hoc tng theo trc x nu dy<dx,
nu khng th tng theo trc y.
Cu 4
Cch v ng thng da trn phng trnh tham s (parameter) thut ton DDA khc phc
nhng nhc im ca cch v s dng phng trnh chnh tc nh th no?
Tr li
DDA = Digital Differential Analyser (phn tch vi phn s ha)
Phng trnh i qua 2 im (x1,y1) v (x2,y2)
X(t)=x1+t(x2-x1)
Y(t)=y1+t(y2-y1)
Thut ton chi tit xem slide hoc sch ^^
Khc phc nhc im ca thut ton v ng thng s dng phng trnh chnh tc l trng lin tc
hn v c th tnh ton tng dn.
Nhng vn phi tnh ton s thc: hai php lm trn v hai php cng s thc.
Cu 5
Thut ton Bresenham v ng thng (phn tch v vit code)
Tr li
c sch ;))
Cu 6
Thut ton v on thng im gia
Tr li
So snh d vi 0 (c sch bit thm chi tit)
Cu 7
im khc bit gia a gic li v a gic lm
Tr li
a gic li l a gic m ton b a gic nm v mt pha ca ng thng cha bt k cnh no
a gic lm l a gic nm v hai pha ca t nht mt ng thng cha cnh no .
Cu 8
Hy trnh by thut ton kim tra mt im nm trong hay nm ngoi mt a gic lm
Tr li
Dng nh l Jordan
T im cn kim tra, ta k mt tia song song vi trc ta (Ox) v ct a gic. Tnh s giao im ca
tia vi a gic, nu s giao im l l, tc l im nm trong a gic, nu s giao im l chn, tc
l im nm ngoi a gic. Thut ton ny khng ng vi trng hp a gic t ct.
Vi trng hp a gic t ct, ta s dng c hng ca ng thng, t e=0. Nu ct t tri qua phi
th e tng ln 1, nu ct t phi qua tri th e gim i 1, cc trng hp khc e gi nguyn. Nu e !=0 th
im nm trong a gic.
Cng vi tng nh trn, t e=0. Nu on ct c duy nht mt im dng th cng e thm 1. Nu
e chn th im nm ngoi a gic, e l th im nm trong a gic.
Cc trng hp c bit: ct trng ln cnh v ct trng ln nh.
Cu 9
Hy m t thut ton Clipping Cohen-Sutherland
Tr li
Bi ton ct xn on thng trn mt phng c m t nh sau:
Cho mt on (P1,P2), phi ct n vi mt ca s hnh ch nht v tr v on ct (Q1,Q2) hoc tr v
rng nu on thng nm ngoi ca s ct.
Thut ton Cohen-Sutherland
N bt u bng vic m ha chn khu vc c phn chia bi ng thng cha cc cnh ca ca s
bng m 4 bt, m m ny c gi l outcode. Vi mt im P bt k, gi c(p)=x3x2x1x0, vi xi=0 hoc
1.
Cc bit c ngha nh sau
X0=1 khi v ch khi P nm hon ton bn phi ca ng bin bn phi
X1=1 khi v ch khi P nm hon ton bn trn ca ng bin bn trn
X2=1 khi v ch khi P nm hon ton bn tri ca ng bin bn tri
X3=1 khi v ch khi P nm hon ton bn di ca ng bin bn di
Thut ton c 3 bc:
Bc 1: M ha P1 v P2. t c1=c(P1) v c2=c(P2)
Bc 2: kim tra nu mt on b loi b mt cch d dng s dng ton t OR v AND bit
1. C1 or c2 =0 hoc
2. C1 and c2 khc 0
trng hp (a), on thng nm hon ton trong ca s ct v c hai u ca on nm trong
ca s v ca s ct l li. Tr v Q1=P1, Q2=P2
trng hp (b), on thng nm hon ton bn ngoi ca s ct, v hai u ca on thng
nm trn mt na mt phng khng cha ca s ct. Tr v on rng
Bc 3: Nu mt on thng m khng b loi b mt cch d dng th ta chia on ra. Sau ,
chng ta quay li bc 1 vi quy trnh nh sau:
1. Trc ht, ta xc nh im u mt P xc nh on s s dng ct.
Nu c1=0000, th P1 khng cn phi ct, ta t P l P2 v Q l P1
Nu c1!=0000 th P=P1 v Q=P2
2. ng thng dng ct c xc nh bng bit bn tri nht ca m bng 1 trong c(P). Ta t
A l giao im ca PQ vi ng thng dng ct
3. Lp li cc bc t 1 n 3 vi on AQ
Thut ton s kt thc bc 2.
Lu , vi thut ton ny vic m ha l rt d dng, ta ch cn so snh ta ca P1 v P2 vi cc
hng s, vi gi thit l cc ng bin ca ca s ct song song vi cc trc ta . Ch bc 3
mi thc s cn tnh ton.
Cu 10
Thut ton clipping ng thng Cyrus and Beck
Tr li
Tm cc im vo im ra
Cu 11
M t thut ton Clipping theo tng cnh ca hcn to nn khung nhn (thut ton Sutherland
Hodgman)
Tr li
Ct a gic bng cch dng ln lt cc cnh ca ca s ct a gic.
Ta xt ng thng e cha cnh ca ca s ct v nh u vo P, nh ny s sinh ra cc im mi, c
th l 0,1 hay 2, ty thuc vo v ca P vi e.
C bn trng hp (v hnh)
i vng quanh cc nh ca a gic, kim tra vi cnh ang dng ct ca ca s. Chy thut ton ny
vi a gic mi thu c vi cnh tip theo ca ca s.
u im: khng cn lu tr nhiu, d dng ci t.
Cu 12
Ngi ta lm th no th hin php tnh tin qua ma trn sao cho ma trn ny c th ghp vi ma
trn th hin cc php bin i khc qua php nhn. Hy vit ra ma trn ca php tnh tin trong khng
gian 3 chiu.
Tr li
Dng ta ng nht:
4. Thm mt thnh phn ta na, W, cho mt im P(x,y,W)
5. Hai ta ng nht cng biu din mt im nu chng l bi s ca nhau. V d (1,2,3) v
(3,6,9)
6. Phi c t nht mt thnh phn khc 0 => (0,0,0) l khng xc nh
7. Nu W khc 0, chia cc ta cn li cho n c ta cc (x/W,y/W,1)
8. Nu W=0, im coi nh v cng.
Ma trn bin i xem sch ;))
Cu 13
Th no l im bin mt trong php chiu phi cnh (Vanishing point)
Tr li
Qua php chiu phi cnh, cc ng thng song song s khng song song vi nhau m hi t ti mt
im, im ny gi l im bin mt.
Cu 14
Th no c gi l php chiu phi cnh 1 im, 2 im, v 3 im?
Tr li
Php chiu phi cnh c phn loi theo s lng im bin mt theo trc, cng c ngha l theo s
lng giao im gia cc trc ta v mt phng chiu.
Php chiu phi cnh 1 im, tc l mt phng chiu ch ct 1 trc, hay ch c mt im bin mt theo
trc.
Php chiu phi cnh 2 im, tc l mt phng chiu ch ct 2 trc, hay c hai im bin mt theo trc.
Php chiu phi cnh 3 im, tc l mt phng chiu ch ct 3 trc, hay c ba im bin mt theo trc.
Cu 15
Hy v hnh v a ra c ma trn bin i ca php chiu phi cnh?
Tr li
Hnh v c trong sch
Ma trn bin i
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1
0 0 0
M
d
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(


Cu 16
Thng thng, ngi ta lu tr cc a gic trong my tnh nh th no? Ti sao dng triangle strip v
triangle fan li tng c tc tnh ton trong ha my tnh?
Tr li
Khi cc i tng c m hnh s dng a gic, cc a gic k nhau c th c chung cnh. m bo
rng khi kt xut khng c cc khong trng c to ra gia cc a gic lin k do qu trnh tnh ton
s thc, cc a gic c cnh chung nn dng cng gi tr ta cho hai u mt ca cc cnh chung.
Chnh v th, ngi ta thng dng cu trc cha cc cnh d liu tham chiu n cc im va tit
kim b nh, va gii quyt c vn im chung v cnh chung. Ta to ra ba danh sch: danh sch
cc nh, danh sch cc cnh v danh sch a gic b mt.
9. Danh sch cc nh cha cc nh ca cc a gic v ta tng ng
10. Danh sch cc cnh tham chiu ti cc nh l u mt ca cnh
11. Danh sch a gic b mt tham chiu ti cc cnh
Thng thng, ngi ta c th b danh sch cc cnh v ch lu tr danh sch cc nh v danh sch b
mt.
tng tc trong chng trnh ha my tnh, ng thi tit kim khng gian lu tr, ngi ta
bin cc tam gic c lp thnh mt qut tam gic hay mt chui tam gic. Nh vy, ngoi tam gic u
tin, mi tam gic mi ch cn lu thm 1 nh. ng thi, cc php bin i trn tam gic cng ch cn
thc hin trn mt nh, tr tam gic u tin.
Cu 17
To ra cy BSP xy dng th t v ca cc mt cho v d sau, sau a ra th t v cc phn ca
cc mt










Tr li
Thut ton BSP nguyn bn gm 2 bc
12. Bc tin x l s chun danh sch a gic u vo sang dng cu trc cy nh phn gi l cy
BSP
13. Mt thut ton duyt s duyt qua cy BSP v v cc a gic ra b m khung theo th t t
sau ra trc.
Ch : mt phng phn tch phi tha mn: khng c a gic no nm na khng gian cha im
nhn li b mt a gic na khng gian kia che khut.
Th t v: 2a,3,5,1b,2b,4,1a.
Mt phng phn cch: 3, 2b, 4, 5.
Cu 18
To ra cy BSP xy dng th t v ca cc mt cho v d sau, sau a ra th t v cc phn ca
cc mt

Tr li
Th t v: 2b, 3, 2a, 1
Cu 19
To ra BSP tree xy dng th t v ca cc mt cho v d sau, sau a ra th t v cc phn ca
cc mt

Tr li
Hnh ny xu qu, ch lm ;))
Cu 20
i vi cc on cong, th no l lin tc bc 0, 1 v 2 (C0, C1, C2)? Hy trnh by cch hiu ca bn v
cc hm c s (basic function) ca mt ng cong tham s?
Tr li
Lin tc bc 0 tc l hai u ng cong ti nh phi ni vi nhau, hay ni cch khc f(x)=g(x).
Lin tc bc 1 l lin tc bc 0 v tip tuyn ti im phi trng nhau, hay ni cch khc o hm bc
1 ca hai hm phi bng nhau
Lin tc bc 2 l lin tc bc 1 v un ti im l nh nhau, hay ni cch khc o hm bc hai
ca hai hm bng nhau.
Hm c s c sch
Cu 21
Vit ma trn Hermite
Tr li
2 2 1 1
3 3 2 1
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
h
M
(
(

(
=
(
(


Cu 22 [b-spline]
Hy m t cch to ra cc ng cong c bn ca ng cong tham s B-spline. Cho mt ng cong B-
spline c 10 im iu khin t P0 n P9, hy xc nh s on cong to nn ng cong . V hnh
minh ha.
Tr li
Cu 23
Gi s gi tr cng chiu sng ca im A l 1.0, ca im B l 0.8 v ca C l 0.5. Theo m hnh
chiu Gouraud Shading, hy tnh gi tr cng sng ca D v E







Tr li
To bng Gouraud l s m phng b mt nhn nhi v m. y l thut ton to bng ni suy cng
hay to bng ni suy mu sc v n tnh cng ca mi nh a gic v sau ni suy ra ton b
a gic theo cc cnh v theo ng qut.
c c gi tr sng ti cc nh a gic, chng ta cn tnh vecto php tuyn. Gi tr ny thng
c tnh bng cch ly trung bnh vecto php tuyn ca cc mt k vi nh . Lu rng, cch ly
trung bnh ny to ra hiu ng trn ca vt th.
Vn xy ra:
14. Khng th hin c tnh li lm
15. Khi quay cc a gic, kt qu to bng c th b thay i.
Kt qu:
31 5
,
40 8
D E
I I = =
Cu 24
Trong cng thc
os os
n
a a p d p s
I I k I k c I k c

u o = + +
Hy m t tng thnh phn ca tng trn tng ng vi cc m hnh nh sng no, gii thch tng h
s?
Tr li
a
I : cng ca nh sng mi trng
a
k : h s phn quang ca nh sng mi trng, l lng nh sng mi trng c phn quang li
p
I : cng ca ngun sng ti im P
d
k : h s khuch tn, l mt hng s ph thuc vo vt liu
u : l gc gia hng nh sng n L v vecto php tuyn N ti P
s
k : h s phn chiu
n: cp s phn chiu
: l gc to bi tia phn x R v hng nhn ca mt V
16. Thnh phn th nht l thnh phn nh sng mi trng
17. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn nh sng khuch tn
18. Thnh phn th ba l thnh phn nh sng phn chiu

Cu 25
Trong m hnh nh sng trong ho my tnh, c 3 m hnh nh sng phn li t 1 vt: nh sng xung
quanh (ambient), nh sng phn x(specular) v nh sng tn x(diffusion). Hy gii thch 3 m hnh ny.
Tr li
nh sng mi trng hay nh sng xung quanh m t nh sng l mt thit lp nh sng c cng
khng i trong mt cnh vt, l tng ca tt c cc nh sng gin tip trong cnh vt .
Khi tia sng chiu ti b mt vt th th s b phn x li, thnh phn ny gi l nh sng phn x.
Khi tia sng chiu ti b mt vt th m b phn x li theo mi hng v cng nh sng l bng nhau
theo mi hng, ta gi l hin tng tn x.
Cu 26
M t tng ca phng php Ray tracing trong ho my tnh. Ch ra u v nhc im ca
phng php ny. Phng php ny thng c dng trong nhng loi ng dng no?
Tr li
Ci ny thy ch dy, nn cng ch hc :D
Cu 27
Lnh glutDisplayFunc dng lm g? Lnh glutIdleFunc dng lm g? Lnh glNormal dng lm g?
Trong lnh glVertext3fv, gii thch ngha ca s 3, ch f v ch v?
Tr li
glutDisplayFunc l mt th tc ng k s kin quan trng nht v cn gi u tin. N gi li th tc th
hin nhng ci m chng ta s nhn thy. Bt k khi no GLUT xc nh ni dung ca ca s hin th
li, hm c khai bo bng glutDisplayFunc c thc thi. Do vy, chng ta cn y tt c nhng g cn
v vo trong hm display callback.
glutIdleFunc gi li hm. Hm ny s c thc hin khi khng c bt c s kin no c xy ra.
glNormal dng thit lp mt vecto php tuyn.
glVertex3fx dng v mt nh, 3 l c 3 ta , f l kiu d liu l float, v tc l kiu vector.