Scribd
Upload
78 views38 pages

Electric Potential and Capacitance

It is very good pdf.

Uploaded by

anjandas1357
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
78 views38 pages

Electric Potential and Capacitance

It is very good pdf.

Uploaded by

anjandas1357
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
PHYSICS Dn Gpe: Unit - 2. Electric Potential and Capacitance Class - 12" Electrostatic Poterttal Enongy emeal Potential Elechostodic.Patertial clue to- (a) A pond charge (6) Group of Electric changes ElechostaHe Patential at a point clus de an Elechte Bipele Equipetemhal Surfauds Relation between Elechic field omel electric. potential +] Electrostatic Patent) Energy eh a System of charges Potential Enogy of GA sivqle charge in an external Fielol ) A system of too changes in om external Held ‘[Petential Enugy of clipdle in an exteanal Field PE lechostetics of Conductors :| Elechostatc Shiellmg. | Dielectte Palarizaston | Copacitors @ Capacitance | Capacity of an Tsolated spherical conductor -|]Peatlel Plate Capacitor Effect ofr Dielectric on capacitance .| Capacitance, pS parallel plate Capacitor uith a clidlectic slab .|] Combination of Capacitors -|Exurgy Stored in a Capacitor +] Van’ De Grogs Gerurctor Very Tenportant SGuashoms | 2. [Electrostatic Potential % Capacitance Introcluction_:- oom THO electeastoic ead ea of Q charg eal feat. TE Gchene the agree of ce gotten" of ih olebewrmines airettion “ Few of, Chao igen turo Charges! boolies plated! in" Corttoct each other The chi ows from a at i potential] to nee tally T8 toda” pote + The h ch stops a4 400m As He potentiols of the fodlies “become . Etectrostatic Potential Energy Let us arsume an eclectic fielol E clue+to a charge +Q placed ot the ov, a7 < f “e hat a smal test th +7 be broght from g point 4, Bo pont 8 og} t the repulsi ab ol to charge + ree OY A Crest sceverd Q an jest charge) @ We assume ‘that the external force Fae applied ws just sufficient to comter the repulsive elechic Fe~ on the tut charge 4 (so the net fore on + iP change 4 Ss Zero ond “+ moves from A to B without any eceleration. Now tne work done by external fore ds negodive > work done by the chetid. for “ sa Shred m the ne ane foes Oe tendite) energy. Werk done by external force in raoving the tert change. +h A 4 Bus - 3 & Was = fFadr = -[ Rd A THis usork clone against elechostedic force gets Stored as potential onaroyy. Us AU Un = Was Hence electrostatic potential enoroy Hporenie between two peints Beomd A 44s equal to “the minimum work done by on externed Seree,, fa, moving a tet charge 4 to B without frm Aa Note i- The work olone by an electastodic tell in moving a nven je fom eae pornt to aa Clepenals erly mn the positions oy al amd final peinds » oF ot nd on the chosen j one pel be ere P " eng ier re # For a change distibution of finite extent, we choose zero electyostotic potential eneray oat infinity. Thora pore, cohen point A is ot infinity we get- Hence the electostodHe potenticl of a Char: a point in an electric field cue to Cony charg ot of pation Gs equal to the work olone bY +he ex. wee in bringing the change 4 prom infinity, to that peint witho ang Occeleration. Electrostatic Potential TRe electric potential ifporen ie belwean tuo points B omd A in any slecasfe. fiell 4a equot to the amount of work done jn conning unit pasihve teat Charge Ab B without Yactelerodion along any. pat between the +0 points. ak Va ond Va one the Fig:- Vartodt Etectwstatic Potential = and Bice? da wlth Sifter B) hot tre Y ? “ ane Va =! 4a 3 Vn zt SO re Te td soon Me ee The yesuttomt potentiod ot P is Voz Vt Vat Vad oes Vn v= it (91 492495 4... In ane |v ¥, ¥3 Yn or @ A cube oh ste & hoy a charge % ot ench 9} tts veaticta. Detemine the potential and ele fi clue te thia charge array at the cere of te r+ sa The length of cliagonal ob the Cube of each sideb iS = “Jab Distance between contre Of Cube ond each vertex wos SBb/, Hex & changes each of value % Are present af the & verctews of the Cube, therefore tote] potentiod is 4 + Va VtVate- Ve = _1 Br = 44 ate ay = ned , Further electric fidd at the cantre due to all the eight jes ik zero, became the field oluz to inelividuol changes Cancel in pairs. Electrostatic Potential at a point cue to an Electric Dipole ;- Let us take the ongin at the contre of the olipale. Noto we have to Caleulde electric potenHal at point P where of = 7 ond ZaRoP = B- BtL_—-—-— o7 | r ee t \ 4 AXs Let the clistance P trom change -Y at A be 1 and distance of pan Chonge +% ot B dd Yr. Electrostatic potential ot P clus to -% and +4 charge is vespechtvely v= =e - aw ” 4@nGy, orm) Va = anew So the potenHaf oct P clue to the olipele is - Via WE Ve v= -[t-+] — a are. Ln Y Now by geometry - Cos@ = _O4r?~ Ve (fr 4 Bop ) ara 2 ov Y = v4 Larva Cors9 Similarly Coa (180-8) =_@+v—¥ (for triangle AcP ) 2m ov yp = rt4ab+ 20a C48 Here we a Par’ ae 2 vrs (1 + +32. to ) I Q< C ] As Pose = But, whe F cs unit vector edong the podition vector OB = 7 So the elechostatic potential at P Aue to a pale is - G) On the ciple axis (8 =0 or TD vse + PF __ an ér> Posihve sign for @=0 and negeive sign for OF nN. Gi) On the equadorial Plane, (= % ; Coro= Cos =0) Vz oO So Electrostatic potential at any point \m the equatorial plane of alipole is zero. + The potential olue fo a clipsle ia axially Symmetrie about BP. Equipotential Surfaces That surface at eve int of vdhich electric poterdial is ee same Xe Lahtead an equi potential Surface: No work 44 done on movi the test chorge om one point to tHe other on equipotentiad ssurfaw: The equipetenties surface through a point ws normal #0 the elechic field at thad point. * The ipotendial surface a single Sed Choage oT nid splice” Je ukforces canted ot the Charge. *® Por aunifom dectric frad Say cleny x-axis 1 he equipotential surfaces ake planes “normal the x as. Some equipotentiol Surfaus are shoion in tHauus- e (@) For a pemt choage (b) Fer Unrform electric fide. (€) For am electric oUpole. (4) Por tuo identicod Positive charges - Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System Of charges ;- sag rostadic potential entry, oh pei ond anger ab the total pa vedi done b Ey 2 varinusk Ch e3 to. their ‘resbectve_ i Feoaiea te z, from infinitely loxge mudual wheapecive i) For a System of tuo point charges - : Suppose & peomt ch et aa hela ot & point P) with position vector ¥ in space: Another point cnange 4 4, vs at mfinite distance Gs Tis is +o the postion Py with position Vee: oe Th In _ bring! the first chaage 4, to position rit) me tools Jb done beear St ehegnese oe a8 at infmity , and there Js 70 bre, Wi =o +4 (at Infinity) Now, work done In carnging change 4. fem y W2= [Potential due to 4] X42 +4) - 4 +, Wie som ati). ata) k—Yn —— Total usork done w= Wy + Wy Elechostatic potential enngy U = W = tA 4N €e Vin Gi) For a system of WN point charges - T+ us equal 4o the total amount o Work clone in aed all the Charges at the given positions gem infinity In bringing te first charge 4, t Position Pur) No work Js Wed ‘ # “a be Wy so when we bring Charge 4% fom infini +> PAUL) at a distance ‘ir on 89, work done fini oe We = [Potential due to 4, J) x %2 Wa = iho 41 €, Ya qe Yes a ve Tia Ww In bringing 41 from, to Pa (Ta), work has to be done agaist! elechostedic fores clue to both ond Ia te + Wa = [Potential clue to % ond I] x Gs = —! S14 Sa Wa 4m €, e+ me) tt vs Electrastahe potential energy of 4 System of three charges U= WptWotwW, =o He 4 Lb (32 +) 13 Yas 4NG@Y2 4né Com write elechostatic ek N poimt charges at AN Pairs Potential Energy of a Single change in an external Field :- Th vit) wa extemal potental at or int P of Psion vector ¥, then wk done 1 ringing a Charge 4 from infinity to the pomt Pom the extana fed is = 4 vir) This work is stored in the charged pantie in the form of its potential enegy. ~ ++| Potential ennrgy of % charge Tua (U)= 4: VWL¥) Potential Energy of a System of two Charges in an external Field ;- Se se 4,emd FJ ane two point charges ot position Peder 7, amd Va vespecHvely in a Umi form etterned electric fide zg. Now usork done in bringing Charge % and 4 from infinity t Position Yi and Yi ane While bring} = infini +o ition T2 , work has dW bevelbe agdiatlane Rite te 4). Thin ub - Wa = 2 4 & Tr lohene Tis da the clistance behween 9, md 42 - So Potential energy of the System = teted work clone U = Wi + Wa +W3 U = Vid +4avOn) + Wha 4NG Ne ® @) Peteamine the electostate potential 4 48 sqetem kent Of tse charges THC and -2Ic Casrth “no external field) plated od “C9em,0,0) and C9um, 0,0) Yeapectively, \ (b) Hors much work Vas x ved to Separate the two Charges infinitely away fom each other? . (©) sup; that” the Save system of Charges is now plated "in an externed field ES AXL” ,where A= oxida, Whot would be the electrostatic © energy of the Comfigutedion ? Sol. @) Us _UYa = TKI E XL 2K TEV KOK 2 -OTT 4N€ox @ 439) x10-? (b) Work requiresl =. U2-U; = O-U = O7T- (©) Th the eclectic field total Pre, = SH 4 aivih)+a.v) s-M , ye fe = paar = A fm End 5 ya fear = far = & “+ Total PE, = Ur + AU 4 AM ANEDY xy Nn 2-0-7 + 3x10 (7x10) 7 axis’ (-2x108 ) 0108 aed Se Total PE. = — o7 + Fo -20 = 4937 Potential Ene a ali le in an external Field ;- Consider a olipele placeat in 4 uniqorm electric fielol E. | ay 7 a So Lge. 22 Hero the olipole experiences no net force but experiente a torque T Hiven by - T = BE = PE Sind Wohich will tend to sotete it (Unless Pda parallel to) Suppose an external torque T i (ed) } such ote er that OF just! neutyal son” ie seqe and rotate the clipole rom angle 8, to omgle without angular acceleazotion. The amount of work done by the external torque. will be given by — a « We [tae (@)de = [re Sino 48 W = -PE (048, — Coa, ) Tnit work 1s stored as tha potentlal energy of tre system. Tf we take 6 =7/2 where +e potentiol enngy U us taken to be zero So Ul%) =-PE (Core, — Coad) Ul®) =-PECos@ = —-P-E Electrostatics of Concluctors 1) Electostatic field us Zep ‘mside a Conductor. (2) At the surface of a changed Coachices, elec Hrostaic field must be~ normal to Swyfate ab every point. Th E were not nevmal to +the sunface » AF usoulol haye some non-zexd Components al rg the surface. Free. om the surface of the “Conductor ‘wold then ex; co. foxce. ond move-In +he Stedic situation trfore E should have no tangerdial Component. GB) Tree iu no exces e ot, potrct Inside the concluctor than the Stedie si jon , Oma any exces chosge must reside ot the surxjace. (4) Electrostate potential Js constant throughoud the vebme the Condluctor amd hab the same valuc a mside on its surface: (S) Electric field at the surface of a Charges! Conductor is E = & | Hew ris unit vector nomal tothe surface & amd o Js Surface charge olensity: Electrostatic Shielding Bleeaspads Shielelly ] Screening is the henomenon o echng a cond , ce. firom exten Rechic Shield. ” mgr ob We Know that the electric fell insicle 4 Conductor ws zaxD, Trurefore to protect cUicode inatuments fen external electric fields , we enclose them in hollow conductors. Such “hallow conduchrs ane Called Faraday cages. Thuy med not be earthed. In thunderstorm —accompaineol by Le ering 1 ar Js satey to be inside a Cae ov bus +o in tre Open ground oF under a trea-ebe.. The metallic He Car or bus provides alectsostahe Shielding om the Lattening. The fundomerdad fact is that electric field inside a cavity is zerd, whotever be the size anol shape oh the, Carvi he be the chars the Conductor Fe dead PIS im cy OE AE be plced: An earthes) Conductor A&B Can also actas Q screen against the elechle field when AB is earthol » Hue Tnoluced positive charge flow to earth andl He field in the regio: beyond AGB clisappeans. LO, Se Grounding Non polar ano Polay Dielectrics —bielectrics ore, Tatulotion mg mededals which transmit olectric effects wh Proud ally Conducting elechicity. DBidectries are of} two types - (2) non polar ) Polar. (4) Non Polar Dielectrics 3- The molecules in which the Contre positive Chorge Coincide with the Centre of neg Called non-polar molecules. Such, molecules are Sy mametic in shabe- Examples- O12, CO2,CHy ete. (b) Polar Dielectrics t- the centres posi ses” do not Scdncioe at ap of the } Wire oe en nape cb the molecules, thon +Hiese are Pola. tne polbeul Examples— HCl,Hi0, NHg ete. . v Dielectric Polarization aie are a non-polar olielechie is held in an gic lectric fiek the Cenhe WHve change ( protons oy tric, fied Ea an pulled ‘b eee olUicection of E and the Contre of ve charge (electrons) is pullol In a olirecton apposite to E. Thurefre the tw canted of positive and negative chawes in Hi lecule are separated. The molecule Stites atl te eas “to be ‘phlonised. elecule ges Exo, © O®@ ase ®O® BOBO} pon-Pelar ©@0®@ QaqQ Molecules .. When No exteanal field is applicel to a didectHie with polar molecules than the cliftaernt pommanent alipoles Qre oriented randomly due to ermal ‘cigitation, $° the total elipele moment ig zero- When am external electic field us applied , the individual clipole moments tends “to align with the. field. bohen summed oven all the molecules , ears Some net clipole moment in the direction of the external field, ie, the dielechic is polarised. eto —» Molecules , Thus in elther Cove Whether polar or nonpolar @ cliekctie develops a net dipole moment inthe Pramnce ° an exteanal field te clipole moment per unit volume 1S calle polarisation and “ua denoted by P. Electric Surce ptibility i- . Tt is found thed the electric, polarization P da clivectly proportional to the ejyctve electric fieel CEDIn a pelarizes) olidtectdc. . Ee , op ba ® Where X% is a Constant b © & a bo @ => The electric susceptibilt . Poe “oP it amd is prnounud at 'chi'. © X 3a Coblecl electic susceptibility ascribes the Clechicol bevavian | Effect ve Elechic field ina of @ Aielechic: polarized obielectHc is - “ d q oh the olielectric. + For acum ei Why aloes the eleebic. Jelol frida a dielectic a cleerease whin ut is placecl in an exttanal electric field ? Sl when a delete ia placesdl in an external ped, He fielel Causes polarisation of, the ciclechle Imelucing a eld m the opposite clivection. Thus the net elechic field inside the clielechle decreases. Capacitors and Capacitance A Capacitor is a system of; two Conduchors eo by an insulator. It is an avvemgement for Stowng, | amourcs of Clectric charge hence ekchical enngy “in & Small space- Principle of Capacitor :- teh mena ioe chase ee Tandbeed poet Pte Aon it ifve. 2 Ss potential IGecorne maximum . A ee P , ; A 6 +{+ ++ +/+ +/+ +/+ +/+ ++ eee t yee brent ring ote + + = Gromded (4) Cb) Now Consider another insuleden} metal plode B held near the plode A. By Induction a negodive charge is prrduted on the nearer “face of B and an equal positive charge clenelops on the farther face of B. Now, Cormect the Hats GB to eanth- The induced positive charge. on cnaane 4 Free, flow +o earthy The indutecl negative OM BG, however Stous Om as it is bound to posite Charge on A. Due to the pe veshedee et charge on @, perchiod b poterne a nang 7 thor! the potential agehies Vv behwenn ne tes od, = Vs EXd = zg Se the Capacity of paoraulel plate Capacitor ua _ c= Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance When there 12 @ vacuum between tre phter Q Ca pacitoy having the Charge 2Q om its plates with je. Taensity to % then - [ecg] Deeg (S] Now consider a diclechic is insextecl betweon the plates which fully oceupying the intervening region. Dielectric The Helectic is polanisecl by the field with suaface Change. clensities op om: op at “the & the didestrie- Se So te net Surface Change. dunatyy on the pledes ts tlr-op So the inal elechic field inaicle the oldectic va - Es @-op & and the potential Aiffouna between the plodes is - Ve Ed = Toot Por Linear chieleetrics , we expect op 4o be moportional do E,, te. to o- Thurs Co-op) u& popstional to o and we can waite- T- op ao Ko celechic Constant Co-op = 2 ad Kl K So ee od = @d ~ ek A Eck Se the Copacitance @ with Welectric betwean tha pledes ‘in— = @-e Q = KEoA c= ad A AEck - KEoA Or & = a Here k == JS Cotleol the dielectric Constant of the Substance.” so had Be when Aielectie js inhoduced, the field behoeen the plates of the capacitor alecyeniel * to tooth V decreases by a factor of K- implies that the Copacrtonee increase” by K- Mdielectric constant of a medium iu olifinadl ad the rotio of the Capacitance Hho Capacitor aith the clielectric 2s tHe maclium “do dts capacitance. with vacuum behween ats plates. K = ple Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor with a dielectric Slab - The ¢ at parallel plat ces plete ania Bond plate Dsepaketon ae, chown or cuy mbetween Ua - Co = oA d Swppose EQ are the charges on the Capacitor” plates whid 4 ° produce sac elechic field Ein the space + Dielechi as" Bi i When a Uelectric slab of tHicknes tid ds imbodued behween the plates, the molicules in the Alab get Polarized in the olwection of Ee- Thrafore the effective field insicle the Ueleothic a e = &e K Outsiolan the clielectic pied vremoins €, only. Thrnafove 5 potential clifferonce behwean the two plotes H4 = Eo (d-t)+ Et = Eo(d- Ee Vez E.(d-t)+ ot = ° - t va eef dat hee] Se = a As G02 = Aes ve fe [a-tr$] Combination of Capacitor Cid Capacitors in Series Three Capacrtors of Capaci ies Gia ca ond Ca one Connect in sees.’ Vv dy potenti Lefperence appli aevoss the Combination. P In series Combinodion each Copacttor receives the same c je ok . As thre copacitw are cli +, So the “potential difperenes across tre three Capacitors Vie @, VW t+ Q, we @ “1 Ca ca Th Cs 4s the total Capacitance of Combinodion Han ve & Cs As total potentiol drop Vv across the Combinodtion is the sum of; potertions chops Vy>Va md va Se - V= VW4AVa +Va prin Capacitors Connectes| in Seried , total Capacitence (ii) Capacitors in Parallel Let three Capacitors Cy, C2 oma Ca are Connected iM Poratle] ond V be the potential otijyerence a HR piers, nod on. “ pe co eros So the Changes on the Cabactlors coil! be Q=H=aVv, A@z=Cavi od AQs= Cav So the total charge om the Capacitors - Q= Q14+ OQ. +s bet Cp be the @quivalent Capecitana in Paredl} then CeV = Gv +02. + Cav Cp = & +Co +Cs When 1 Capacitors are Connectes! in parillel then - w+ Capacitance off the Capacitor with obieteetic inbetween a c= ae = Q - v Re, [A-t+& ] c + S04 Hoe 6 > Ce K * Hence om imboducing a clielechic slab inbetween the pletes. Of A Capacitor , cts capacitance increnses. The hoe pltes of a paratel plate Copaciter are @ 4mm apart. A slab of clictedhie Cenatent 3 ond ree" thickney 3mm us Introduced between the plotes with wuts paces parole) to them. The clitmcee behween the “pletes Zs So adjusted ted the Capacitance the capacitor become 2/3 of tks original uz: What Gs the now cistme “behoeen the plates? 32 Here clintence behwean Parable plates Ls d= umm Az 4x10™m. = 3 , thickness t = Smm = 3x107% Cc = GA ond aq = A a - a-L a tt a) Since c= 2C ' 3 we A > Z2&EA a-+(1-b) 4 1 OE oy -t('- £) 3d 1 = 2 a - axid>( I- s) 3 xX ux? Se a, = @ x10? m. = 2mm. Energy Stored in Capacitor The creas Stores) In a Copacitor Ls te Same as the work me 40 builel up the Charge on the plates by external Source Cbottery). of Voltage - Let the two plates of the capaci dor are inti unchanged: Now tne charge Ja transferred so plate “fn ve one amealt instalments. of dy amo! equed opposite hale i 4 a, At a intermesticct, Ahags 5 Suppose on one pleted Js @ and on HUA. plate ia Ee rs Potental ifjerence between the plates Smet! amound °5 Change elq. to th = work done in giving an additiona) Capacitor 43 dw = Erde Teted work dene in giving © chorge Q@ to the Capacitor. w-[ee = tL This usork is stored In the form of poterttial eniay U. U=w-=ig Ee aA @=Cv omd Cv= Q So Wwe Com tonite Common Potential 7 " c Cl) hen tus capacitors chargeol ab olilerert potentials are Connectest le = in parsdlel with their positive plates a at ong pemh amd jodive. plokes at View omotHur point Bog a Clu wire, . then Chorge ow’ frm from ome a oe . of figiey potential to the other n et lober potential - on The flow of Charge Continuss “vu Hill their potenthals become equal. The. equal poterttiod of the +wo Capacitors Js Calla Common Polenfial = Total chorge vos OOM + Cava Total Capac ty tty (ii) When the feo Copacitors are Lomnectes! with the poarfive. plate of one capacroy to the negative plote of othe capautoy, “Hen Common Polevtia) = “Total chorge vos OM Hn Totod Capacity 4 tly Van De Graaff Generator stentio It daa dein wdesel to build mp. i ference of the order of feo million Volts: Such bbhiee oteRial hi cane are usecl to accelerate Chargeo! particles L electrons , protons, ions ett. needéol for various experiments of Nuclear playsics a Principle :- Ss have & loage Spherical Conduch shell of tacks, ont iekich wo! Paka Change Ge Potential inside conduchng spherical Shell = Comstontt =! Ve mee Now Let we inhoduct a small sphere of radius ¥, Cornpi Some change. a jab the large one, amd place ud od the Cenhe, Now the potential due to Small sphere of wadius ¥ orrging: Cheage 4% can te Ok- = of OF Surface of; small sphoe = ane + s - ‘ a at large shell of vackus R > ree Taking beth charges % amd @ into account we have total Potentiod ot tHe two shells and the potential lidderence a8- VOR) = 1 (@+2%) vor) = VOY) ~ VIR) = ate (+ -&) Assume mow tha? @ is Positive - Than inde arnouret of Chouge, Q on “the larger sphere ono} “haven eos oditive. , the Maney op here ib sents aak potentiol os He wi fjeence vor- VORD vB positive : je means thod of WE now Connect the Smaller bya ui ve, the Chorsje J on the all baad. ok will Hows Ee Sphere , even, tho «the ¢ 2 e me ud I eb ACE LAS ©, ota Terelane.}’ fo Foie Theoge Ww to ‘move fom higher +0 lower Prendiad Thus ib We are Somehow able to intenduce the Small charged” sphere mito the Janges, one Wwe Com imo} Failing 4 rang ool larger emdunt of charge on the tongeate oe the principle ob Van de Graaff generator. . When electic wdial on the sphere Producs clechie fielol equal do oliclechic strength oly air or gues ‘then potential “Lakage dokes place with the Loris ai % Se no more foterdial di we. Can be increased. The potential com Re mereos! by enclosing, the sphore fn highly evacuated chamber. Conshuction and Working = Metal Brush delivering Charge rom Source Hee Van De Graaff Genrobr a e. sppatlea| Conducting shell meter vaclius ) is Supporte at a hei Mel al abete above the ground otha imauloding column - \ \ . A long narrows endless belt of inautoding mateo] Dike rubber or SiIK, da tsound around “two pullin one at grurd level onal one od the cantre of the shou, TAY belt us Kept Concinuwously moving by « motor ariven pulleys Tt Continuously Cowes positive change Spsayesl on do Ub by a brush ot qround level, to the ops | Thane ot trom: Jds positive charge to onvther Corclucting brush Connectec) Jo the loge Shell. The positive Change igs Hansherresl to the Shall, Where Ub spread out “uniformly on the ower swrface~ Tm “this “wou voHoge ctifjerncs of as much os 6 oy & million volts (with Yesbect 40 ground) Can be. built up-

You might also like