Cr Figure 9.1¢ (112) 2)You have previously learnt that an electrical current is a flow of charge in a conductor, and that a current flows, only when there is a complete pathway (circuit) without any gaps. The best conductors are metals. A current can also be carried in certain liquids. In this chapter you will: + revise circuits with cells, amps and switches in series and parallel + learn about current in a circuit + practise using Ohms Law + do research to test Ohm's Law. Figure 9.28 Two lamps positioned to provide better light. ‘The understanding that you gain in this chapter will prepare you for subjects like Physical Science and Electrical Technology in Grade 10, or at an FET college. Examine series and parallel circuits Work in pairs. Answer the questions in your workbook. uA oo 1. Think about the electric circuits in the things you Use at home or at schoo! a) Do any of the electric circuits have two switches? Write down the name of the circuit and how the switches affect the circuit. b)Doany of the circuits have cells or batteries in series or parallel? Write down the name of the circuit and how the cells/batteries affect Figure 9.28 A fiveway multi-plug ihe crea ©) Doany of the circuits have two or more lamps? How do they work? 2. Lookat the photos in Figures 9.1A-C and 9.2A-C: a) Howare the five power points of a multi-plug connected - in series or parallel? b) Do both the wall switch and the table lamp switch have to be on in order for the lamp to work? So, are the switches in series or in parallel? When one caris jump-started by another, are the batteries connected in series or parallel? Figure 9.2C A car battery is used to jump-start another car «3Ifyou design an electrical product, you need to be able to draw a circuit diagram with the correct symbols for the electrical components. Look at the components and their symbols in the table below. Component symbols Cell 4 JK _|Isasource of energy fora circuit Opens or closes to all Switch 2 per allow electrical energy to flow ina circuit Conductor Carries electrical energy around a circuit Battery (series) DD lliFR Isa source of energy with a bigger voltage Lamp orlight bull a &) Conve let energy na crc ito Light-emitting diode DP XK | Control device that allows current to flow in (LED) cone direction only, and emits light In this unit, when we draw circuit diagrams, we will show the cell/battery on the left, with the positive terminal’on top: Output devices will be positioned on the right of the circuit and switches at the top. EELIGT EEL) Drawing electrical components Work on your own, Answer the questions in your workbook. 4 1. Drawand label the symbols in the above table. © 2. Lookat Figure 9.3 and draw its circuit diagram. 6) 3. Draw the circuit diagram again, but replace the cell with a 9V battery. @) 4. Usea table and list all the components you used to answer questions 2and 3, Describe the component's main task in the circuit. @) [TOTAL: 20] Figure 9.3. Asimple circuit (14) temsCells in series and parallel | We say that the cells are connected in series if: pm + the positive pole of one cell is connected to the negative pole of 4 another cell + there is only one path for the current, The cells are in parallel if: + the positive pole of each cell is connected to the positive pole of the next cell + there are as many paths for the current as there are cells. Figure9.4 A circuit with alamp, a switch and one cell The pictures alongside show cells connected in series and parallel: Lr 1. _acircuit with a lamp, a switch and one cell (Figure 9.4) 2. acircuit with a lamp, a switch and two cells in series (Figure 9.5) 3. acircuit with a lamp, a switch and two cells in parallel (Figure 9.6). Effects on the brightness of the lamps: Figure 9.5 A circuit with alamp, a switch and two cellsin series + The lamp in the circuit with one cell is about as bright as the lamp with ‘two cells connected in parallel. + The lamp in the circuit with two cells in series is much brighter. FS Note: itis unusual to find cells used in parallel in products that you buy. If the voltages of cells connected in parallel are not the same, current flows from cells with higher voltage to cells with lower voltage, which causes energy losses, However, if the voltages of cells connected in parallel are identical, the cells will last much longer than in a circuit with a single cell of the same voltage. Why do you think this is so? Figure 9.6 Acircuitwith alamp, a switch and two cellsin parallel Comics Lamps in series and parallel The diagrams below show: + series —a circuit where the current passes through the ‘components one after another 1. acircuit with one cell, a switch and a lamp (Figure 9.7) 2. a circuit with one cell, a switch and two lamps in series (Figure 9.8) 3. acircuit with one cell, a switch and two lamps in parallel (Figure 9.9). parallel —a circuit that has more than one path for the current Effects on the brightness of the lamps: . + The lamp in the circuit with one cell is about as bright as the lamps in the circuit with two lamps in parallel. + The lamps in the circuit with two lamps in series are the dullest. Figure 9.7 circuit with one cell Figure 9.8 A circuit with one cell, Figure 9.9 A circuit with one cell, a switch and a lamp 2 switch and two lamps in series, ‘switch and two lamps in parallelI Ina simple circuit, a switch is closed to allow Loe) current to flow through itor openedtostop =A. + current - flow of the flow of current. We say a closed switch is energy carrying ‘onvand an open switch is'off. See Figure 9.10. B charges through a dircuit The diagrams below show: Figure9.10 The symbol for an open witeh (8) anda closed switch (8) in a crcut dlagram | 1. acircuit with one cell, a lamp and one switch 2. acircuit with one cell, a lamp, and two switches in series, as in AND switches 3. acircuit with one cell, a lamp, and two switches in parallel, as in OR switches, 4 Notice how the switches work: 4 Figure9.11 Acircuitwith Figure 9.12 Acicult with Figure 9.13 Aciruitwith cone cel, lamp and ‘one cel, alamp and cone cell, lamp and cone switch ‘two switches in series two switches in parallel + InFigure 9.12, the lamp shines when both switches are on. t + In Figure 9.11, the lamp shines when the switch is on. + In Figure 9.13, the lamp shines when either switch or both switches are on. pi The circuit diagrams for the above circuits are shown in Figure 9.14. 7 EMEGINC ELE) Drawing circuit diagrams Work on your own. Answer the questions in your workbook. 2 1. Drawa circuit diagram for each of the following circuits: oa a) acircuit with a lamp and two cells in series (4) b)__acircuit with one cell and two lamps in parallel @) 7 ©) acircuit with one cell,a lamp, and two switches in parallel. @ 2. Whyare lamps not connected in series in products that you buy? @ 3. Whyare lamps usually connected in parallel? @ Figure 9.14 Circult diagrams of Figures 9.11-9.13 (TOTAL: 15]Current in the circuit An electric circuit consists of an electric energy source and electric components that are connected to one another by wires to allow electric current to flow through the circuit. Electric current is a stream of energy-carrying charges that flow through an electric circuit. Look at Figure 9.15. Current flows from posi negative ive to Asource of energy is needed in every electric circuit. ‘Acell or battery is the usual source of energy for circuits we make in Technology classrooms. The source of energy pushes electric charges around the circuit. The electric charges carry electric energy from the source to output devices such as lightbulbs or buzzers Vv os Figure 9.15 A circuit diagram showing electrical current flowing through a circuit Current is the flow of charges through the circuit. Scientists say that current flows from the positive pole of the source of energy through the circuit and back to the negative pole. This direction of flow of charge from positive to negative is called conventional current. Simple circuits The diagrams below show: 1. a circuit with one cell, a switch, and two lamps in series 2. acircuit with two cells in series, a switch, and two lamps in series. Effects the brightness of the lamps: + InFigure 9.16, both lamps shine weakly. + In Figure 9.17, both lamps shine more brightly. Figure 9.16 A circuit with one cella switch, and two lamps in series Figure 9.17 A circuit with two cellsin series, switch, and two lamps in series Chapter9,Unit2 (117(omnes + Ohm's Law a scientific law that uses resistance and voltage to calculate current analog ammeter ~ ‘a meter that has aneedle to point tothe value digital ammeter — ameter that gives youa value in numbers Figure 9.18 An analog ammeter (A) and. digital muttimeter(8) the same. Figure 9.18 shows an analog ammeter and. Figure 9.19 The ammeteris connected in series in > (118) tems Calculate current with Ohm's Law We have learnt Ohm's Law: For a given resistance, the current in the circuit is directly proportional to the voltage across the circuit. For example, if you double the voltage, the current will also double. v The equation for Ohm's Law is: I + Listhe current in amps (A) + Visthe voltage across the circuit in volts (V) + Ris the resistance of the circuit in ohms (0), where GIEINP REE) Practise using Ohm's Law to calculate current ‘You will need: calculator Work on your own. In the table alongside, a use Ohm's Law to 1 10 2 calculate the value 2 2 12 al ofthecurrent. 4x2) 3 BD a (TOTAL: 8] [7 9 Ti00 | How to measure the current in acircuit ‘Ammeters are used to measure current. The unit in which electric current is measured is the amp (A). Most schools use analog ammeters, not digital ammeters. Some schools use digital multimeters. The principles for using the two types of meters are a digital multimeter. All the current flowing in the circuit (or in the part of the circuit being measured) must pass through the ammeter. The ammeter is connected in series in the circuit (see Figure 9.19). Ammeters must not alter the flow of current in circuits, so their resistance is very low.Current must flow in the cortect direction through an ammeter: + Connect the positive side (red) towards the positive pole of the cell, + Connect the negative side (black) towards the negative pole of the cell (see Figure 9.19). How to read an analog ammeter Many ammeters used in schools have scales with small ines at 1-amp intervals, thick lines at 5-amp intervals and numbers every 10 amps. You have to estimate the reading if the needle falls between two lines. Examine the readings on the two ammeters shown in Figure 9.21. How to measure the voltage across a circuit Voltage is measured using a voltmeter. ‘The unit in which voltage is measured is the volt (V). Most schools use analog (not digital) voltmeters. Some schools use digital multimeters. The principles for using the two types of meters are the same. To measure the voltage between two points in a circuit, the voltmeter is connected in parallel to the circuit at the ‘two points (see Figure 9,22). The circuit isnot broken. The voltmeter should not alter the flow of current in a circuit. It must not provide an easy path for the current to flow through, so the resistance of a voltmeter must be high, Voltmeters are polar; they must be connected the right way around: + Connect the positive side (red) of the voltmeter towards the positive pole of the cell. + Connect the negative side (black) towards the negative pole of the cell. How to read an analog voltmeter Most voltmeters have scales with small lines at 1-volt intervals, thick lines at5-volt intervals and numbers every 10 volts, as in Figure 9.23. Examine these readings. You need to estimate the last figure to get an accurate reading. The readings on the two voltmeters are 6,0 V and 9,1V. A Figure 9.20 A circuit diagram showing an ammeter connected in series. Figure 9.21 The readings on the ammeters are A1,SA and B4,0A, Figure 9.22 Voltmeter connected in parallel Figure 9.23 Readings on two analog voltmeters Chapters, una (119Ohm's Law When we do scientific research, we follow a scientific process such as: 1. Formulate a question to be investigated (ask a question). 2. Formulate a hypothesis (make an intelligent guess about the answer). 3. Plan the investigation, 4, Do the investigation and record the results. 5. Draw a conclusion that relates to the question that you asked at the start of the investigation. Test Ohm’s Law Work in pairs. You are going to follow a scientific process to test Ohm’ Law practically. You will set upa number of different circuits using lamps as 20 ohm (0) resistors and measure the current and voltage for each one: + Use the three different circuits shown in Figures 9.24-9.26 below. + Take readings of voltage and current for each circult and plot the readings ona graph, See Figure 9.27 on the next page. + Determine, from the graph, the relationship between voltage and current in a circuit when the resistance does not change. will need: ammeter that measures up to 0,5 A (500 MA) voltmeter that measures up to 5, calculator Figure 9.24 A circuit with one cell Figure 9.25 A circuit with two cells Figure 9.26 A.circuit with and a 20. resistor (amp) in series and a 20 cesistor (amp) three cells in series and 2.20. resistor amp) Answer the following questions in your workbook. + Ifthe resistance in a circuit stays the same, what happens to the current as the voltage increases? Describe what you expect to discover as follows: I think that if the voltage increases and if the voltage decreases : 2) 2. Plan how you will conduct the scientific process. Carefully list all the equipment you need and write down, in order, all the things that you plan to do. Use the following headings: + Equipment neededDo the investigation and record the result: One cell and a 20.0 resistor (lamp) a table like this: © Two cells and a 20.0 resistor (lamp) Three cells and a 200 resistor (lamp) Check the current using Ohm's Law Plot the readings on a graph or squared paper. Plot voltage on the horizontal axis and current on the vertical axis. (5) Draw the best straight line that you can through the three points. o Look at what you wrote down in Question 1. Do the results of your investigation support the statement that you wrote down? Write a conclusion by completing the following sentence: ‘ifthe resistance in a circuit doesnot change... (2) Work on your own. A Grade 9 student studying Electrical Technology designed a complicated circuit. She tested various sections of the circuit and wrote down the values in the table below. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the missing values in the table, (6) Figure 9.27 fret Volts (v) Plot the readings on a graph such as this one. (TOTAL: 20] 1 300 0,03 2 3 0,003 3 45 1.000 4 500 0,09 (TOTAL: 8]The resistors we use in Technology look like tiny, colourfully painted cylinders with wires coming out of the ends, and they feel like little bits of glazed pottery. Look at the resistors in Figures 10.1 and 10.2. Hidden inside a resistor is a long, thin coil of graphite, a substance that conducts electticity. The graphite is the heart of the resistor. Its the size of the piece of graphite that determines the resistance of the resistor. The painted lines are a form of code that indicates the resistance of the resistor. There are many different types and sizes of resistors. ‘Some don't look at all like the resistors we use in Technology. Find resistors Everyday electrical and electronic appliances and devices like hairdryers, drill, printers and radios all contain resistors. 1. Find a broken electrical or electronic appliance or device and take it apart to find the resistors inside. Bring all the resistors you can find to school. 2. Sketch three different resistors in your workbook. 3. Write down next to the sketches any information that you can get off the resistors to identify their type and size, 4, Find out what component symbol is used to represent a resistor in a circuit diagram. 5. a) Sketch a resistor, using the correct colours. b) Find out the meaning of the colours on the resistor you have sketched, Use labels on your sketch to describe each line and its meaning. Figure 10.2 Resistorsin use 123Key words + resistance — the ability of substance to reduce the flow of electric current resistors — small electronic ‘components that are used to reduce the flow of current in electrical circuits Figure 103 The single lamp in Circut A offers less resistance tothe current than Circuit , so more curent flows and the lamp glows brighter. oS 124) Term3 hot 7) Resistors and resistance What is resistance? Resistance is a measure of the ability of a substance to reduce the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Q). An ohm is equal to one volt per ampere (from Ohm's Law). All the parts in an electric circuit have a certain amount of resistance, and this reduces the amount of current that is able to flow around the circuit within a certain time. When a substance resists an electric current, it converts some of the electrical energy into heat or light. When we revised lamps in series and in parallel in Chapter 9, Unit 1 at the beginning of this term, we studied three circuits. Here, we look at two of them again. Refer to Figure 10.3 and the following text. 1. acircuit with one cell, a switch and a lamp 2. acircuit with one cell, a switch and two lamps in series. Circuit A Gireuit 8 In Circuit A, the lamp’s filament, the little wire in the lamp, offered resistance (opposition) to the current flowing through it, so it heated up and glowed brightly. In Circuit B, the two lamps offered twice the amount of resistance to the flow of current as the single lamp, so less current flowed through the circuit and the lamps glowed less brightly. A variable resistor, or rheostat, can be adjusted to give different amounts of resistance. The volume control on a radio uses a variable resistor to change the amount of current. This varies the amount of electrical energy that is converted into sound energy. A thermistor is a heat-sensitive resistor. Its resistance falls as the temperature rises, and rises as the temperature falls, Thermistors are used in some fire alarms to sense an increase in temperature.What is a resistor? Resistors are electronic components that ‘oppose the flow of current. Resistors have three or four colour-coded stripes painted on them that show how much resistance they give. See Figure 10.4 However, resistors are not the only things that resist current in a circuit. A lamp does not look like a resistor, but it offers resistance, so it can be called a resistor. Even though a buzzer in a circuit offers only very little resistance, itis also resistor in a circuit. How do resistors work? . Figure 104 Various types of resistors Resistors oppose the flow of current in circuits. When current flows and resistors oppose the current, the resistors get warm. ifa resistor heats up, itis doing work. Ifwe replace the lamps in the circuits shown in Figure 10.3 with resistors that have the same resistance as the lamps, we will get similar readings on an ammeter. But, instead of the lamps glowing, the resistors will get hot. Look at Figure 10.5. Circuit A Figure 10.5 In Circult A and Circult 8, the single resistor offers less resistance tothe circuit, s0 more current flows and the resistor gets hotter. How do we use resistors? We use resistors to control the current in a circuit. Resistors also protect other components in circuits from the effects of large currents. In Grade 9 we do not design circuits, we only build them. So, you don’t have to decide which resistors to use in your circuits. You do, however, have to use the correct resistors that have been specified for Circuits. So, for example, you have to know how to select a specific resistor from pile of resistors lying on your desk. Circuit B Chapter 10, Unit 1 125Figure 10.6 Aresistor with colour bands. Band 1 isthe outermost of the group of, three, band 2s second from theend and band 3 tied from the end. (926) tema Resistor values Aresistor has three or four colour-coded bands or stripes on it that show how much resistance the resistor gives. The first two bands stand for numbers. The third tells how many zeros to put on the end. The fourth band tells you the accuracy (as a percentage) of the resistor. A resistor with a gold band is more accurate (and slightly more expensive) than a resistor with a silver band. In Technology, we usually use resistors with gold bands, Look at Figure 10.6. When a resistor’s fourth band is red, it means that the resistor is the most expensive and most accurate resistor. It is rated as 2%. A gold band means that the resistor is less expensive and accurate (rated 5%). A silver band is the cheapest resistor available and is rated as 10%, High value resistors The resistors we use in Technology have four colour-coded stripes - three coloured bands close together at one end and a single red, gold or silver band at the other end, These are classified as high value resistors. Low value resistors Low value resistors are used in some highly sensitive circuits. The resistance is printed on the resistor in a code with numbers and letters. Example: How to read resistor values 1, Start by identifying the colour of each band on the resistor. For example, the colours of the three bands shown in Figure 10.6 are as follows: + Band 1 is yellow. + Band 2is violet. + Band 3 is brown. 2. Then, study the resistor colour-code chart and write down the number value of each band: + Band 1 is yellow, with a value of 4 + Band 2is violet, with a value of 7. + Band 3 is brown, with a value of 1. This is the‘multiplier'- the number 1 ‘means you must write down one zero. ifthe number had a number 3, you would write down three zeroes. 3. Put the three numbers together: the resistance of the resistor shown in Figure 10.6 is 470 ohms.TTT AE] Calculate the resistance of resistors Work on your own, Complete the following question in your workbook. Calculate the resistance of the resistors shown in Figure 10.7. Show your working, (8) (TOTAL: 8] Use Ohm’s Law to calculate voltage and resistance We have already used Ohm's Law to calculate current as follows: [=~ where: + voltage (V) is measured in volts (V) : + current is measured in amps (A) + resistance (R) is measured in ohms (Q). {As you do in Algebra, you can change the subject of this formula to calculate voltage and resistance as well To calculate voltage Ifyou know the current and resistance you can calculate the voltage VaIxR Figure 10.7A-D Different resistors To calculate resistance Ifyou know the current and voltage you can calculate the resistance: v EFT SPT bece) Calculate current, voltage and resistance You will need: calculator fa Work on your own. Copy and complete the following table in your workbook. 1. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the missing values for current, voltage and resistance in the table below. (6X 2) 1 12 3 2 15 50 3 12 6 05 4 2 2 5 05, 10 6 3 9 7 15 3 2. What does the fourth band on a resistor indicate? @) (TOTAL: 15] Chapter 10, Unit2 (127) an-onttol devices Figure 11.12-D Examples:AE11.2 A light-emitting dlode (LED) In Grade 8, when you learnt about electrical components and simple circuits, you categorised the components as input, control and output devices. This year, we will work with more complicated electrical and electronic circuits that (see Figures 11.1A-Dand 11.2): + sense their environment (the INPUT into the circuit) + take decisions based on what they have sensed (the CONTROL in the circuit) + take action based on the decision (the OUTPUT of the circuit You will, for example, assemble circuits in which: + alamp will glow when a rain-sensing switch detects water + light-emitting diodes stay on for a while, even after the circuits are switched off. Electronic systems that respond to their environment Work in pairs. Answer the question in your workbook. 1. Think about electronic systems or devices such as burglar alarms, trafic lights and air conditioners. They respond to something in their environment and take some action. Think about electronic systems used at home, at school, in transport or in sport. 2. List at least 10 electronic systems and describe them in a table like the table below, Share your list with the class. Name ofthe ]What doe: How does it electricalor |respondto? _| respond? lectronic | system Burglar alarm ‘Awindow that | The alarm goes is broken offfemimins + diodes - electronic devices that are used to control the flow of current in electrical circuits ight-emitting diodes or LEDs — types of diodes that emit light ) Term 3 Nothing will happen in an electrical circuit until you switch it on manually using a switch. 4 ® Switches ‘We say thata circuit is closed if the switch is ‘onand open if the switch is off We will work with two types of switches: F9W11.3 A push switch anda toggle suteh + push switches + toggle switches You press a push switch to close a circuit. The circuit is closed as long as you press the switch. When you are not pressing the switch, the circuit is open. You toggle, or flick, a toggle switch to make it work. If you flick a toggle switch on, itwill stay on until you flick it off. Toggle switches are classified as single-pole-single-throw (SPST), single-pole- double-throw (SPDT) and double-pole-double-throw (DPDT) (See Figure 11.4) + ASPST switch is a simple on/off switch. You will often use these, + ASPDT switch can be on in two positions. It could, for example, turn a green lamp on in one position and a red lamp on in another position. + ADPDT switch is a double SPOT switch. Two circuits are controlled with the one switch. You will not use DPDT switches in the Technology course. Figure 11.4 SPOT and DPOT suitches Make your own push/SPST switch | screws, piece of bendable plastic about 1 mm thick (the top ofa custard or milk powder container), two pieces of connecting wire, scissors, small screwdriver, | bradawl, piece of ceiling board or very thick card ‘Work on your own. Make a switch from materials found around the home. (10) What to do: 1. Use scissors to cut two strips of plastic 8 cm x 2cm, Figure 11.5 Ahomemade pushiSPST switcheo 2. Hold the strips 3. Screwthescrew 4. Positiontheplastic 5. Wrap the bared end together. Use the halfway into strips on the match- of a piece of connecting bradawl to each hole. box as shown in the wire tightly around ahole through picture and tape them each screw. both strips about firmly into place. cm from the end. Press the point through the plastic into the ceiling board. [oral How your switch works: + Asa push switch: Squeeze the two screws together gently. The switch will be on and the circuit will be closed. As soon as you stop squeezing, the circuit will be open and the switch will be off. + Asan SPST switch: If you squeeze hard and the threads of the screws catch on each other, the switch will stay on. The switch will stay on until you flick it open again. Diodes and LEDs Diodes are electronic devices that are used to control the flow of current in electrical circuits. A diode allows the current to flow in one direction only. Diodes are control devices. Diodes are used in two different ways: + Astectifiers:They allow electricity in a circuit to flow in one direction only (ike a one-way street or a turnstile at a stadium). + Aslights: Some diodes emit light. They are called light-emitting diodes or LEDs. They are often used to indicate that a circuit is ‘onoron standby. More powerful LEDs are used in torches and as small spotlights. Look at Figure 11.6. All diodes are polar, so they must be inserted the correct way ina ith the negative pole of the diode to the negative pole of the battery. The negative pole of the diode is identified as follows: + Ordinary diodes are marked with a painted ring at the negative end. + LEDs have two legs. The shorter leg is the negative leg. + The casing of the LED's negative end is flat and the positive end is rounded. Figure 11.6 Different uses for LEDs Chaptert1,unitt (131LEV IiT ES #4) Connect a simple LED circuit You will need: 4,5 V battery, 470 0 resistor, LED, toggle switch 4, Work in groups of four. Constructa simple circuit with an LED. (19) J 2) What to do: 4sv) TA 1. Remove the battery from the battery connector. 7 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (Figure 11.7). 3. Ask your teacher to check your connections. —— { 4, Connect the battery. Figure 11.7 LED circuit diagram 5. Close the circuit with the switch. The LED should light up. If the circuit does not work, perform the following checks: 1. Check that all the connections are tight. 2. Check that the LED is the right way around. 3. Check that the battery can deliver 4,5 V. 4. Check that the LED still works. (TOTAL: 10) Pen) Transistors Transistors are electronic devices that are used to control the flow of current in transistors ~ electrical circuits (Figure 11.8). electronic devices that are used to Transistors can be used in two different ways: con ;, . ae + Asswitches:The outputs either on or off depending on the input current, electrical circuits which usually comes from a sensor. Transistors used in this way are called NPN transistors. We will use these transistors in Grade 9, ‘As amplifiers: The output current is an enlarged version of the input current. Such transistors are called PNP transistors. We will not use PNP transistors in Grade 9. Note: There is no easy way of telling the difference between NPN and PNP transistors, so take care not to mix up these transistors. All transistors have three legs. The three legs of an NPN transistor each have a name and symbol that describes the task they do: + base (b) + collector (c) + emitter (e). Look at Figure 11.9. Figure 11.8 Different types of transistors‘The three legs have to be connected in a special way: + The base receives the signal from the input of the circuit. + The collector is connected to the part of the circuit that must be switched on (the positive side of the circuit). + The emitters connected to the negative side of the circuit (to the negative pole of the battery). We will first make a moisture-detecting switch, and then we will use this to make a circuit that includes a moisture-detecting switch and a transistor. SP Meee! Make a moisture-detecting switch You will need: block of soft wood about 12.cm x 12.cm, sheet of heavy-duty aluminium foil 12 cm X 12.cm, eight drawing pins, 12cm X 12cm piece of plastic cut from a shopping bag, two crocodile connectors Workin pairs. Make a moisture-detecting switch. (10) What to do: Look closely at Figure 11.10 and make the switch as follows: 1. Pin the piece of plastic ‘onto the wood block atthe comers. 2. Cut the aluminium sheet in half. Fold each piece of aluminium neatly in half, and in half again. Press them very flat (they should be about 12am x 15cm). 3. Pin the two pieces down, about 3 mm apart in the middle of the block. 4, Clip a crocodile connector to the end of each strip of foil. 5. Connect a circuit with a lamp and two cells with crocodile connectors to the switch. Carefully pour water between the two strips to examine whether the switch works Figure 11.10 A moisture-detecting switch ITOTAL: 10] How the switch work: ‘When rain falls in the gap between the two pieces of aluminium foil, the circuit will be closed because current will flow ‘through the water’ from the one piece of foil to the other piece. emitter (e) base (b) Figure 11.9 An NPN transistor Chapter 11,Unit1 (333)Modify the moisture-detecting switch Tomake the moisture detecting switch, you used a block of wood, aluminium foil, drawing pins, sheet of plastic and crocodile connectors. But sometimes we cannot obtain all the materials we need for a project, so we have to substitute other materials, Work in groups. 1. Suggest other ways of making the switch, Q) 2. List the materials you could use. Q 3. Makea different switch. 6 (TOTAL: 10} Make and drawa rain sensor 9V battery, 9V battery connector, 6V 0,06 A MES lamp, MES. lamp holder, BC 108 transistor, 1 kQ resistor, 10 k variable resistor, about 12 crocodile connectors, moisture-detecting switch made in the previous task, toggle switch, atomiser (water spray) Work in groups of four. Make a rain sensor, as shown in Figure 11.11 below, using the moisture-detecting switch, (10) Figure 11.11 Arain sensorFigure 11.12 Circuit diagram of araln sensor What to do: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram (Figure 11.11) and in the circuit, diagram (Figure 11.12). 2. Ask your teacher to check your connections. | 3. Connect the battery. 4. Use an atomiser to spray water onto the rain sensor; the amp should light up. 5. Adjust the variable resistor so that the circuit isust on’ (the glow of the light is just visible). 6. Remove the battery when you have finished the task. 7. Drawa circuit diagram of your circuit. If the circuit does not work, perform the following check: 1. Check that all the connections are tight. | 2. Turn the variable resistor fully clockwise and fully anti-clockwise. 3. Check that the battery can deliver 9V. 4. Check that the lamp has not blown. 5. Replace the transistor. (TOTAL: 10] —_-_ itt (438) Chapter 11, Unit? (135) YYFigure 11.13 Different LDRs \ Figure 11.14 Circuit symbol foran LOR Peme + light-dependent resistor (LDR) - an electronic device that senses the amount of light falling on its surface Light-dependent resistors A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is an electronic device that senses the amount of light falling on its surface. Its an input device. See Figure 11.13, The electrical resistance of an LDR in acircuit decreases as the light falling on it gets, brighter. This allows the current flowing through the circuit to increase. In the same way, ifthe light gets duller, the resistance in the circuit increases and the current flowing through the circuit decreases. Figure 11.15 Circuit symbol fora buzzer ‘An LDR can be inserted any way around into a circuit, so it is a non-polar device, LOR circuits are usually used in two different ways: GEERT ELE] Construct a simple You will need: LDR, two 1,5V AA cells, one 1,5 V AA cell holder: wires, buzzer, three crocodile connectors, to: to amplify the LDR signal to an output device (such as a loudspeaker, motor) to switch an output device (such as a lamp, buzzer or motor) on or off. ircuit with an LDR and draw the circuit connecting switch Work in groups of four. Refer to Figures 11.14 and 11.15 and make a simple circuit with an LDR. (19) What to do: 1. Remove the cells from the cell holder. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (Figure 11.16). 3. Askyour teacher to check your connections and insert the cells. 4, Point the LDR to face the light and then to face away from the light. The buzzer should buzz when the LDRis pointed towards the light. 5. Drawa circuit diagram of your circuit. If the circuit does not work, perform the SZ following checks: 1. Check that all the connections are tight. 2. Hold the LDR in a brighter light or a dimmer light. 3. Check that the battery can deliver 3, 4, Check that the buzzer can buzz. 5. Check that the LDR works. x Figure 11.16 Circuit diagram of the circuit with an LDR (TOTAL: 10]POEL iT RES <3] Make a sensitive LDR circuit and draw the circuit You will need: 9V battery, 9V battery connector, 6V 0,06 A MES lamp, MES lamp holder, BC 108 transistor, 1 kA resistor, 10 kA variable resistor, about 12 crocodile connectors, LDR, toggle switch Work in groups of four. Construct a sensitive LOR circutt. (10) Figure 11.17 Circuit diagram of the circuit witha sensitive LDR. What to d 1. Remove the battery from the battery connector, 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (Figure 11.17). 3. Askyour teacher to check your connections. 4. Reconnect the battery, 5. Adjust the variable resistor so that the lamp is‘just off: 6. Point the LOR towards the light and then away from the light. The lamp should switch on when the LDR is pointed towards the light and switch off when the LDR is pointed away from the light. 7. Drawa circuit diagram of your circuit How the circuit works: When light falls on the LDR its resistance decreases. As its resistance decreases Current begins to flow through it and into the base of the transistor. The transistor switches on and the lamp glows. If the circuit does not work, perform the following checks: 1, Check that all the connections are tight. 2, Hold the LOR in a brighter light or a dimmer light. 3. Check that the battery can deliver 9V. 4. Check that the lamp has not blown. 5. Check that the LDR works. (TOTAL: 10] —$—$—— ———— _______ i._._.___ Chapter 11, Unit 2 137Figure 11.18 Circuit symbol fora thermistor Key word + thermistor -an electronic device that can sense the temperature of its environment Thermistors A thermistor is an electronic device that can sense the temperature of its environment. Itis a sensor, so it is an input device. ‘Two types of thermistors are made: + The resistance of +t thermistors increases with temperature. These are rarely used in Technology classes. + The resistance of -t thermistors decreases with temperature. We will use this type. When at thermistor in a circuit gets warm, its resistance decreases. As its resistance decreases, more and more current flows through it. Thermistors are used in two different ways: + toamplify the signal (make the signal stronger) to an output device such as a lamp, loudspeaker or motor + to switch an output device such as a lamp, loudspeaker or motor, on or off. The thermistors we use can be inserted any way around into a circuit, so they are non-polar devices. Look at Figure 11.18, which shows the circuit symbol. and draw (DEV ET eer eg Connect a thermistor the circuit ito a circt You will need: 9V battery, 9V battery connector, 6 V 0,06 A MES lamp, MES lamp holder, BC 108 transistor, 1 KO resistor, 10 kO variable resistor, about 12 crocodile connectors, 20 kA. thermistor, toggle switch, candle and matches or lighter Workin groups of four. Connect a thermistor into a circuit. or) What to do: 1. Remove the battery from the battery connector. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (Figure 11.19), 3. Ask your teacher to check your connections 4. Reconnect the battery. 5. Adjust the variable resistor so that the lamp is ‘just off'at room temperature. 6. Heat the thermistor with a burning candle. When the thermistor heats up the lamp will turn on, oy 7+ Drawa circuit diagram of your circuit rl How the circuit works: When it gets warm, the thermistor’ resistance decreases and current begins to flow through it into the base of the transistor. The transistor switches on and the lamp glows. Figure 11.19 A diagram of a sensitive thermistor circuitIf the circuit does not work, perform the following checks: 1. Check that all the connections are tight. 2, Heat the thermistor more or less than you already have. 3. Check that the battery can deliver 9V. 4, Check that the lamp has not blown, 5. Check that the thermistor works. ITOTAL: 10] Capacitors A capacitor is an electronic device that can store and release energy. Capacitors are used to smooth the flow of current in circuits. They are classified as control devices, When a circuit that includes a capacitor is switched on, the capacitor gets charged up with electrical energy from the circuit. When the source of eneray is cut of, the capacitor slowly discharges its energy back into the circuit Capacitance is the measure of the energy a capacitor can store. Ifa capa store a lot of energy, we say it has a high capacitance. EUEISINT MER :) Use a capacitor ina circuit and draw the circ | You will need: four 1,5 AA cells, cell holder for four 1,5V AA cells with connector leads, LED, 4700 resistor, 1 000 uF capacitor, about six crocodile connectors, toggle switch Work in groups of four. Use a capacitor in a circuit. Refer to Figure 11.20. (10) What to do: 1. Remove the battery from the battery connector. 2. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 11.21. 3. Ask your teacher to check your connections. 4. Reconnect the battery, 5. Switch the circuit on for a few seconds and watch the LED. 6. Keep watching the LED and switch the switch off. The LED should stay on for a few seconds. 7. Draw a circuit diagram of your circuit. 'f the circuit does not work, perform the following checks: 1, Check that all the connections are tight. 2. Check that the battery can deliver 6 V, 3. Check that the LED has not blown, 4, Check that the capacitor works. {TOTAL: 10] $A Figure 11.21 Circuit with capacitor and LED (oma + capacitor —an electronic device that can store and release energy Figure 11.20 Circuit symbo! fora capacitor aIn Units 1 and 2 of this chapter you built a number of different circuits and you drew the circuit diagrams, In this unit you are going to draw circuit diagrams of the same circuits, but with some variations (changes). EMEGINGREELE) Draw variations on four circuits you have already made and drawn 1u drew in Enabling Tasks 2, 5, 6 and 8 Work on your own. “ Circuit 1 Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit you made in Enabling Task 2 (Connect a simple LED circuit), but with the following changes: + Remove the 4,5 V battery. —— + Inserta 6V battery. Figure 11.22 Circuit 1 ‘cuit 2 Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit you made in Enabling Task 5 (Construct a simple circuit with an LDR and draw the circuit), but with the following changes: + Remove the buzzer. + Inserta lamp. Figure 11.23 Circuit2Circuit 3 Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit you made in Enabling Task 6 (Make a sensitive LOR circuit and draw the circuit), but with the following changes: + Remove the LDR. + Inserta thermistor. Figure 11.24 Circuit Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit you made in Enabling Task 8 (Use a capacitor in and draw the circuit), but with the following changes: + Remove the LED and the resistor. + Insert a buzzer. “4 Figure 11.25 Circuit Chapter 11, Unit 3 (a)