Geography Note Booklet Grade 9 PDF

GEOGRAPHY NOTE BOOKLET GRADE 9
Name of learner: _________________________________________
Teacher: ___________________________________
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Geography notes grade 9 revised curriculum
Authors note:
Good day. Thank you for opting to use my material for your teaching process, I hope it will help
you as much to yield good results at the end of each term and year.
Please note that this note booklet is prepared according to the author’s knowledge capacity and
therefore may not be a 100% to everyone. I therefore apologize for the inconveniences this
might cause, and I advise that you edit the where necessary as to your preferences and
knowledge to suit your teaching and learners appropriately. Please feel free to contact the
author if you wish to correct the content in this note booklet, your suggestions and amendments
will openly be considered.
If you have any queries, please feel free and don’t hesitate to contact the author on the contact
details provided below. I am open to positive comments, compliments and corrections for
improvement and to build a developmental teaching relationship among us. Negative remarks
and personal attacks will however not be entertained, lets learn to be positive and improve our
teaching as a collective unit. Team work is only way to elevate.
I wish you well in your teachings!
Thank you!
Christof Mbango
+264 817760851
cembango@gmail.com
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THEME 1: CLIMATOLOGY
1.1 WEATHER
Climatology: The study of weather and climate.

Weather: The conditions of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time.
Climate: The conditions of the atmosphere at a particular place over a long period of time.
Weather elements, instruments, measurement units and how to take measurements and
readings.
Weather Measuring Measurement measurements and readings

element instrument unit
Temperature Minimum and Read off measurements directly
Maximum °C underneath the metal index.
Thermometer
Rainfall Rain Gauge Take readings from the side of gauge
mm (millimeters) where the water level is horizontal with
measurement readings.
Wind Wind vane, Compass Measures the direction in which wind
direction Wind sock directions is blowing from. Wind vane points into
direction from which the wind is
blowing from.
Wind speed Cup Knots Take readings off a dial below the cups.
anemometer The faster the cups rotate, the faster the
wind is blowing or speed.
Humidity Wet and dry Take readings where mercury ends on
bulb % both wet and dry bulb thermometer.
thermometer, Unit in °C, but use a hygrometer table
Hygrometer to convert to %.
Sunshine Sunshine Hours per day Sunrays focused on piece of paper
recorder marked hours of the day through a
glass ball. Focused rays burn a line
which shows the hours of sunshine. If a
cloud covers the sun, there will not be
rays to burn a line. You then count the
number of hours the rays have burned.
Air pressure Aneroid Mbar (Millibars), Take readings of a dial in the aneroid
barometer, hPa barometer which indicates the amount
Barograph (hectopascals) of pressure in air by contraction and
expansion of the cylindrical drum of
the barometer. Whereas as the
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barograph has a pen attached to the
barometer which writes the changes in
pressure of the air on a graph.
Cloud cover observation Octas, %, quarters You observe with your eyes the amount
of clouds that are occurring in the sky.
Measurements range from clear sky
with no clouds to overcast with whole
sky covered by clouds from horizon to
horizon.
WEATHER INSTRUMENTS
RAIN GUAGE BAROMETER MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM

THERMOMETER
CUP ANNEMOMETER WIND VANE
STEVENSON SCREEN SUNSHINE RECORDER WIND SOCK
Placement of weather Instruments:
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Instrument Placement
Minimum and Maximum Kept in a Stevenson screen
Thermometer
Rain Gauge In an open area away from building and trees to avoid
extra water to drip into the gauge and give incorrect
measurements
Wind vane, Wind sock In an open are away from trees and buildings or high up
on top of a building where wind can blow freely, as
buildings and trees may block the wind.
Cup anemometer In an open are away from trees and buildings or high up
on top of a building where wind can blow freely, as
buildings and trees may block the wind.
Wet and dry bulb thermometer, Kept in a Stevenson screen
Hygrometer
Sunshine recorder In a n open area away from buildings, trees and any other
object that might cover the sunshine recorder and block
out the sun rays from reaching it.
Aneroid barometer, Barograph Kept in a Stevenson screen
The Stevenson screen
Features of a Stevenson screen
It is painted white: because white color can reflect sunlight

It’s made of wood: Because wood is bad contactor of heat.
It is stands on stilts about 1.2m above the ground: To
prevent the heat from the ground.
It has a double roof and floor: To insulate it from sunlight
and radiation from the ground.
The sides are made of double louvers: To allow the free
movement of air.
The door opens to the south: To prevent sunlight from
reaching the instruments.
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Analyze weather data and make calculation (average, total and range)
Average/Mean
Add all values and divide the sum by the number of values.
Example:
Temperature °C Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Minimum 13 14 16 12 12 14 11
sum of Minimum temperature

Average temperature = = Minimum 13 +14+16+12+12+14+11=92
7 days
92
Average temperature = = 13 °C
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Total
Add all figures together, the answer is the total.
Example:
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Rainfall mm 10 7 1 0 4 3 9
Total rainfall: 10+7+1+0+4+3+9=34
Range
The difference between the highest and the lowest daily, monthly or yearly figures.
Example 1:
Temperature °C Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Minimum 13 14 16 12 12 14 11
Maximum 24 25 23 20 21 25 19
Temperature range: Difference between minimum and maximum temperature from Monday to
Sunday. Highest (Maximum) - Lowest (Minimum) = 25 – 11 = 14
Example 2:
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Rainfall mm 10 7 1 1 4 3 9
Rainfall range: Difference between highest and lowest recorded rainfall from Monday to Sunday.
Range: 10 – 1 = 9 mm
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Presenting weather data on graphs
Rainfall is presented on a bar graph.

How to draw a bar graph.
Temperature is presented on a line graph.

How to draw a line graph
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Wind direction is presented on a wind rose.
draw a bar on the direction that the wind blows from every
day.
Days with no wind a are referred as calm days. The number of
calm days is written in the middle of the wind rose.
ISOLINES
Lines that connect places of equal value on map.
1. Isotherms: lines that connect places with equal temperature on a map.

2. Isohyets: lines that connect places with equal rainfall on a map
3. Isobars: lines that connect places with equal atmospheric pressure.
CLIMATIC MAPS
Synoptic weather map
A synoptic weather map shows weather patterns over a large area by putting together many
weather reports from different locations all taken at the same moment in time.
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Identify and interpret synoptic weather map symbols.
Weather It shows weather

station conditions of a
model particular place or town.
Please note: You should know how to interpret (understand/read) synoptic weather map
symbols in order to tell or describe the weather conditions of a particular area on the map.
THE WEATHER STATION MODEL
Weather conditions for weather

station model.
Max temp: 23°C
Dew point (min temp.): 16°C
Cloud cover 2 octas
Wind direction: North East
Wind speed: 25 knots
Precipitation: Drizzle
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Features of a weather station model
Please note: You should know how to interpret weather station model symbols in order to
describe the weather conditions of that particular place or town represented by the station.
You should also know how to draw a weather station model using the given weather
information.
How the climate of Namibia is influenced by: latitude, altitude, high- and low-pressure
systems and, distance from the sea.
1. Latitude
Places far from the equator are cooler than places that are closer to the equator:
Places in the southern part of the country e.g. Keetmanshoop is far from the equator and
tend to be cooler than places in the northern par of Namibia e.g. Ondangwa which is
closer to the equator, tend to warmer.
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2. Altitude
Places at higher elevation are cooler than places that are at lower elevations:
Coastal places in Namibia such as Swakopmund are at lower height elevations, at 0
meters above sea level, so they are cooler than places in the interior part of Namibia such
as Windhoek which are at a higher height elevation at nearly 1500 meters above sea
level, so they are warmer.
3. Pressure systems
Places dominated by high pressure system experience clear and sunny conditions.
While places dominated by low pressure systems, experience rain and storms.
4. Distance from the sea

Places close to the sea have moderate temperatures as the sea cools them down during
summer and warms them during winter. While places far from the sea have extreme
temperatures because they do not have seat to moderate the conditions:
Therefore, places like Otjiwarongo get hooter in summer and colder in winter.
The coastal areas are also influenced by the cold Benguela ocean current, which bring
cool waters to the coast and cools down the area during summer.
5. Ocean currents
Areas close to cold ocean currents tend to be cooler than place close to warm currents
current. Example the cold Benguela current bring cool conditions to the Namibian coast,
while the warm Indian currents, bring warm conditions to the eastern coastal areas of
Mozambique, Madagascar and South Africa
AIR PRESSURE SYSTEMS
High pressure system

 They are called anticyclones.
 The value of isobars gets higher towards the center
of the system.
 The air at sinks (descends).
 The air moves in a spiral, anti-clock wise
movement.
 Associated with clear skies.
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Low Pressure system
 They are called cyclones.
 The value of isobars gets lower towards the center of the
system.
 The air rises (ascends).
 The air moves in a spiral, clockwise movement.
 Associated with clouds and rain.
Reflect the characteristics of high- and low-pressure cells on the vertical diagram below.
Note: you should know how to identify on a map and to draw sketches representing vertical and
horizontal air movement in
relation to high- and low-pressure systems
TYPES OF BREEZES
Land and sea breeze

Sea breeze
 Occurs during the day.
 Land heats up faster, air above land heats faster.
 Low pressure forms on land. and air rises.
 Air cools as it rises, becomes heavy and it sinks
down over the sea.
 High pressure forms at sea. Air then moves from
a high to a low pressure, from sea to land.
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Land Breeze
 Occurs during the night.
 Land cools down faster than sea. Air above land
cools down faster.
 Air above the sea is warmer, rises and creates a
low pressure at sea.
 Warm air cools as it rises and sink over the land,
creating a high pressure on land.
 Air then moves from High to low pressure, land
to sea.
Valley and Mountain breeze

Occurs in areas hills and mountains.
Valley breeze
 Occurs during the day.
 The sides of the mountain heat up more,
warming up air along the sides and it rises.
 A low-pressure form on the sides of the
mountain, causing air to rise up from the
valley to the top.
 Air cools a it rises and sinks down into the
valley floor.
Mountain breeze
 Occurs during the night.
 The top of the valley cools down faster than
the bottom. Airat the top of the valley cools
down and sinks to the bottom of the valey.
 Bottom of valley cools down slower, and
warm air above valley bottom rises.
 Low pressure forms at the bottom of the
valley and a high pressure on the mountain
side.
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BERG WIND (EAST WIND)
Occurs along the namibian coast during winter (april to

August). It develops when a high pressure cell dominates
the weather over the interrior of southern Africa, and low
pressure develops along the coast. It warms the coast
because it drops in elevatioin from the higher interior
parts of southeren Africa. Because of altitude, the lower
the place, the warmer it is, so the air warms as it descents
to the coast.
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THEME 2: MAPWORK
2.1 MAPWORK SKILLS
Map: a diagrammatic representation of an area on a smaller scale.

DIRECTIONS: Points which give relative direction from one place to another.
16 division direction.
How to find direction of a place from or to another.

Key words:
From – The point where you start or draw your compass directions.
To – The point where you end from the starting point.
Example: What is the direction from Ondangwa to Eenhana?
Step 1: find the town/point. Step 2: On point where we are Step 3: Use a ruler to connect two
coming from draw a simple points. Determine the direction
directions compass. from point we are coming from to
point we are going to. It will be
North East.
Map interpretation: The act of understanding the geographic information shown on a map
using map symbols and keys.
Map symbols: are used to show features such as roads, campsites, buildings, monuments,
vegetation and rivers. Map symbols can be in a form of shapes, small pictures, letters, lines or
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coloured areas. A map key or map legend is provided next to the map to explain what each
symbol means.
The following is an example how map symbols can be used:
 Contour lines that show height are always brown.
 Water features are always blue.
 Important or main road are red.
 Other roads and railway lines are black.
Some common basic map symbols
MAP SCALES
Map Scales shows the relation between the distance on the map distance and the corresponding
distance on the earth’s surface
 Word scale
 Ratio scale
 Linear scale
A word scale expresses the scale in words or statement for example one centimeter to one
kilometer. This means 1 cm on the map represents 1 km on the ground.
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A ratio scale uses numbers to express the distance, e.g. the word scale of 1 cm to 1 km
converted to ratio scale will be 1: 100 000. This is because in 1 km there is 100 000 cm = 100
000 cm = 1 km.
A linear scale consists of a line, divided into primary units to the right and secondary units to
the left of the zero (0):
Converting scales
Keep in mind!
There are: To convert from
1 000 000 mm in 1 km mm to km you ÷ by 1 000 000
100 000 cm in 1 km cm to km you ÷ by 100 000
1 000 m in 1 km m to km you ÷ by 1 000
100 cm in 1 m cm to m you ÷ by 100
1 000 mm in 1 m mm to m you ÷ by 1 000
Word scale to Ratio scale

To convert a word scale to a ratio scale you must follow two rules:
1. A ratio scale must always start with 1
2. The measurements before and after the colon (:) must be in the same unit.
For example, to convert the word scale: 4 cm equals 2 km, you must apply both rules.
Therefore, you must first convert 2 km to cm (2 × 100 000 = 200 000) and then you
must divide 4 by 4 =1. Remember that you must also divide the 200 000 by 4 = 50
000). The ratio scale is therefore 1: 50 000.
NB: You can only divide both sides with the distance on the map if it is not a 1!
Example: 1 cm represents 2 km. you only convert 2 km to cm2 × 100 000 = 200 000).
Therefore, the answer to be 1:200 00.
Ratio scale to Word scale

Convert the number after the colon to kilometers by dividing it by 100 000. Then give the answer
in words by using the number before the colon.
Example:
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1:500 000 1:20 000
500 000 20 000
1 cm - 100 000 (1 km = 100 000 cm) 1 cm - 1 000 50 x 1000 (1 km = 1000 m)
1 cm - 5 km 1 cm - 20 m
1 cm on the map represents 5 km on the 1 cm on the map represents 20 m on the
ground. ground.
MEASURING AND CALCULATING DISTANCE ON A MAP
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Using a ratio scale
To use the ratio scale, you must understand the following formula:
map distance x scale

Ratio scale = 1 00 000 (unit)
Map distance is the distance in centimeters or milimeters that you measure onm ther map. You
then multiply that by the scale, which is the number after the colon on the ratio scale (Do not use
the number before the colon). You then divide the answer by 100 000 to convert it from
centimeters to kilometers.
Example:
Map distance: 1.5 cm
Scale: 1:60 000 000
1.5 x 60 000 000
Ratio scale = = 900 𝑘𝑚
1 00 000
Using a Linear scale
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CONTOUR MAPS
Contour lines: lines that join or connect places of the same height above sea level.
Keep in mind!
 Contour lines can never cross over each other, they can only touch each other which
indicates a cliff. But this can be a waterfall only if a river runs through the vertical slope
or cliff.
 When contour lines are close together, they indicate a steep slope. When they are far
apart, they indicate a gentle or gradual slope.
 Contour Interval: Is the difference between two contour lines.
 Height on contour map is indicated by spot heights, trigonometric beacon and the
numbers in meters above sea level on the contour line
Relief features on contour maps.
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Different types of landforms indicated by contour lines
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Study the contour map below to which shows how the contour landforms are presented on
a contour map. Identify these landforms and slopes.
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Drawing a cross-section of a contour map (topographic profile)
INTER-VISIBILITY
The state or fact of being visible.
You will need to determine inter-visibility between two points on a contour map. If a point is
visible to another point, we say there is inter-visibility. And if the two points are not visible to
each other, there is no inter-visibility.
Steps:
1. Draw a cross section of the two points you are asked to determine inter-visibility.
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2. On the cross section, draw a straight line from point to point to see if the line meets or
connects to the other point with no obstruction in the middle.
3. If the line is obstructed, there is no inter-visibility. If the line is not obstructed, there is inter-
visibility.
The diagram below, shows you the he steps.
The line is obstructed by a hill in between, therefore, there is no inter-visibility
LOCATION (DEGREE AND MINUTES)

This topic will teach you how to find its degrees and minutes on a map. You will also know how
to locate or find a place using degrees, minutes and seconds on a map.
Finding the location of a spot or area, we need to
use the lines of Latitude and Longitude. Lines of
latitude run across the globe left and right, they
divide the globe into the Northern and southern
hemispheres. The middle line of latitudes is the
Equator at 0°.
Lines of longitude run from the north pole down to
the south pole. They divide the world into the
eastern and western hemisphere. The middle line
of longitudes is the Greenwich Meridian at 0°.
Degrees and minutes increase from the center where the equator and the Greenwich meridian
meet at 0°. Up in the northern, left in the western, down the southern, and right in the eastern.
This determines in which hemisphere the point you re to locate is.
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For instance, point A’s latitude will be given in west and longitude in north. (40°, 00’ W; 90°,
00’ N) Point B, Latitude in south and longitude in east (20°, 00’ S; 30, 00’ E).
Signs used in location Keep in mind the following:
° = Degrees 1° = 60’
‘= Minutes 1’ = 60”
“= Seconds
The degree grid is divided into smaller squares called minutes, and a minute grid into smaller
squares called seconds. Meaning, there are 60’ (minutes) in one degree and 6” (seconds) in one
minute.
Steps in finding location.
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Practice on this task
PHOTOGRAPHS
We have 3 types of photographs:
1. Horizntal photpgraphs /Ground level photographs
2. Oblique photpgraphs
2.1. Low oblique photpgraphs
2.2. High Oblique photpgraphs
3. Vertical photpgraphs
Identify them, give their advantages and disadvantages, as well as be able to identify man-made
and natural features that you canfind n them.
Horizontal photographs: Photographs taken at ground level.
Advantages:
 It shows a lot of details (information)
Disadvantages:
 It shows a small area
 Objects in foreground block out objects in background
 Objects in foreground appear larger than objects in
background
 Photograph cannot be used to draw maps.
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Oblique Photographs: Photographs taken from a high vantage point at a tilted angle.
1. Low Oblique: Photographs taken from a high vantage point with the horizon (where the
sky and earth meet) not visible.
Advantages:
 They show a large area
 They show much information, but less details.
Disadvantages:
 Some areas in the background are blocked out
by objects in te foreground.
 Objects in the foregroung appear larger than
objects in background.
 They cannot be used for map drawing.
2. High oblique: Photographs taken at a high vantage point with the horizon visible.
Advantages
 They cover a large area
 They show a lot of information
Disadvantages:
 Shows less details in the foreground
 Objects in forground bloc out objects in
background.
 They cannot be used for map drawing.
Vertical / Aerial photographs: Photographs taken from above from an aero plane at a vertical
angle down.
Advantages:
 There are no hidden areas or information
 They show a lot of information
 They can be used to draw maps.
Disadvantages:
 Heights and surface slopes are not easy to
identify
 A lot of experience is needed to be able to
obtain information from these types of
photographs.
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 Expensive equipment s needed to take these
photographs.
Identifying natural and man-made features from photographs
Natural features: These are features that occurred naturally and not built by humans. They
appear in irregular and skewed shapes in photographs, such as rivers, mountains and trees.
Man-made features: These are features that are made or built by humans. They appear in
regular and uniform shapes in photographs, such as roads, Buildings, and electricity lines
ISOLINES
Lines that connect places of equal value on map.
4. Isotherms: lines that connect places with equal temperature on a map.

5. Isohyets: lines that connect places with equal rainfall on a map
6. Isobars: lines that connect places with equal atmospheric pressure.
How to draw or connect isolines on a map.
Rules:
 Isolines do not cross over each other.
 Isolines only connect the same value (number), one line cannot connect two values.
 They separate bigger from smaller numbers/values.
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Example:
1. Draw the isotherms that connect 19°C and 21°C on the map
2. Shade the area between 22°C and 23°C
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THEME 3: ECOLOGY
3.1 DETERIORATION OF NAMIBIAN ENVIRONMENT
Natural causes of damage to the environment:

These are acts by nature that destroy the environment.
 Insects and pests
 Fires started by lightning
 Locusts and worms
 Volcanic eruptions
 Overgrazing by game
 Droughts
 Floods
 changing weather patterns
Human made causes of damage to the natural environment
These are acts by human that destroy the environment.
 Uncontrolled cutting down of trees: firewood, building etc. Clearing the land for farming
leading to deforestation and desertification.
 Overpopulation
 Littering
 Land degradation (soil erosion and overgrazing)
 Exploitation of Natural resources (minerals, fish, water etc.)
 Pollution
 Damaging of the ozone layer.
 Destruction of habitats
 Global warming.
Some solutions to the deterioration
 Awareness of the problem: Educate and supply people with information
 Plant more trees to replace those cut down
 Use sustainable farming methods
 Make litter bugs (recycle, re-use and renew)
 Use natural resources wisely
 Promote and support environment organizations
 Make funds available for drought relief.
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Effects of farming methods that causes deforestation and desertification
 Poor ploughing techniques
 Overgrazing
 Over-use of ground water
 No crop rotation
 No fallow seasons
 Farming marginal or unsuitable land
 Over-cropping
 Over irrigation
 Over-use of pesticides
 Over-use of fertilizers
Effects of deforestation and desertification

 Acid rain
 Soil erosion
 Silting up of rivers of dams
 Flooding
 Global warming
 Loss of soil nutrients
 Desert spread
Deforestation
The cutting down of trees faster than they can regrow back or without replacing them.
Problems caused by deforestation

 Loss of medicine
 Decrease in soil fertility
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 Decreased supply of oxygen
 Loss of land and homes of indigenous people.
 Increase of soil erosion.
Solutions to problems (deforestation)
 Using other material for building e.g. bricks
 Using solar renewable sources of energy for power e.g. Solar power. Not wood.
 Planting more trees after cutting down one.
 Use correct methods of farming
 Implement and Enforce strict measure over buying land and selling wood.
Desertification
The spreading of a deserts due to a change in climatic condition caused by human activities.
Desertification: When an area is becoming more and more like a desert caused by human.
Desertisation: When an area is becoming more and more like a desert caused by nature.
Causes of desertification
 Over -cultivation
 Deforestation
 Overgrazing
 Poor irrigation
 Overpopulation
Solutions to the problem (Desertification)

 Stop overstocking and overgrazing
 Try mixed crop farming
 Rotate crops
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 Prevent soil erosion
 Plant more trees
 Use solar power for energy.

Bush encroachment
The unnatural increase in bush at the expenses of other forms of vegetation.
The causes of bush encroachment

 Poor farming management can cause overgrazing.
 Prevention of controlled bush fire.
 Abandoned areas that were cleared for agriculture
 Severe droughts
 Lack of browsing wild animals that prefer leaves to grass.
 Subsidies that encourage farmers to keep more animal during droughts.
The effects of bush encroachment
 Decrease of available grazing for livestock
 Desertification
 Decrease game farm tourism
 Reduced biodiversity.
Solutions to bush encroachment
Use fire to destroy the seedlings of bush plants.
Clear the land by hand
Destroy invader species with chemical
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OVERPOPULATION
Overpopulation is too many people for the natural resources to sustain
The effect of population explosion as a worldwide as well as a Namibia

 Lack of space for farming
 Insufficient social services
 Lack of housing
 Increased political conflict over resources
 More workers and great markets
 More shanty towns form
 overcrowding and overuse of land
 Mineral resources exhausted
 Increased pollution
 Depletion of water resources.
POLLUTION
The activities of humans that poison the land water and air.
Air pollution: to Poisoning the atmosphere by chemicals.

Causes of air pollution:
 Caused by vehicles and industries.
 Overgrazing can cause dust pollution
Effects of Air pollution

 Causes acid rain (can destroy vegetation)
 Can cause climatic changes
 CFCs products destroy the ozone layer
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Solutions to Air pollution
 Fit catalytic converters on cars
 Fit scrubbers on factory chimneys
 Use renewable sources of energy such as solar power to avoid burning wood
 Educate and create awareness on air pollution.
 Use CFCs free products
Air pollution also causes two phenomenon that are harmful to the environment:
ACID RAIN AND GLOBAL WARMING
ACID RAIN
Toxic Rain, whereby water vapor in the atmosphere mixes with gasses such as Sulphur, carbon
and nitrogen oxides.
Causes of Acid rain:
 Release of Sulphur, carbon and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels into the
atmosphere.
Effects of Acid rain:
 Kills crops, and animals
 May cause skin burns and diseases
 Can destroy forests
 Soil weakens and disturbed in appropriate PH levels
Solutions to Acid rain
 Reduce emissions of harmful gasses into the atmosphere from vehicles and industries
 Use renewable energy
 Plant more trees
 Recycle and re-use products
GLOBAL WARMING
The average increase in the earth’s temperature.
Causes of Global warming:
 Burning of fossil fuels and vegetation which release huge amounts of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere.
 Using products that release Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that destroy the ozone layer,
such as fridges, aerosol cans and air-conditioners w
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Effects of global warming:
 Polar ice caps melt.
 Wildlife lose their natural habitats
 Water from melting will cause sea levels to rise, and low-lying coasts will be flooded
 Climates will change, some places will have rain than others will have less.
 Climate change destroys crops
 Climate change may cause some plants and animals species o die out
Solutions to Global warming

 Use renewable sources of energy such as solar power and hydro electricity
 Use CFCs free products
 Create awareness on global warming
LAND POLLUTION:
Caused by littered materials e.g. bottles, plastics, tins etc.
Causes of Land pollution
 Littering
 Land fills
Effects of land pollution
 Can kill animal; fish and birds
 Can cause spreading diseases.
 it can spoil the landscape
 Some waste material takes long to decompose
 Chemicals can be washed into water systems
Solutions to land pollution

 Provide litter bins
 Rehabilitate land after deterioration
 Educate and create awareness on land pollution.
 P
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WATER POLLUTION
Caused by contaminating water sources.
Cause of water pollution
 Oil from tankers
 Fertilizers can be washed into water systems
 Mines, industries and agricultural pesticides pollute
dams, rivers and lakes.
Effects of water
 Polluted water kills fish and birds and animals
 Water life threatened by this pollution
 Wafer pollution causes diseases like typhoid and cholera.
Solutions to water pollution
 Implement strict measure on water pollution
 Educate and create awareness on water pollution.
 Treat sewage before disposing it.
Solution to pollution
Keep environment clean (do not litter)
Take scrap metal to scrap metal dealers
Recycle materials like glass, plastic cans etc.
Use natural refuse to fill hollow
Use solar power instead of wood.
Provide rural area with taps and Sanitation-
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THEME 4: GEOMORPHOLOGY
4.1 INTERNAL FORCES (ENDOGENIC)
Geomorphology: Is the study of the physical or natural features of the surface of the earth.
Plate tectonic: Is the movement of plates

What is plate: plate is large section of the earth crust.
Two type of plates

 Oceanic plate (Ocean)
 Continental plate (continent)
Each plate has border or the edges known as plate boundaries or plate margin (where two plates
meet).
Plate Boundaries of the world
What cause plate movement?

Plates move because of convectional currents (force) in the mantle.
Plates can also move because of the pulling force of the moon.
Types of plate boundaries
 Constructive (divergent) boundaries

 Destructive (convergent) boundaries
 Shear or conservative or neutral boundaries
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Note:
 Distinguish between divergent, convergent and shear plate boundaries;
 Recognize and locate on a map the major land forms such as mid-oceanic ridges,
volcanic island arcs, fold mountain ranges and deep-sea trenches
What happen when two continental plate collide or coverage?

Sediments pushed up to form mountains
What happen when continental-oceanic or oceanic-oceanic meets?

 The heavier oceanic crust sinks below the litter continental crust.
 Where the plate bends into the mantle a plate bends a subduction, zone is formed.
A subduction zone: is a region of the Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet. Tectonic
plates are massive pieces of the Earth's crust that interact with each other. The places where
these plates meet are called plate boundaries.
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 The heavier oceanic plate sinks (subducts) under the lighter continental plate into the
mantle.
Folds
Fold: A fold is when the rocks bent.
Folding always takes place in sedimentary rocks beneath the earth surface.
Types of folds
1. Monoclonal fold: Stress (force) only from one side.
2. Symmetrical open fold: Equal force from both side but not too much.
3. Symmetrical closed fold: Too much force, equally from both sides.
4. Asymmetrical over-fold: Pressure from both side but stronger from one side.
5. Asymmetrical overthrust fold: Force from one side and very strong cause the
layers to break.
Note: Identify these types of folds on sketches and photographs;
1. Monoclonal fold: Stress (force) only from 2. Symmetrical open fold: Equal force from
one side both side but not too much.
40
3. Symmetrical closed fold: Too much 4. Asymmetrical over-fold: Pressure from
force, equally from both sides. both side but stronger from one side.
5. Asymmetrical overthrust fold:

Force from one side and very strong
cause the layers to break.
EARTHQUAKES
Earthquake: Earthquake is the sudden movement of the plates.

Why earthquakes occur?
 It happens when two plate collide.
 When plates move past each other.
 Plate hook onto one another.
 Tension builds up until rock edges break off.
Definitions
 A place in the crust where earthquake begins is called focus
 An area directly above the focus is called epicenter.
 The strength of earthquake is measured with Richter scale.
 A seismograph is the instrument that records the force (intensity) and the direction of the
earthquake. This record is indicated on a graph of paper called seismogram.
Note:
 The bigger the distance that the plates move, the more the intense the earthquake.
 And the closet you are to the epicenter the more damage.
 The far you are from the epicenter the few damages.
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Measuring an earthquake
We measure earthquake using a Seismograph.
Structure of an earthquake
Why some people experiencing more damage than others?

 The high the intensity, the greater chance of damage.
 The closer to the epicenter, the more damage.
 The time of the day-If it takes place during the night, most people will be killed.
 The season- it kills more people when it occurs during winter than summer.
 The quality of building
 The underlying rocks
 The level of preparedness of the people: People may not be informed about danger places
e.g. plate boundaries.
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The relationship between earthquakes and plate boundaries:
Earthquakes occur at plate boundaries, because this is where the plates move, and these
movements cause earthquakes.
Impacts of earthquakes on people

Short term effects/impact Long term effect/impact
 Buildings can collapse.  Shops are destroyed.
 Fires may start.  Spreading of diseases
 Destroy electricity lines. caused by decaying bodies.
 Telephone lines are destroyed.  Tsunami waves cause more damage
 Smoke from fires can cause breathing and loss life.
problem.  Economy can collapse due to no
 Water pipes can burst causing money to recover damage.
flooding.
How can people plan for earthquakes?

 Unusual animal and fish behavior e.g. jumping fish dogs howling etc.
 Emergency stock such as flood.
 Keep first aid equipment with you.
 Don’t build on clay or land reclaimed from sea
Tsunami: This is when an earthquake occurs on the sea floor. This causes a huge sea wave that
heads to shore.
VOLCANOES
This is a mountain build up by the release of materials like lava, ash, gas and also fire from
opening in the earth crust
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Note: Draw a sketch of the structure of a simple volcano.
Volcano structure
Three types of volcano

Active volcano –Erupt regularly
Dormant volcano- active only below surface
Extinct volcano- no active anymore
The effects of volcanoes on civilization.

Positive effect/impacts of volcanoes Negative effect/impacts of volcanoes
 Tourist attractions  Loss of life.
 Ash and lave form very fertile soil.  Injuries
 Diamonds are brought to the surface.  Destruction of buildings.
 Lava flows create new land.  Destructions of animals and crops.
 Hot springs are used to generate  Gases released may damage the ozone
electricity. layer.
 Ash can cause breathing problems.
 Ash can also contaminate the water
supplies.
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Global distribution of volcanoes;
The relationship between volcanoes and plate boundaries:

Volcanoes occur at plate boundaries, because this is where the plates move. These movements
cause volcanoes to form
EXOGENIC (EXTERNAL) FORCES

[Forces on the earth surface]
Weathering: is the process that breaks up rocks to form soil.

Erosion: The process of weathered materials, and moved from origin place to new place.
Deposition: Occurs when the eroded materials are put down at new areas.
3 types (Agents) of weathering:
1. Mechanical wreathing (physical)

[NB: Temperature (heat and cold plays major role in Mechanical weathering]
No change occurs in chemical structure of rock. Common in deserts where temperatures

are hot during the day and cold at night. Occurs through processes of exfoliation, frost
shattering and granular disintegration.
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Exfoliation
This is when the rock breaks as a result of expansion and contraction because of hot or
cold.
a) Frost shattering
 This happens when water fills the cracks in rocks.
 During the night the water freezes and expands.
 During the day water melts.
 The constant freezing and melting deepen and widens cracks causing rock to
breaks into pieces.
b) Granular disintegration
 This is breaking of rocks into smaller pieces due to expanding and
contraction.
 Rocks contain different minerals that makes them weathered differently.
Chemical weathering
Chemical structure of rock changes. Occurs in humid areas with rainfall, as water plays a major
role in this type of weathering. Occurs through the processes of oxidation, carbonation and
dissolution
a) Oxidation: When oxygen in the atmosphere combines with the iron minerals in the rock
and weathering process starts.
b) Carbonation: Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere combines with water to form a weak
acid which weather the rock.
c) Dissolution: This is when rock, especially limestone, is dissolved when it comes into
contact with acid water.
Biological weathering: Weathering of rocks caused by the action of plants and animals.
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Plants:
 The roots of plants often grow into cracks in rocks.
 As the roots get bigger and thicker, they force the cracks to widen and eventually small
parts of rocks splinter off.
 Plants roots also secrete a weak acid that can cause rocks to dissolve.
Animals:
 Animals like moles, Meer cats, insects and earthworms dig holes and tunnels into the
soil.
 In doing so the soil deep down is brought to the surface where it becomes exposed to
weathering.
Erosion
Erosion is the process that moves weathered particles to new places.
Agents of erosion
 Wind
 Water
Wind Water
Deflation: Wind pick up light particles for long Running water: Particles moved to new
distance. place by
running water.
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Abrasion: When rock surface destroyed by Oceans: Ocean currents and waves move
moving materials
particles during transportation. along the coast.
Attrition: Small particles bump against each other Moving Ice: Moving ice carry a lot of
and materials.
become rounded
Saltation: Heavy particles lifted and carried long
distance
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THEME 5: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
5.1. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN NAMIBIA
CROP FARMING
(a) Mahangu
 It is grown mostly in communal farms in northern Namibia, between
Okavango and Kunene river cuvelai flood plains.
 It is a drought resistant crop that can grow in unfavorable soil conditions,
intense heat and as well in moist conditions.
(b) Maize
 Grown on commercial farms in the areas of Otavi, Tsumeb, Grootfontein
known as the maize triangle, as well as on the Caprivi strip.
 It is crop that needs water, that’s why it is grown in the maize triangle which
has a large amount of underground water for irrigation.
 Maize can be stored for long periods to feed livestock during dry seasons.
STOCK FARMING (LIVESTOCK)

(a) Cattle (beef)
 Farmed in communal farms in northern Namibia, Along the Okavango river
and Caprivi strip for the Nguni/Sanga breed for consumption. In the East
Namibia, in the Omaheke Region, central Namibia of Otjiwarongo and
northern part of Khomas region, Cattle is farmed for commercial purposes, for
the breed of the Bonsmara, Brahman and Simmentalar.
 Beef brings in 85% of Namibia’s agriculture income. It is exported to
European countries and some African countries.
(b) Sheep (karakul)
 Farmed in the southern parts of Namibia, around Maltahoe, Bethanie,
Mariental and Keetmnhoop, as they have adapted to hot and dry conditions.
 They are commercially farmed for the Pelt (skin), wool, and meat, which are
exported to France Germany and Italy as raw materials and imported back as
finished goods such as clothes from the pelts.
 The problem with sheep farming is that the market prices are always
fluctuating (Unstable/ changing).
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FISHING
Fishing grounds of Namibia along the coast are influenced by the Cold Benguela currents
that bring cold waters from the Antarctica which is rich in oxygen and nutrients which
are perfect conditions for fish. Fish is exported to bring in large amount of foreign
income. It is also sold in the country for consumption.
Ways of catching fish.
(a) Trawling: Method used to catch

demersal (deep sea) fish that live near
the bottom of the sea. They include:
Hake, Kingklip, Sole and Monk fish.
Trawl nets are dragged along the ocean
bottom, and then they are hauled in when
they are full. This type of fishing can
however cause damage to the sea floor
corals and creatures.
(b) Purse-seine fishing: Used to catch large shoals

of pelagic fish that live near the ocean surface.
They include: Pilchard, Anchovy and Horse-
Mackerel. A net is laid to encircle the large
shoal of fish, and then it is hauled in. Holes of
net are sized that the small and young fish can
escape.
(c) Sea water and fresh water line fishing: This

method uses a single line with a hook and a
bait attached to a rod, which hand-held either
in a boat or on land. Snoek fish is caught
using a fish line in sea water. This method is
also used in northern Namibia during the
flood seasons when the Cuvelai flood plains
fill up with “Efundja”. Community people
use line fishing to catch Catfish.
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MINING
(a) Uranium
 It is mined at Rossing Uranium mine, 65 km east of Swakopmund, in the
Namib desert. It is the largest open cast uranium mine and supplies 6% of the
world’s uranium demand.
 The mine uses a huge quantity of water for chemicals and dust and radiation
control.
 Uranium is used for nuclear power stations to generate electricity, and to
produce nuclear weapons of mass destruction.
 Uranium contributes 10% to Namibia’s GDP. The mine also employs a large
number of people up to 4000.
(b) Diamonds
 Diamond is mined in the south west of Namibia, along the coast between
Lüderitz and the Orange river. which is controlled by Namdeb Diamond
Corporation.
 It is used for jewellery and for industrial purposes to cut glass and other hard
materials, and in drill bits that dig deep into the earth crust.
 Diamond mining provides employment to over 1300 employees.
TRANSPORT
1. Trans-Caprivi Highway
 It connects Namibia with
Botswana, Zambia and
Zimbabwe from Rundu through
Caprivi to Katima Mulilo and
through the Sesheke bridge to
other countries. and links
international and regional trade
between the countries as well as
the Walvis bay harbor.
 It promotes tourism between
countries between countries.
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2. Trans-Kalahari Highway:
 Links Namibia and Botswana and
shortens the route between
Namibia and Johannesburg by 400
km running through Gobabis and
crosses the border at Buitepos and
Mamuno.
 Shortens Botswana’s route to its
imports and exports through the
Walvis bay port.
3. Rail road:
 Was built to enable the colonial regime
South Africa to export out minerals such
as Copper and Diamonds from mining
towns of Namibia, Tsumeb,
Otjiwarongo, Otavi and Oranjemund and
stretching to the port of Walvis Bay for
goods imported into the country.
 After independence the railroad was
extended to Ondangwa and Oshikango.
Advantages disadvantages
 Cheap to transport goods and  Very slow
people.  Does not reach out to all parts of
the country.
4. air transport:
 Namibia’s main international airport is
The Hosea Kuutako International Airport
located 30 km east of Windhoek. The
Main airline is Air Namibia.
 Air Namibia has domestic routes to
several towns in Namibia, Ondangwa,
Katima Mulilo, Walvis Bay, and
Oranjemund. International routes to
countries in Europe, South Africa,
Nigeria, and Mozambique.
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 Fast – reaching destination will  Expensive (many cannot
be fast afford)
 Lack of trained air traffic
officials.
5. Ocean/Water transport:
 Namibia has two main ports: Port of Walvis Bay which is the biggest and
handles more goods because it has deep water which allows big ships to dock
there off-load and on-load. While Lüderitz is smaller and handles less goods
because it has shallow water, only small ships can dock there to off-load and
on-load goods.
 Cheap to transport goods.  Very slow.
 Poor Accessibility
POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN NAMIBIA
53
Advantages of tourism:
 Creates employment in local communities.

 Help protect and conserve animals and the environment.
 Bring in foreign currency as income into the country.
 Promotes construction of infrastructure such as roads and hotels.
 Cultural exchange
 Economic growth (GDP)
Disadvantages of Tourism
 Promotes crime on tourists and drug trafficking.

 Promotes Animal poaching.
 Environmental hazards and destruction.
 Interruptions on culture (modern and foreign culture introduced)
 describe at least three of the following factors influencing
 economic growth
Factors influencing economic growth
(a) Water resources (surface and underground)

 Large areas of Namibia do not have sufficient water, due to its climate
 Lack of water affect economic activities such as manufacturing and agriculture
being the most affected.
 Rapid population growth demands large consumption of water, which is in little
amounts because we rely on dams to collect and store water during the rainy
season.
 Government needs to manage water sources effectively and encourage wise use of
water among people.
(b) Manufacturing industries

 Namibia has a small manufacturing sector; therefore, most manufactured or
processed products must be imported.
 High costs of production (water, power, transport), hence most locally
manufactured products are expensive.
 Difficult to compete with cheap products from South Africa and China with local
manufacturers.
 Government must do more to stimulate the manufacturing sector by providing tax
breaks, cheap rentals and wage subsidies.
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(c) Infrastructure
 Namibia has little infrastructure, especially on transport networks. These
networks need to be maintained and looked after for imports and exports.
 Competition in air transport industry could help reduce flight prices and this will
encourage more tourism.
(d) Mineral resources

 Namibia has abundant mineral resources from diamonds, coal, copper to uranium
and more.
 Mining creates employment to a lot of people in the country, but yet as years go
by, mining companies are shutting down, retrenching workers and being taken
over by foreign companies.
 The government needs to invest in mining and reduce selling mining companies
to foreign companies to avoid profit and employment going to foreign companies
(e) Education
 Namibia does not have enough skilled labour, due to high school dropout.
 There is a shortage of qualified teachers.
 Few accredited tertiary institutions, Unam and Polytechnic (NUST) of Namibia.
Namcol offers grade 10 and 12 open learning distance education.
 To solve this problem, government and companies need to encourage internships,
encourage people to study Science and commerce by providing scholarships.
(f) Population
 Namibia has a small population which has doubled three twice since the 1960s
and still increasingly at fast rate. T
 This has leads to a huge demand and strain on the natural resources and on the
government and services such as health care, education and food.
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THEME 6: POPULATION GEOGRAPHY
6.1 POPULATION DATA
 Population: refers to the total number of people living in a certain area.

 Population density: Is the number of people per km2(square km).
Formula to work out population density: Population density= Total population (number
of people)/Area (km2)
 Population distribution: Is where people are found on the earth or in a country. Some
places may be densely populated, while others are sparsely populated.
Population distribution of the world
Area Population Populated Reasons

A - Amazon rainforest Sparsely Too hot, too much rain and
too much tropical
B - Eastern North America Densely Good farming conditions
and Western Europe and ideal living
C - Himalaya Mountains Unpopulated Too mountainous for
people to live in this area.
D Siberia Very sparsely Too cold
E - India and Bangladesh Very densely Low-lying and flat with
fertile soil and lots of rain
ideal for farming.
F - Namib Desert and the Sparsely Too hot and dry, too little
Sahara Desert fertile soil and much
sand.
G - Polar Regions Unpopulated Too cold for people to live
in this area
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Identify on a map major population cluster world wide
Number 1: East Asia includes China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Number 2: Indian subcontinents, includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Number 3: Europe, includes areas like UK, Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands and
Belgium
Number 4: East coast of North America
Number 5: is the Nile valley
Number 6: is the Western coast of Africa includes Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ivory Coast
Major population clusters of Namibia
Namibia is highly populated in the northern parts of the country, mainly in Ohangwena
and northern parts of Oshana and Omusati regions.
The capital city is as well populated in central Namibia. Other clusters are at the coastal
towns of Walvis bay and Swakopmund, far north east in Katima Mulilo, and down south
in Keetmanshoop.
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POPULATION PYRAMID
They show information about the total population, divided by age groups, number of people in
each age group and gender.
Age groups:
Youth group: People under the age 14. Economically inactive, they do not work as they are too
young. Depend on adult group. Usually large group in developing countries because of high birth
rate.
Adults: People between ages of 15 and 64. Most economically active as they are the working
class. They support the two groups, the youth and elderly age groups.
The elderly/Old age: People that are 65 and older. They depend on the adult group as they no
longer work, they are retired. Larger group in developed countries because of higher life
expectancy.
SHAPE OF POPULATION PYRAMID

Developing country Developed Country
 Wide base – High birth rate, high  Narrow base – Low birth rate, most
infant mortality babies survive to the next age group.
 Narrow top – Low life expectancy  Dependent ratio – Youth number is
 Dependent ratio – large number of almost equal to the adult group.
youths depend on much smaller  Life expectancy is high
number of adult groups
POPULATION GROWTH
Rapid growth of the world population since 1960
The world’s population growth since the 1960’s has doubled from 2.5 billion people to 6 billion,
due to the fast-economic developments of cities, countries and various services as well as the fast
advancements of technology, which all allow more safer births and increasing life expectancy of
people.
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Population growth in Namibia since 1960
Namibia’s population in the 1950’s was 434 081, which increased by nearly doubling to 746 327
in 1970. The population was then expected to double again by the year 2000, but the 1991
national census showed that the population had already doubled, with the growth rate is 2.6 %.
Namibia currently has a population of 2 587 801 at a growth rate of 2.13% with a life
expectancy of 65 years. (world population review 2018)
Patterns of growth in different regions of Namibia
The southern regions of Namibia have been growing at a very low rate, were in some areas it has
been reported to have a negative growth rate. The northern regions have the highest growth rate
of up to 22.7%. while the central parts of the country such as Windhoek has the highest growth
due to urbanization.
Comparing the Namibian situation with a developed and a developing nation
Developing countries are classified to have a high population growth rate and a decreasing
mortality rate. classified as a developing country. Whereas developed countries have low or
declining birth rates. However, Namibia’s situation does not favorably compare with that of a
developed country, as we have a high and rising birth rate, and therefore, this classifies Namibia
as a developing country.
Cities with more than a million inhabitants In Africa.
Cape Town – South Africa Johannesburg - South Africa Kinshasa - DRC
Nairobi - Kenya Lagos – Nigeria Accra - Ghana
Abidjan – Ivory Coast Casablanca - Morocco Algiers – Tunisia
Alexandria - Egypt Cairo – Egypt Elgiza - Egypt
Addis Ababa - Ethiopia
Cities with more than a million inhabitants in the world

Rank City Country population
1 Tokyo – Japan 38,001,000
2 Delhi – India 25,703,168
3 Shanghai – China 23,740,778
4 Sao Paulo Brazil 21,066,245
5 Mumbai India 21,042,538
6 Mexico City Mexico 20,998,543
7 Beijing China 20,383,994
8 Osaka Japan 20,237,645
9 New York United States 18,593,220
10 Dhaka Bangladesh 17,598,228
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Reasons for rapid Population growth
 Food Production Distribution.
 Improvement in Public Health.
 Conquest of Disease.
 Life expectancy is increasing. Infant, childhood and young adult mortality is decreasing.
This all feeds into a longer average life.
 Religious promotion of large families and avoidance of birth control.
 Ignorance about birth control, the environment, the economy and more.
 In the past few hundred years traditional ways of life, herbal birth control and traditional
medicine were all disrupted by colonial empires.
 War men demand (World War 2 – Germany).
 Many governments simply don’t do enough to promote sex education, birth control,
children’s rights, welfare or other basic social policies.
FERTITLITY, MORTALITY AND MIGRATION

Fertility (Births in a country): Fertility rate – Number of young children in relation to the
number of women of fertile age in population.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Formula: FR= × 1000
number of women between 15 and 50 years
Factors influencing fertility

Birth rate increases Birth rate decreases
 Children needed to work on land  People practice family planning and
 Children provide security for parents use contraceptives
in their old age.  Better medical care results in fewer
 Many children make parents more infant deaths and parents don’t need
important in society so many children in the hope that
 Custom expects a girl to marry at some will survive.
young age, thereafter she will have  Educated women will marry later and
many child-bearing years. have fewer children.
 Women have little education and don’t  Women with equal social and
know about family planning. economic opportunities tend to have
 Some religions do not accept the use fewer children.
of contraceptives  Pension funds allow parents to have
 Because many babies die, parents fewer children, because they don’t
have many children in the hope that need the children to look after them in
some will survive. their old age.
 Advancement in technology can  Material possessions like cars, big
reduce infertility. houses, overseas holidays became
60
 Countries with economic and political more important than having a big
stability have a higher birth rate family and so people have fewer
 Better job opportunities will help children.
people to afford more children  During a war, birth rates decrease.
 Some traditions allow polygamy-One  Children are expensive to raise and
husband may have many wives, and costs parents a lot of money
thus many children.  Governments might discourage large
 In countries with a small population, families to save the cost of building
the government might encourage more schools, etc.
people to have more children.
Mortality (deaths in a country): Mortality rate – number of people per thousand who die each
year.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
Formula: MR= × 1000
total population
Factors influencing morality

Death rate increases Death rate decreases
 Countries with a high infant mortality  Better medical care, such as more
rate. hospitals, clinics, and doctors.
 Countries where natural disasters  Improved hygiene and clean drinking
occur, like tornadoes, earthquakes, water.
volcanic eruptions, floods etc.  People retire at earlier age after they
 An epidemic like cholera can kill had a job that was not physically very
many people. demanding.
 A disease like AIDS will cause an  More cures are discovered for diseases
increase in death rates. such as cancer, malaria and cholera.
 Wars will cause a high death rate.  Increased incomes help people to buy
 Countries with poor hygiene and a healthier food.
lack of clean water.  Organizations like UNESCO, that
 Countries that suffer from severe focus on better living conditions for
drought and famine. children worldwide.
 Areas with very large squatter camps
where diseases spread fast will have a
high death rate.
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POPULATION MOVEMENTS
Migration: the movement of people from one country to another, or to and from different places
within a country. Immigration: movement of people into a country from another. Emigration:
movement of people out of a country to another.
𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Formula: FR= × 1000
total population
differentiate between emigration and immigration

Emigration: The movement of people from a country or place to another foreign country or
place.
Immigration: the movement of people into the country or place from another foreign country or
place.
Net migration: the difference between immigration and emigration.
Types of Migration
Between countries: Within a country:
 Spontaneous: migrants have chosen  Rural – urban: people leaving rural
to move in search for better quality of areas due to poor quality of life to
life on their own choice. (higher urban areas in search for better quality
salaries, better jobs, medical care and of life (higher salaries, better jobs,
education) medical care and education).
 Forced: Migrants move from a place  Migrant labour: people who work in
because of circumstances beyond their areas far from their families and only
control (natural disasters, get to go home once or twice a year.
overpopulation, war or political  Commuting: People who live in
pressure). another town and travel to work in
another town every day or week.
Describe the benefits and problems of population change in terms of:
BENEFITS PROBLEMS
Rural-urban migration
 Migrants send money back home in  Grandparents are left to raise the
rural areas. children and take care of agricultural
 Better living standards for those who fields.
get employed in urban areas and  Overcrowding of cities,
families in rural areas.
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 Large populations put pressure on
existing services and resources (water,
housing, schools, health care etc.)
 increasing unemployment, poverty,
crime, prostitution and diseases.
rapid population growth

 Large workforce which provides large  Unemployment
amount of tax to the government to pay  Pressure on resources.
for its services.
standards of living
 Better living standards experienced by  Poor living standards experienced by
countries with low population growth countries with high population growth
being developed. being developing.
dependency ratio
 A large working population supports the  The larger the population who do not
dependent population easily and work, the harder the working people
effectively. have to work hard to support them
(dependents).
pressure on natural resources
 The more the population, the demand  The more the population, the more
on natural resources of a country pressure and demand on natural
(water, food, fuel, clothing etc.) resources of a country (water, food,
increases, which forces the government fuel, clothing etc.)
to provide for the population, and
develop the country.
Infrastructure
 Increase in population places stress on  Increase in population places stress on
infrastructures which forces the infrastructures, and if government can’t
government to build more, developing provide them, they will depreciate and
the country in turn. be insufficient.
provision of services
 Increase in population places  Increase in population places stress on
municipality under pressure to provide municipality to provide services, and if
sufficient services (water, electricity, municipality cannot provide them, then
waste removal etc.) to the population. the population will be with less
insufficient services.
Factors influencing migration

Push factors Pull factors
(always described in negative way) (Always described in a positive way)
 Very harsh climates, like colds and  Mild climates with fertile soil.
drought.  Absence of natural disasters.
 Land that is very unproductive like  Better employment opportunities and
deserts. better salaries.
 Natural disasters like earthquakes,  Better and more schools, hospitals,
floods, etc. entertainment.
 Unemployment (not enough jobs) due  Peaceful conditions in a country.
to overpopulation.
63
 Politically unstable countries, such as  Better housing and general living
those fighting a civil war. conditions.
 Not enough facilities like schools,
hospitals, entertainment etc.
 Overcrowding in cities, pollution and
increase in crime.
 Crop failure because of over
cultivation.
 Mechanization(machinery) replaces
farm workers.
Rapid population growth creates: unemployment, housing shortage, lack of food, crime, shanty
towns, prostitution, overcrowding of busses, poor sanitation, strain on services such as water and
electricity and poor medical care. It also puts pressure on natural resources such as: water,
wood for fuel, wildlife, land for farming and fish.
Dependency ratio: The youth and the old age group people who depend or rely on the adult age
group for survival and care.
𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 15)+𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 65)
Formula: adult group (15−16)
HIV and AIDS IN NAMBIA

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which if left untreated, HIV can lead to the diseases
AIDS.
AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
Efforts or Strategies taken to address HIV and AIDS in Namibia

Awareness campaigns:
 Making people aware of the effects, protection and treatment of the diseases, gives
people the knowledge to take care of themselves, as well as to demote discrimination
against people living with the virus
 Big organizations and countries can fund HIV and AIDS awareness and informative
campaigns to spread the knowledge and necessary information, advice and help needed
Provision of antiretroviral drugs:
64
 antiretroviral drugs should be sufficiently supplied to all medical care centers and in rural
areas for access to all who are on treatment of the virus, to suppress the virus and stop the
progression of HIV into AIDS.
 Although these drugs will not cure the virus, it helps people with HIV live longer and
healthier lives.
Promotion of Gender equality:
 Educating everyone, male and female, will make people aware of the virus and know
how to protect themselves as well as the treatments.
Provision of Social services schemes to orphans:
Orphans should be taken care of by provision of food, clothing, counselling and
education through programmes to support them.
65
THEME 7: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
7.1.Namibia’s physical features
Namibia on the world map and its neighboring countries

Namibia is situated in south-western Africa between the 17th and the 29th lines of latitude.
Neighboring countries: This are countries that share the same border with Namibia. They are:
Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF NAMIBIA AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
66
(geographic areas that share distinct properties like landforms, rock type, and evolutionary
history)
Namibia has four physiographic regions:
 The Namib Desert or coastal plain: The area of lowland bordering the ocean. it runs
from the Kunene river down to the Orange river along the coast.
 The escarpment: Is formed by mountains and mountain ranges. It is the rise in elevation
of the profile.
 The central plateau: A fairly flat, high lying area. It rises above 1000 meters above sea
level, north to south in the central part of Namibia.
 Basin: An area enclosed by higher land with or without an outlet to the sea. In Namibia
we have
(a) The Kalahari basin which is flat and in the eastern side of Namibia and
Kalahari
(b) Etosha basins up northern Namibia, as well as rivers and mountains.
basin
The physiographic regions also show the drainage system of Namibia, the rivers, both:
(a) Perennial rivers: Rivers with that flow water throughout the year (permanent water) and
(b) Non-perennial/ephemeral: Rivers that flow occasionally after sufficient heavy rainfall.
The perennial rivers are Kunene, Kavango, Zambezi and Orange rivers. Some of the
Non-perennial rivers are the Kuiseb and Swakop rivers.
The physiographic regions OF Namibia
67
Drainage system of Namibia
VEGETATION REGIONS OF NAMIBIA
68
Identify the following vegetation regions on a Namibian map:
 Desert
 Mopane savannah
 Semi-desert
 Dwarf shrub savannah
 Thorn bush/mountain savannah
 Shrub/camel thorn savannah
 Three savannah/woodland
Very little vegetation occurs along the coastal plain hence the climate and vegetation of
succulent plants and thorn trees that a drought resistant, such as the Welwistchia plant. The
central to the eastern and northern has more plants, from tall grass to tree savanna and woodlands
with plants such as Marula due to sufficient rainfall. The southern part has a temperate savanna
with shorter grass and dwarf shrub savanna with fewer tress such as the Kookerboom (Quiver
tree).
NAMIBIAN CLIMATE
Factors influencing the climate of Namibia

Latitude: Distance north or south of the equator. Places far from the equator are much colder
than areas near or at the equator. Because of the earths round shape, the sun rays falling near the
equator heat up a small area and the equator is also close to the sun. whereas as far from the
equator, area being heated is large and far from the sun, heart is lost through reflection as it
travels to the earth.
Altitude: Areas at high elevations are cooler than areas at lower or sea level. Such as Windhoek
Pressure systems: Areas dominated by high pressure systems are drier because high pressure
systems bring dry descending air resulting in clear skies with no or very less rainfall. Whereas,
69
areas dominated by low pressure systems tend to be wet and receive more rainfall, because low
pressure systems consist of warm moist air which results in cloud formation which bear rainfall.
Distance from the sea: Places close to the sea are cooler in summer and warm in winter, while
places far from the sea are warmer in summer and colder in winter. This is because the land
heats up faster than water. In winter, land loses heat quickly and inland areas become colder,
while water loses its heat slowly and coastal areas become warm.
Cold Benguela Current: The cold Benguela current from the south pole brings in colder water
from the south pole, lowering the temperatures at the coast during summer.
SACU and SADC
Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU)
Origin and purpose

 Formed in 1970
 To promote free interchange of goods between member states
 To establish common external and excise tariff
Responsibilities of member states
 All members have a responsibility to generate customs and excise and paid into the
revenue Fund of South Africa and then divided among the member states.
challenges and problems

 Imports tariffs make foreign goods more expensive.
70
 Customs tariffs may scare off potential investors
 Members may not introduce tariffs on imports to protect own industries against other
countries.
Merits (Benefits)
 Duty free access to trade market
 Foreign investments
Demerits of their continued existence

 SACU does not have its own Bank.
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Origin and purpose

 Formed in 1992
 To Develop political values, systems and institutions.
 To promote and defend peace and security.
 To promote the economic independence of member states.
 To strengthen economic and cultural cooperation between members.
 To promote food production
 Lessening of poverty
 Promote common political values.
Responsibilities of member states
71
Member State Responsibility
Namibia Marine fisheries and resources
Zambia Mining
Malawi Inland fisheries, forestry and wildlife
Angola Energy
Tanzania Industry and trade
Mozambique Transport and communication, culture and information
Botswana Agricultural research, livestock production and animal
disease control.
Lesotho Environment, land management and water resources
Zimbabwe Food, agriculture and natural resources.
South Africa Finance and investment.
Swaziland Human resources
Mauritius Tourism
Challenges and problems
 Political and economic instability of some member states e.g. DRC, Zimbabwe
 Regular droughts or other natural disaster in some member states.
 Low and unstable prices for raw materials exported by members states.
 Low and unstable prices of manufactured goods imported by members.
 High population growth rates
 High rate of HIV/AIDS infection and many AIDS orphans.
 Lack of investments capital
 Lack of skilled workers
Merits (Achievements) of their continued existence

 490 projects implemented by 1990 worth US$6.3 billion.
 Peaceful co-operation among members.
 Strong support from foreign investors.
 Improved climate for investments between regions and members
Demerits (Short comings) of their continued existence

 SADC fail to solve conflicts within member states.
 It does not have its own defense force.
~END OF SYLLABUS~
ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMS!!!
72

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GEOGRAPHY NOTE BOOKLET GRADE 9

Name of learner: _________________________________________

I wish you well in your teachings!

Climatology: The study of weather and climate.

Weather Measuring Measurement measurements and readings

RAIN GUAGE BAROMETER MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM

CUP ANNEMOMETER WIND VANE

STEVENSON SCREEN SUNSHINE RECORDER WIND SOCK

Placement of weather Instruments:

The Stevenson screen

Features of a Stevenson screen

It is painted white: because white color can reflect sunlight

sum of Minimum temperature

Rainfall is presented on a bar graph.

Temperature is presented on a line graph.

Lines that connect places of equal value on map.

1. Isotherms: lines that connect places with equal temperature on a map.

Synoptic weather map

Weather It shows weather

THE WEATHER STATION MODEL

Weather conditions for weather

4. Distance from the sea

AIR PRESSURE SYSTEMS

High pressure system

Land and sea breeze

Valley and Mountain breeze

Occurs along the namibian coast during winter (april to

2.1 MAPWORK SKILLS

Map: a diagrammatic representation of an area on a smaller scale.

How to find direction of a place from or to another.

Some common basic map symbols

Word scale to Ratio scale

Ratio scale to Word scale

MEASURING AND CALCULATING DISTANCE ON A MAP

map distance x scale

Using a Linear scale

Relief features on contour maps.

The line is obstructed by a hill in between, therefore, there is no inter-visibility

LOCATION (DEGREE AND MINUTES)

Identifying natural and man-made features from photographs

4. Isotherms: lines that connect places with equal temperature on a map.

How to draw or connect isolines on a map.

2. Shade the area between 22°C and 23°C

3.1 DETERIORATION OF NAMIBIAN ENVIRONMENT

Natural causes of damage to the environment:

Effects of deforestation and desertification

Problems caused by deforestation

Solutions to the problem (Desertification)

The causes of bush encroachment

The effect of population explosion as a worldwide as well as a Namibia

Air pollution: to Poisoning the atmosphere by chemicals.

Effects of Air pollution

Solutions to Global warming

Solutions to land pollution

4.1 INTERNAL FORCES (ENDOGENIC)

Plate tectonic: Is the movement of plates

Two type of plates

What cause plate movement?

 Constructive (divergent) boundaries

What happen when two continental plate collide or coverage?

What happen when continental-oceanic or oceanic-oceanic meets?

Note: Identify these types of folds on sketches and photographs;

5. Asymmetrical overthrust fold: