8.

Control philosophy:

8.1. Contents:

Control philosophy explains the main control loops. It is organized by effect.

Each paragraph describes the loops inherent to an effect. The next paragraph
describes the loops of the next effect.

8.2. Steam header:

a. Steam flow and steam pressure control loop:

The motorised isolation valve MOV 1000 at the low pressure steam inlet to the
evaporation plant is operated manually by the operator from the DCS.

The low pressure steam control concept is that the steam flow is controlled by a large
control valve PCV 1501A and a small control valve PCV 1501B which work in parallel.
The split flow going through the large valve is used for presetting of the main stream
whereas the small valve is used for fine tuning of the total steam flow rate. To control
the two control valves PCV 1501A and B, two separated control loops PIC 1501A and
PIC 1501B are used in parallel. These two pressure control loops are tuned with
different setting parameters in order to have a quite fast control loop (PIC 1501B / small
control valve PCV 1501B) and a slower one (PIC 1501A / large control valve PCV
1501A). These two controllers use the pressure indication given by the pressure
indicator transmitter PIT 1501.

The benefit of this system is also to operate the plant at 50% and at nominal capacity.
(If a single steam valve was used the steam could not be adjusted with the required
accuracy and there would be a risk of non steady state operation at the required
capacity).

In detail, the control loops work as follows:

The temperature of the main steam supply line is measured by the instrument TE 1600.
The measurement is transmitted by the transmitter TIT 1600 to temperature indicator TI
1600. Pressure indicator transmitter PIT 1500 measures and transmits pressure inside
the main steam supply line to pressure indicator PI 1500.

The flow of the main steam supply line is measured by the instrument FE 1300. The
measurement is transmitted by the transmitter FIT 1300 to flow computation block FY
1300, which computes the flow considering pressure and temperature compensation.
The compensated value of FY 1300 goes to the flow indicating controller FIC 1300.

To control the two control valves PCV 1501A and B, two separated control loops PIC
1501A and PIC 1501B are used in parallel. These two pressure control loops are tuned
with different setting parameters in order to have a quite fast control loop (PIC 1501B /
small control valve PCV 1501B) and a slower one (PIC 1501A / large control valve PCV
1501A). These two controllers use the pressure indication given by the pressure
indicator transmitter PIT 1501. The steam flow controller FIC 1300 sends its controlled
output to both controllers PIC 1501A and PIC 1501B as external set points (cascade
type control loops). As soon as any circulation pump (028-PU-1001, 028-PU-1002, 028-
PU-1003, 028-PU-1004, 028-PU-1005, 028-PU-1006) stops running (depending on the
configuration) live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed by interlock.

b. Steam desuperheating: TE 1601 / TCV 1601A/B

The temperature of the low pressure steam supply line is measured by the instrument
TE 1601. The measurement is transmitted by the indicator and transmitter TIT 1601 to
temperature indicating TI 1601 and computational bloc TDY 1601.

PY 1501 caclulates the saturated temperature of steam calculated according to the

pressure transmitted by PI 1501.

The computational bloc TDY 1601 makes the difference between the measured value
from TE 1601 and the calculated value of the temperature from PY 1501. A setpoint is
set in TDIC 1601 which sends a control signal with split range to temperature control
valves TCV 1601A and TCV 1601B which control the live steam condensate flow to the
spray nozzles in order to de-superheat the steam. This flow of condensates is on top of
flow coming from valve G1F19 and G1F21 that are constantly open. Thus only
saturated steam enters the evaporators 028-HX-1001 or/and 028-HX-1002 respectively.

When the temperature difference at the outlet of the desuperheater reaches high values
the alarm TDAH 1601 is triggered.

8.3. 1st EFFECT:

a. Level measurement and control LT/LIC 1400:

Level transmitter LIT 1400 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the separator 028-EV-1001. This signal is transmitted to level indicating
controller LIC 1400.

Depending on the configuration LIC 1400 sends controlled signal to the level control
valve LCV 1400 which controls the concentrated spent liquor flow to the first product
flash drum 028-FV-1001.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1001 goes high-high, LIC 1400 activates level
switch high-high LSHH 1400 (adjustable). This switch, when activated, triggers alarm
LAHH 1400 and closes demister washing on/off valve XSV 1006. After a certain time
delay transfer pump 028-PU-1021 or 028-PU-1022 depending on the configuration is
stopped.
When level inside the separator 028-EV-1001 goes low-low, LIC 1400 activates level
switch low-low LSLL 110 (adjustable). This switch, when activated, triggers alarm LALL
1400 and after a certain time delay circulation pump 028-PU-1001 is stopped.

When circulation pump 028-PU-1001 stops running live steam valves PCV 1501A and
PCV 1501B are closed, as detailed in previous paragraph.

b. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1401:

Level transmitter LIT 1401 measures and transmits the level of live steam condensate
inside the flash drum 028-PV-1011. This signal is transmitted to level indicating
controller LIC 1401. LIC 1401 sends controlled signal to level control valve LCV 1401
which controls the flow of steam condensate out of the battery limit.

When level inside flash drum 028-PV-1011 goes low-low, LIC 1401 activates level
switch low-low LSLL 1401 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL
1401 and after a certain time delay live steam condensates pump 028-PU-1011 A or B
is stopped.

When the 1st effect is not by-passed and level inside flash drum 028-PV-1011 goes
high-high, LIC 1401 activates level switch high-high LSHH 1401 (adjustable). This
switch when activated triggers alarm LAHH 1401 and after a certain time delay live
running live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed.

c. Conductivity measurement CE 1101 / flow diversion:

The conductivity instrument CE 1101 measures the conductivity of live steam

condensate at the outlet of steam condensate drum 028-PV-1011 or/and 028-PV-1012
depending on the configuration. This signal is then transmitted by the conductivity
indicating transmitter CIT 1101 to conductivity indicator CI 1101 and from there to the
conductivity switch high-high CSHH 1101.

When conductivity of live steam condensate goes high (adjustable), CI 1101 triggers
conductivity alarm high CAH 1101.

When conductivity of live steam condensate goes high-high (adjustable), CI 1101

triggers conductivity alarm high-high CAH 1101 and activates conductivity switch high-
high CSHH 1101 that opens on-off valve XSV 1009 and closes on-off valve XSV 1008.

When conductivity of live steam condensate returns below CAH 1101, on-off valve XSV
1008 is opened and XSV 1009 is closed.

d. Flushing of demister 028-SB-1001:

On-off valve XSV 1006 is a timer controlled flushing valve. It opens every 30 minutes for
1 minute (adjustable) for flushing the 1st effect demister 028-SB-1001.
Remarks: The on-off valves for demister washing must not be opened at the same
time. Demister washing should start with 1st valve then after delay time of 5 min the 2nd
valve is opened and so on. The washing sequence shall go from the valves of hot
effects to those of cold effects. The demister does not need to be washed when the
effect is out of operation.

e. Motorized isolation valves:

Depending on the configuration motorised isolation valves on vapour lines (MOV 1004
and MOV 1005), and on liquor lines (MOV 1007, MOV 1016, MOV 1017) have to be
open or close by the operator. The manual valves on condensates lines (G1F63,
G1F65) depending on the configuration must be open or closed.

Configuration

I-1 I-2 I-3 II I

I
I

5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 6 6

bodies N°1 bodies N°2 bodies bodies effects
offline offline N°3 offline 6
bodies

MOV 1004 Closed Closed open closed open MOV

1004

MOV 1005 closed Open closed open closed MOV

1005

MOV 1007 Closed open open open open MOV

1007

MOV 1016 Closed open open open open MOV

1016

MOV 1017 Closed open open open open MOV

1017

G1F63 Closed open open open open G1F63

G1 op clo clo op clo G1F65

F65 en sed sed en sed

8.4. 2nd EFFECT:

a. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1402:

Level transmitter LIT 1402 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the separator 028-EV-1002. This measured level is then transmitted to
level indicating controller LIC 1402.

Signals from LIC 1400 (028-EV-1001) and LIC 1402 go to 2 selector switches. These
selector switches select the signal coming from LIC 1400 and LIC 1402, depending on
the actual configuration. The selected signal is then transferred to level control valve
LCV 1400 and/or VSD 1721.

Depending on the configuration, VSD 1721 controls the speed of the liquor transfer
pump 028-PU-1021, which transfers liquor from the 2nd effect to the 1st effect.

Configuration

I-1 I-2 I-3 II

5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 6

bodies N°1 bodies N°2 bodies N°3 bodies
offline offline offline

LCV1400 LIC LIC 1400 LIC LIC

controlled by 1402 1400 1400

VSD1721 OFF OFF LIC LIC

controlled by 1402 1402

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1002 goes high-high, LIC 1402 activates level
switch high-high LSHH 1402 (adjustable). This switch, when activated, triggers alarm
LAHH 1402 and closes demister washing on/off valve XSV 1015. After a certain time
delay transfer pump 028-PU-1022 or 028-PU-1023 depending on the configuration is
stopped.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1002 goes low-low, LIC 1402 activates level
switch low-low LSLL 1402 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL
1402 and after a certain time delay circulation pump 028-PU-1002 and transfer pump
028-PU-1021 are stopped. When circulation pump 028-PU-1002 stops running live
steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed, as detailed in previous
paragraph.
b. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1403

Level transmitter LIT 1403 measures and transmits the level of vapour condensate
inside the condensate flash drum 028-PV-1012. This signal is transmitted to level
indicating controller LIC 1403. LIC 1403 sends controlled signal to the level control
valve LCV 1403, LCV 1401 or LCV 1405 or depending on the configuration.

In configuration II, LIC 1403 is turned OFF. The condensate level is controlled by LIC
1401 since the pressure in 028-PV-1011 and 028-PV-1012 are equal. Then the levels
are the same in both condensates drums.

Configuration

I-1 I-2 I-3 II III

5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 6 6 effects 6

bodies N°1 bodies N°2 bodies N°3 bodies bodies
offline offline offline

LCVcontrolled LCV 1401 OFF LCV 1405 OFF LCV 1403

by LIC 1403

The level control valves LCV 1401, LCV 1403 or LCV 1405 controls the flow of the 2nd
effect condensate out of the flash drum.

When the 1st effect is by-passed, if level inside the condensate flash drum 028-PV-
1012 goes low-low, LIC 1403 activates level switch low-low LSLL 1403 (adjustable).
This switch when activated triggers alarm and after a certain time delay 2nd effect
condensate pump 028-PU-1011A or B is stopped.

When the 2nd effect is not by-passed and level inside flash drum 028-PV-1012 goes
high-high, LIC 1403 activates level switch high-high LSHH 1403 (adjustable). This
switch when activated triggers alarm LAHH 1403 and after a certain time delay live
running live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed.

c. Flushing of demister 028-SB-1002

On-off valve XV 1015 is a timer controlled flushing valve. It opens every 30 minutes for
1 minute (adjustable) for flushing the 2nd effect demister 028-SB-1002.

Remarks: The on-off valves for demister washing must not be opened at the same
time. Demister washing should start with 1st valve then after a certain delay time the
2nd valve is opened and so on. The washing sequence shall go from the valves of hot
effects to those of cold effects. Demister washing sequences as per B.7.3.d (Flushing of
demister 028-SB-1001) are recommended. The demister does not need to be washed
when the effect is out of operation.

d. Motorized isolation valves

Depending on the configuration motorized isolation valves on vapour lines (MOV 1012,
MOV 1013, MOV 1014), on concentrate flash vapour (MOV 1010, MOV 1011),
concentrate liquor (MOV 1016, MOV 1017, MOV 1018, MOV 1019, MOV 1020, MOV
1021) have to be open or close by operator.

The manual valves on condensate line (G1F63, G1F65, and G1F102) depending on the
configuration must be open or closed.

Configuration

I-1 I-2 I-3 II III

5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 6 6 effects 6

bodies N°1 bodies N°2 bodies N°3 bodies bodies
offline offline offline

MOV 1012 Open Closed open open Open

MOV 1013 Open Open closed open Open

MOV 1014 Closed Closed open closed Closed

MOV 1010 Closed Closed open closed Open

MOV 1011 Open Open closed open Closed

MOV 1016 Closed Open open open Open

MOV 1017 Closed Open open open Open

MOV 1018 Open Closed closed closed Closed

MOV 1019 Closed Open closed closed Closed

MOV 1020 Open Closed open open Open

MOV 1021 Open Open closed open Open

G1F102 Closed Closed open closed Open

G1F63 Closed Open open open Open

G1F65 Open Closed closed open Closed

8.5. 3rd EFFECT

a. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1404

Level transmitter LIT 1404 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the separator 028-EV-1003. This measured level is then transmitted to
level indicating controller LIC 1404.

LIC 1404 sends a controlled signal to VSD 1722. VSD 1722 controls the speed of the
liquor pump 028-PU- 1022, which transfers concentrated spent liquor from the 3rd effect
to the 2nd effect or to 1st effect depending on the configuration.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1003 goes high-high, LIC 1404 activates level
switch high-high LSHH 1404 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm
LAHH 1404 and closes demister washing on/off valve XSV 1027. After a certain time
delay transfer pump 028-PU-1023 is stopped.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1003 goes low-low, LIC 1404 activates level
switch low-low LSLL 1404 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL
1404 and after a certain time delay circulation pump 028-PU-1003 and transfer pump
028-PU-1022 are stopped.

When circulation pump 028-PU-1003 stops running live steam valves PCV 1501A and
PCV 1501B are closed, as detailed in previous paragraph.

b. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1405

Level transmitter LT 1405 measures and transmits the level of process condensate
inside the 3rd effect condensate flash drum 028-PV-1013. This signal is transmitted to
level indicating controller LIC 1405. LIC 1405 sends controlled signal to the level control
valve LCV 1405 which controls the transfer flow from 3rd effect condensate flash drum
028-PV-1013 to 4th effect condensate flash drum 028-PV-1014.

When the 3rd effect is not by-passed and level inside flash drum 028-PV-1013 goes
high-high, LIC 1405 activates level switch high-high LSHH 1405 (adjustable). This
switch when activated triggers alarm LAHH 1405 and after a certain time delay live
running live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed.

c. Flushing of demister 028-SB-1003

On-off valve XSV 1027 is a timer controlled flushing valve. It opens every 30 minutes for
1 minute (adjustable) for flushing the 3rd effect demister 028-SB-1003.

Remarks: The on-off valves for demister washing must not be opened at the same
time. Demister washing should start with 1st valve then after a certain delay time the
2nd valve is opened and so on. The washing sequence shall go from the valves of hot
effects to those of cold effects. Demister washing sequences as per B.7.3.d (Flushing of
demister 028-SB-1001) are recommended.

The demister does not need to be washed when the effect is out of operation.

d. Motorized isolation valves

Depending on the configuration, motorized isolation valves on process vapour lines

(MOV 1026), on concentrate liquor lines (MOV 1022, MOV 1023), on concentrate flash
lines (MOV 1024, MOV 1025) and also certain hand valves have to be open or close.

The manual valves on condensates lines (G1F131, G1F132, G1F133) depending on

the configuration must be open or closed.

Configuration

I-1 I-2 I-3 II III

5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 6 6 effects 6

bodies N°1 bodies N°2 bodies N°3 bodies bodies
offline offline offline

MOV 1022 Closed closed open closed Closed

MOV 1023 Open open closed open Open

MOV 1024 Closed closed open closed Open

MOV 1025 Open open closed open Closed

MOV 1026 Open open closed open Open

G1F131 Open open closed open Open

G1F132 Open open closed open Open

G1F133 Closed closed open closed Closed

8.6. 4th EFFECT

a. Inlet flow FIC 1303

Flow indicator and transmitter FIT 1303 measures and transmit the inlet flow to the 4th
effect separator 028- EV-1004. This measured flow is then transmitted to FIC 1303. The
flow indicator and controller FIC 1303 sends a controlled signal to the control valve FCV
1303. FCV 1303 controls the inlet flow to the 4th separator 028-EV-1004.

b. Bypassed flow FIC 1302

Flow indicator and transmitter FIT 1302 measures and transmit the bypassed flow. This
measured flow is then transmitted to FIC 1302. The flow indicator and controller FIC
1302 sends a controlled signal to the control valve FCV 1302. FCV 1302 controls the
bypassed flow.

c. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1406

Level transmitter LIT 1406 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the separator 028-EV-1004. This measured level is then transmitted in the
form of signal to level indicating controller LIC 1406.

The level indicating controller LIC 1406 sends a controlled signal to VSD 1723. VSD
1723 controls the speed of the pump 028-PU-1023, which transfers liquor from the 4th
effect to 3rd effect or to 2nd effect depending on the configuration.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1004 goes high-high, LIC 1406 activates level
switch high-high LSHH 1406 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm
LAHH 1406 and closes demister washing on/off valve XSV 1028. After a certain time
delay spent liquor control valve FCV 1303 is closed and live running live steam valves
PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are also closed.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1004 goes low-low, LIC 1406 activates level
switch low-low LSLL 1406 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL
1406 and after a certain time delay circulation pump 028-PU-1004 and transfer pump
028-PU-1023 are stopped. When circulation pump 028-PU-1004 stops running live
steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed,as detailed in previous
paragraph.

d. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1412

Level transmitter LIT 1412 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the 3rd product flash drum 028-FV-1003. This signal is transmitted to level
indicating controller LIC 1412. LIC 1412 sends controlled signal to VSD 1727 which
controls the speed of the pump 028-PU-1027 conveying the strong evaporation liquor to
the battery limit.

When level inside 028-FV-1003 goes low-low, LIC 1412 activates level switch low-low
LSLL 1412 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL 1412 and after
certain time delay strong evaporation liquor pump 028-PU-1027 is stopped.

e. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1407

Level transmitter LIT 1407 measures and transmits the level of process condensate
inside the 4th effect condensate drum 028-PV-1014. This signal is transmitted to level
indicating controller LIC 1407. LIC 1407 sends controlled signal to the level control
valve LCV 1407 which controls the flow of the process condensate to the 4th effect
condensate drum 028-PV-1014.

When the level inside flash drums 028-PV-1014 goes high-high, LIC 1407 activates
level switch high-high LSHH 1407 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers
alarm LAHH 1407 and after a certain time delay live running live steam valves PCV
1501A and PCV 1501B are closed.

f. Temperature measurement/control TE/TIC 1620

The temperature of the strong evaporation liquor leaving the 3rd product flash drum is
measured by the instrument TE 1620. The measurement is transmitted by the
transmitter TIT 1620 as a signal to temperature indicating controller TIC 1620. The
temperature indicating controller TIC 1620 sends a controlled signal to temperature
control valve TCV 1620 which controls the vapour flow to separator, 028-EV-1004 or
028-EV- 1005, depending on the configuration.

When the temperature of the green liquor goes high, TIC 1620 activates level alarm
high LAH 1620 (adjustable).

When the temperature of the green liquor goes low, TIC 1620 activates level alarm low
LAL 1620 (adjustable).

g. Flushing of demister inside 028-EV-1004

On-off valve XSV 1028 is a flushing valve. It opens continuously for flushing the internal
demister located inside the separator of the 4th effect 028-EV-1004.

h. Motorized isolation valves

Depending on the configuration motorized flash vapour line valves MOV 1029 and MOV
1030 have to be open or close.
 Configuration

I-1 I-2 I-3 II III

5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 5 5 effects 6 6 effects 6

bodies N°1 bodies N°2 bodies N°3 bodies bodies
offline offline offline

MOV1029 Closed closed closed closed Open

MOV 1030 Open open Open open Closed

8.7. 5th EFFECT

a. Inlet flow FIC 1301

Flow indicator and transmitter FIT 1301 measures and transmit the inlet flow to the 4th
effect separator 028- EV-1004. This measured flow is then transmitted to FIC 1301. The
flow indicator and controller FIC 1301 sends a controlled signal to the control valve FCV
1301. FCV 1301 controls the inlet flow to the spent liquor flash drum 028-FV-1004.

b. Total flow FY 1301B

Computational block FY 1301B adds the flow towards 4th separator (FIC 1303), the flow
towards the 5th separator (FIC 1301) and the bypassed flow (FIC 1302). This sum gives
the total flow processed in the battery.

c. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1408

Level transmitter LIT 1408 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the separator 028-EV-1005. This measured level is then transmitted to
level indicating controller LIC 1408 which sends a controlled signal to LCV 1408. LCV
1408 controls the flow of liquor through the pump 028-PU-1024, which transfers
concentrated spent liquor from the 5th effect to the 6th effect. When level inside the
separator 028-EV-1005 goes high-high, LIC 1408 activates level switch high-high LSHH
1408 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LAHH 1408 and closes
demister washing on/off valve XSV 1032. After a certain time delay spent liquor control
valve FCV 1301 is closed and live running live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV
1501B are also closed.

When level inside the separator 028-EV-1005 goes low-low, LIC 1408 activates level
switch low-low LSLL 1408 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL
1408 and after a certain time delay circulation pump 028-PU-1005 and transfer pump
028-PU-1024 is stopped. When circulation pump 028-PU- 1005 stops, running live
steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed, as detailed in previous
paragraph.

d. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1409

Level transmitter LIT 1409 measures and transmits the level of process condensate
inside the 5th effect condensate drum 028-PV-1015. There is no further action, as the
condensates transfers to 6th effect condensates drum 028-PV-1016 by gravity.

When the level inside flash drums 028-PV-1015 goes high-high, LIC 1409 activates
level switch high-high LSHH 1409 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers
alarm LAHH 1409 and after a certain time delay live running live steam valves PCV
1501A and PCV 1501B are closed.

e. Flushing of demister inside 028-EV-1005

On-off valve XSV 1032 is a flushing valve. It opens continuously for flushing the internal
demister located inside the separator of the 5th effect 028-EV-1005.

f. Motorised valves

There is no motorised valve linked to the 5th effect.

8.8. 6th EFFECT:

a. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1410:

Level transmitter LIT 1410 measures and transmits the level of concentrated spent
liquor inside the separator 028-EV-1006. This measured level is then transmitted to
level indicating controller LIC 1410. The level indicating controller LIC 1410 sends a
controlled signal to VSD 1725. VSD 1725 controls the speed of the pump 028-PU-1025,
which transfers concentrated spent liquor from the 6th effect to the mixing point where it
is mixed with the concentrated spent liquor from the 1st effect 028-FV-1003. The
products mixed become the strong evaporation liquor. When level inside the separator
028-EV-1006 goes high-high, LIC 1410 activates level switch high-high LSHH 1410
(adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LAHH 1410 and closes demister
washing on/off valve XSV 1033. After a certain time delay spent liquor transfer pump
028-PU-1024 is stopped and 5th effect level control valve LCV 1408 is closed, live
steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed, as detailed in previous
paragraph. . When level inside the separator 028-EV-1006 goes low-low, LIC 1410
activates level switch low-low LSLL 1410 (adjustable). This switch when activated
triggers alarm LALL 1410 and after a certain time delay circulation pump 028-PU-1006
and transfer pump 028-PU-1025 is stopped. When circulation pump 028-PU-1006 stops
running live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B are closed, as detailed in
previous paragraph.

b. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1411:

Level transmitter LIT 1411 measures and transmits the level of the process condensate
inside the 6th effect condensate drum 028-PV-1016. This signal is transmitted to level
indicating controller LIC 1411. LIC 1411 sends controlled signal to the level control
valve LCV 1411 which controls the flow of the process condensate to the battery limit.
When level inside 028-PV-1016 goes low-low, LIC 1411 activates level switch low-low
LSLL 1411 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm and after a certain
time delay sodic condensate pump 028-PU-1012 A or B is stopped. When the level
inside flash drum 028-PV-1016 goes high-high, LIC 1411 activates level switch high-
high LSHH 1411 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LAHH 1411
and after a certain time delay live running live steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV
1501B are closed.

c. Conductivity measurement CE 1102:

The conductivity instrument CE 1102 measures the conductivity of live steam

condensate at the outlet of 6th effect condensate drum 028-PV-1016. This signal is then
transmitted by the conductivity indicating transmitter CIT 1102 to conductivity indicator
CI 1102 and from there to the conductivity switch high-high CSHH 1102. When
conductivity of live steam condensate goes high (adjustable), CI 1102 triggers
conductivity alarm high CAH 1102. When conductivity of live steam condensate goes
high-high (adjustable), CI 1102 triggers conductivity alarm high-high CAH 1102 and
activates conductivity switch high-high CSHH 1102 that opens on-off valve XSV 1035
and closes on-off valve XSV 1034. When conductivity of live steam condensate returns
below CAH 1102, on-off valve XSV 1034 is opened and XSV 1035 is closed.

d. Flushing of demister 028-CD-1006:

On-off valve XSV 1033 is a flushing valve. It opens continuously for flushing the
demister inside condenser 028-CD-1006.

e. Motorised valves:

There is no motorised valve linked to the 6th effect.

8.9. Vacuum unit / barometric condenser / utilities:

a. Flow measurement/control FT/FIC 1307:

Flow instrument FE 1307 measures the flow of the cooling water from battery limit to the
barometric condenser 028-CD-1006. The measurement is transmitted by the transmitter
FT 1307 to flow indicator controller FIC 1307. FIC 1307 sends a controlled signal to the
flow control valve FCV 1307 which controls the flow of the cooling water to the
barometric condenser 028-CD-1006.

b. Pressure measurement/control PT/PIC 1533:

Pressure transmitter PIT 1533 measures and transmits the pressure inside the
barometric condenser 028-CD- 1006. This measured pressure is then transmitted to
pressure indicating controller PIC 1533.

The pressure indicating controller PIC 1533 sends a controlled signal to the pressure
control valve PCV 1533 which opens to the atmosphere and lets air enter the suction
line to the vacuum unit. That way, the pressure inside the barometric condenser and the
whole installation is being controlled. When the pressure inside the condeser 028-CD-
1006 goes high-high, PIC 1533 triggers the alarm PAHH 1533 and activate level switch
high-high PSHH 1533 (adjustable). This switch when activated closes live running live
steam valves PCV 1501A and PCV 1501B.

c. Level measurement/control LT/LIC 1413:

Level transmitter LT 1413 measures and transmits the level of cooling water inside the
Barometric seal tank 028-TK-1001. This measured level is then transmitted to level
indicating controller LIC 1413.

The level indicating controller LIC 1413 sends a controlled signal to VSD 1714 A or C
respectively depending on which of the cooling water pumps 028-PU-1014 A, B or C is
in use. VSD 1714 A/C controls the speed of the respective pump in order to control the
flow of the cooling water from 028-TK-1001 to battery limit.

One cooling water pump among 028-PU-1014 A, B and C is stand-by for all
configurations. In case 2 pumps equipped with VSD are running, one pump is running at
full speed and the other is speed controlled. In turn down configuration, only one pump
with VSD is running.

When level inside the tank 028-TK-1001 goes low-low, LIC 1413 activates level switch
low-low LSLL 1413 (adjustable). This switch when activated triggers alarm LALL 1413
and stop the running pumps 028-PU-1014 A, B or C.

When level inside the tank 028-TK-1001 goes high LIC 1413 triggers level alarm high
LAH 1413 (adjustable).

d. Pumps sealing water:

As soon any of the pumps needing sealing water is requested to start, sealing water
valve XSV 1037 is opened.

All the pumps needing seal water are interlocked stopped if seal water valve XSV 1037
is not open. If there is no feedback from valve XSV 1037 after a certain time
(adjustable), all the pumps needing seal water is stopped. An alarm triggers.

Remark: The following pumps need seal water: 028-PU-1001, 028-PU-1002, 028-PU-
1003, 028-PU-1004, 028-PU-1005, 028-PU-1006, 028-PU-1021, 028-PU-1022, 028-
PU-1023, 028-PU-1024, 028-PU-1025, 028-PU-1027, and 028-PU-1111.

8.10. Sump tank:

What is described here is for 028-TK-1002, but it is also valid for every sump tank in the
unit (battery 1 sump tank 028-TK-1001, battery 2 sump tank 028-TK-2001 and tank farm
sump tank 028-TK-0004).

a. Level switch LSH/LSL 1414:

When level switch LSH 1414 goes ON (over high level), the sump pump 028-PU-1210
starts. As soon as the LSL 1414 goes ON (below low level), the sump pump 028-PU-
1210 stops.

8.11. Tank farm:

Each tank is built with a level indicator and transmitter. With this device is built a Level
Switch Low Low (LSLL).

Once the level in the tank reaches the high level LAH, an alarm triggers. The pumps
(outside battery limit) feeding the tank shall be stopped to avoid overflow.

Once the level in the tank reaches the low-low level LSLL, an alarm triggers. The pump
connected to the tank is stopped. The agitator is stopped too. (For example, pump 028-
PU-1028 and agitator 028-AG-0002 is stopped if FT 028-TK-0002 is empty.)

The pumps are piloted by a VSD. At the inlet of each battery is a pressure transmitter
PIC 1324. The speed of the pump is adjusted to maintain the same pressure at the inlet
of the battery to allow a smooth operation when flows to each section of the battery are
tuned. Therefore, if the flow to one part of the evaporator is changed, the flow in the 2
other parts is not modified. (For example, if the flow to the 5th effect is increased, the
flow to the 4th effect is not affected since the pressure at upstream the control valve
remains unchanged).