The Caves of Garges paintings - stencils of human hands found in what is now France and dating from around 27,000 years ago - are thought of as art today, but this___ of whether the people of the time understood the paintings as something akin to art inour modern sense or in some other way entirely is not yet fully understood. A. Tribulation B. Supposition. C. Indignation D, JuxtapositionThe emphasis on accurately representing the experiences of average working people that is characteristic of the realist style can be seen in The Third Class Carriage, painted by Honore Daumier, which depicts working class travelers in a third-class railway car. This style can thus be seen as an effort to reduce what were regarded as the ____ of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Eugene Emmanuel Amaury Pineux Duval A. Austerity B. Superfluity C. Impertubability D. CommiserationThe swordfish can swim very fast -up to 97 kilometers per hour — but it is significantly slower’than the frigatebird, which can fly-at speeds up to 158km/h. The difference between these speeds is\ largely a result of the fact that the features that make flight possible do less to limit top speeds than the’ features for swimming through water A. Pliable B. Intrinsic C. Inexplicable D. Indolent“How lifelike are they?” Many computer animators prioritize this question as they strive to create ever more xealistic environments and lighting. Generally, while characters in.computer-animated films appear highly exaggerated. environments and lighting are carefully engineered to mimic-reality. But some animators, such as Pixar’s Sanjay Patel, are focused on a different, question, Rather than asking first whether the environments and lighting they’re creating are convincingly lifelike, Patel and others are asking whether these elements reflect their films’ unique stories. Which choice best describes the function of the underliried question in the text as a whole? A. It contrasts the.approach to character design with that of environments and lighting in computer animation: B. It explains why computer-animated characters are more lifelike than theitenvironments. C. It argues that exaggerated characters are necessary for realistic environments and lighting. D. It provides evidence that surrounding environments andlighting are so important that they need to be carefully enginecred to-reflect reality‘The field of study called affective neuroscience seeks instinctive, physiological causes for feclings suchas pleasure or displeasure. Because these sensations are linked to a chemical. component (for example, the release of the netrotransmitter dopamine in the brain when one receives or expects a reward), they can be said to have a partly physiological basis. These processes have been described in. mammals, observed that some behaviors of honeybees (such as foraging) are also motivated by a dopamine-based signaling process. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined question in the text as a whole? A. It provides evidence to support the claim that not only mammals have physiological responses to stimuli, B. It introduces a new topic of study within the field of affective neuroscience. C. It offers an example that extends affective neuroscience findings from mammals to insects. D, It argues that dopamine-based signaling is uniqtié not only to mammals but also to honeybees among insects.The state of North Dakota has designated the spiny. water flea as an invasive species that could outcompete some. of the state’s native species. Many other states dyaw similar distinctions between invasive and native species. But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason McLachlan have pointed out, that Earth's climate is changing in ways that challenge such designations. Climate changes may cause animals to leave their current ranges and establish new ones. Climate changes may also create good habitats in areas where a species couldn't live previously. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence "Many other'states draw similar distinctions between invasive and native species" in the text as a whole? A. It emphasizes the uniqueness of other states’ approach to categorizing species. B. It highlights the widespread agreement among states on categorizing species. C. It suggests that'the practice of categorizing species in other states is outdated. D. It provides a contrast to the researchers’ perspective on_species categorization.In the mountains of Brazil, Barbacenia tomentosa and Barbacenia macrantha—two plants in the Velloziaceae family—establish themselves on soilless, nutrient-poor patches of quartzite rock. Plant ecologists Anna Abrahiio and Patricia de Britto Costa used microscopic analysis to determine that the roots of B. tomentosa and B, macrantha, which grow directly into the quartzite, have clusters of fine hairs near the root tip; further analysis indicated that these hairs secrete both. malic and citric acids. The researchers hypothesize that the plants depend on dissolving underlying rock with these acids, as the process not only creates¢hannels for continued growth but also releases phosphates that provide the vital nutrient phosphorus Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis? A. Acontrolled study where the quartzite was treated with synthetic malic and cittic acids found inereased phosphate levels and more pronounced channeling in the rock structure over time compared to untreated quartzite B, Field observations in the Brazilian mountains indicated that B. tomentosa and B. macrantha were found to thrive particularly well in regions of quartzite that naturally exhibited higher acidity due to environmental factors C. Genetic analysis of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha revealed mutations that enhance the production of root hairs capable of acid secretion, which were not found in related species that do not. grow on quartzite D. Ina comparative growth study, specimens of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha that were genetically, modified to suppress the secretion of malic and citric acids showed a significantly reduced ability to establish channels in quartzite and displayed lower phosphate absorption and growth rates compared to unmodified plants.Various historical analyses have posited that geography can impact military strategy, but we should not exaggerate this aspect. To illustrate: In an analysis of the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, historian James Kilpatrick and geographer Sarah Elkins examined the impact of the high ground on combat outcomes. Holding the high ground typically offers a tactical advantage and can influence strategic decisions; hence, Kilpatrick and Elkins theorized that the Union forces, positioned on the elevations around Gettysburg, would have experienced increased confidence and a resulting boost in offensive maneuvers. Yet, Kilpatrick and Elkins found the Union forces’ advantage was not as significant as their theory suggested. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A/Tt argues that scholarly a: about the influence of geography on military strategy are often overvalued, as evidenced by Kilpatrick and Elkins! findings. B/ It introduces Kilpatrick and Elkins’ analysis to question the accuracy and conclusions'of prior studies concerning geography's role in military strategy. C/It-elucidates a pervasive issue in the accepted interpretations of geography's impact on military strategy and how Kilpatrick and Elkins addressed this issue. D/ It details Kilpatrick and Elkins' study to underscore why prudence is necessary when asserting the influence of geography on military strategyCritics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webstet’s tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is “good” in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but “bad” in ignoring the wishes.and welfare of her family and in making religion a “eloak” hiding worldly self: indulgence. Bosola is “bad” in serving Ferdinand, “good” in turning the Duchess’ thoughts toward heaven and in. planning to avenge her murders-The ancient, Greek philosopher Aristotle implied that such contradictions aré virtually essential to the tragic personality, and yet critics keep coming back to this element of inconsistency as though it were an eccentric feature of Webster's own tragic vision. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? (A) From the general concept of inner contradictions in tragedy to specific examples in Webster's work,/and finally to Aristotle's perspective on the necessity of such contradictions. (B) From the analysis of the Duchess's character in "The Duchess of Malfi" to a broader discussion of tragic characters in Webster’s plays, concluding with a comparison to Aristotle's view: (©) From a diseussion on the critical reception of Webster's characters to a detailed examination of the Duchess and Bosola, ending With Aristotle's endorsement of character inconsistencies. (D) From the puzzlement of critics over character contradictions to the illustration of these contradictions. in Webster's plays, and the contrasting acknowledgment of their importance by Aristotle.The following text is adapted from Anton Chekhoy’s 1904 play The Cherry Orchard (translated by Julius West in 1916) TROFIMOV: Believe me, Anya, believe me! Tm not thirty yet, ’m young. I’m still a student, but I have undergone a great deal! I'm as hungry asthe winter, [’m ill, [?’m shaken...and where haven't I been fate has tossed me everywhere! As-used in the text, what does the word “undergone” most nearly mean? A. Hailed B. Weathered C. Derail D. AssuagedA recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example. global fish production fromfarming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that’fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide: What is the passage pritiarily concerned with? (A) The environmental impact of fish farming on the decline of fish stock and ocean ecosystems. (B) The potential of fish farming to meet the increasing global demand for protein and its limitation (©) The economic benefits of fish farming compared to traditional ocean fishing. (D),The debate over the effectiveness of fish farming in replenishing wild fish populations.We mean nothing but a little amusement among ourselves, just to vary the scene, and exercise our powers in something new. We want no audience, no publicity. We maybe trusted, I think, in choos-ing some play most perfectly unexceptionable; and I can conceive no greater harm or danger to any of us in conversing in the elegant written language of some respectable author than in chat-tering in words of our own. - Mansfield Park by Jane Austen, 1814 What is the main idea of the passage? (A) The-importance of selecting an appropriate play» for private entertainment. (B) The benefits of engaging in private theatricals for intellectual stimulation. (C) The need for an audience to truly appreciate the efforts of amateur actors. (D) The desire to showease one's talents through public performancesAccording to French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984), many traditional Western philosophical frameworks—such as the-belief in the sovereignty of individual rationality—were insufficient for explaining the complexities of modern power dynamics. To address the limitations of these frameworks, Foucault argued, one must develop new philosophical concepts rooted in the realities of how power is exercised within social institutions. Foucault thus introduced the concept of "biopower" to encapsulate the way in which governance extends to individual bodies and biological life itself. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Al The text recounts Foucault's educational background in philosophy and then details his influence on contemporary ethical policies. B/ The text mentions some of Foucault’s philosophical contributions and then traces their influence on other Western philosophers of the 20th century. C/ The text presents Foucault's criticism of'traditional philosophical thought and then provides an example of his efforts to refine the problems he identified in his criticism. D/ The text explains a revolutionary philosophical concept and then illustrates how that concept was more central to Foueault’s scholarship than other philosophers have realized.Music does not always gain by association with words: Like images, words can excite the deepest emotions but are inadequate to express the emotions they:excite. ‘Music is more adequate, and hence will often seize an emotion that may have been excited by images or words, deepen its expression, and, by so doing, excite still deeper emotion. That is how words ean gain by being set to music, But to set words to musie—as in ‘opera or song—is in fact to mix two atts together. A striking effect may be produced; but at the expense of the purity of each art ‘What is the majn idea of the passage? (A) The-combination of music and words leads toa superior form of art, one that transcends the limitations of each medium when they stand alone, allowing for a fuller and more ¢omplex expression of emotion. (B) Music and words are both equally adept at conveying and enhancing emotions, and their waion in forms such as opera or song represents the peak of artistic collaboration, enriching the emotional experience beyond what is possible through either medium alone (©) The association of words with music in operatic and song forms pritaarily serves to elevate the status of words, making them more impactful and expressive, while music derives little to no benefit from this combination. (D) Although fiusic has the capacity’ to express and intensify emotions that may be evoked by words or. imagery, this synthesis of lyrical and musical arts, as, exemplified in operas.and songs, can often lead to a mutually diminishing effect, wherein the essence of each art form is somewhat dilutedOne of the primary challenges in formulating rights for animals solely on the basis that they are living entities pertains to the extent of inclusion. If one interprets “living entities” in.a broad sense, then one might inadvertently.extend rights to beings that are not animals (for example, plants): Conversely, a more restricted interpretation might lead to the exclusion of beings that are, by biological classification, within the animal kingdom. Consequently, one possible conclusion can be drawn is that ____ (A) Granting rights to animals cannot occu without granting rights tovat least certain plants. (B) The challenge of defining what constitutes a living being hampers every effort to grant rights to animals. (C) Effective efforts to confer rights upon all animals will probably either include some plants or not rely solely on the notion that animals are living beings. (D) The argument'that animals are living beings is not pertinent to the debate on animal rights, because plants also qualify as living beings.Within botany, there are four main types of plant life cycles: annuals, biennials, perennials, and ephemerals. The Giant Sequoia is a itis one of the longest-living plant species on Earth, with some individuals living for several millennia. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A. perennial, for example; B. perennial, for example, C. perennial; for example, D. perennial, for-exampleEach year, the Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to an individual who has, according to the will of its founder Alfred Nobel, "made the most important discovery or invention within the field of "In 1967, for instance, judges acknowledged Hans Bethe "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars." Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A. Physics” and, B. Physics” C. Physics,” D. Physics.”Tn the realm of literary scholarship, in-depth analyses of texts such as the exploration of James Joyce's "Ulysses" which is renowned for its complex narrative structure — have become an increasingly prevalent mode of academic study. Moreover, literary critic and Joyce scholar has identified several aspects of Joyce's writing stylerlike its stream-of- consciousness technique and rich intertextuality, that make his work a staple in modernist literature. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A. Harriet Shaweross: B. Harriet Shawcross, C. Harriet Shaweross D. Harriet Shawcross —Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, with its coveted 5-star rating being awarded to-top restaurants like-Xin Rong Ji in Beijing. —-_ few know the guide started as a marketing gimmick in 1900, when brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin sought to increase profits for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive their cars across France, visiting the guide’s recommended hotels and restaurants along the way. A. Similarly, B. In fact; C. However, D. In reality,In the literary world, it's quite common for an author or poet to be recognized by a moniker that aligns with their most distinguished traits, such as writing style, thematic preoccupations, cultural background, or seminal works. the English playwright. William Shakespeare has also been dubbed "The Bard of Avon," a sobriquet that-references his esteemed status as a poet and his origins from Stratford-upon- Avon. A. That.is, B. For instance, C. Indeed, D. Similarly,In the realm of literature, a novel's ISBN serves as a unique identifier for the book. "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen has the ISBN 978-3-16- 148410-0. Mary Douglas' comprehensive work "Understanding the Classics: A Reader's Guide" delves into this topic extensively. A. Furthermore, B. In contrast, &. In fact, D. For example,After much debate, they finally made a the judges for the 1974 Nobel Prize-in Literature would’award Eyvind Johnson of Sweden with that year’s prize “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom”. A. decision, B. decision C. decision: D. decision;Fans of the film The Princess and the Frog (2009) likely recognize the commanding bass voice behind the character Dr. Facilier. It belongs to actor Keith David. The veteran actor has performed in everything from commercials to Broadway he is most known for his voice acting. . musicals but : musicals, but . musicals, . musicals; yvaw>In a study of the mechanisms underlying associative memory, neuroscientists Kei Igarashi, Jasmine Chavez, and others presented mice with memory tests. The team discovered that fan cells, a type of cell found in the medial temporal lobe of the brain, are necessary for the acquisition of new associative memories. A. or the ability to learn and remémber connections between inherently unrelated things B. —or the ability to learn and remember connections between inherently unrelated things C. —or the ability to learn and remember connections between inherently unrelated things— D. or the ability to learn and remember connections between inherently unrelated things—Bonnie Buratti of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory studies data about Saturn’s rings collected by the Cassini spacecraft when she made an interesting tiny moons embedded between and within Saturn’s rings are shaped by the buildup of ring material on the moons’ surfaces. A. discovery; the B. discovery: the C. discovery, the D. discovery. TheWhile researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: + Literary scholars believé there are countless themes explored in world literature. + The theme of individual vs. society is one repeatedly examined in various works + This theme is prominent in Mark ‘Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,” where Huck grapples with the moral dilemmas of his society. + In "Huckleberry Finn," Huck's moral journey shows-him in conflict with the societal norms of his time. The student wants to make and support a generalization about themes in literature. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals? A) Literary'scholars believe there are countless themes in literature; these themes may be revisited across different works. B) Just as individual societies have uniquenorms, countless themes are explored in world literature. C) An example of a literary theme is the individual vs. society, as seen in "Adventures of Huckleberry. Finn," where Huck confronts the moral expectations of his time D) A theme in-literature may be explored through different works: the struggle of the individual vs. society is depicted in "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," where Huck's personal moral journey brings him into conflict with the societal norms of his era.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: + Chemical reactions can release or absorb energy, affecting the temperature of the surroundings. + The exothermic and endothermic properties of reactions are fundamental concepts in thermochemistry. + Chemist Emilia Z. Martinez utilized calorimetry to measure the heat exchanged in’chemical reactions. + Her wesearch indicated that the surrounding temperature change is directly related to the heat of the reaction. + Martinez found that this temperature change can be quantitatively linked to the energy changes in the reaction molecules. ‘The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? ‘A/A study demonstiated that chemical reactions, which can release or absorb energy, are accompanied by a measurable temperature change in the surroundings. BJ Investigating the thermal effects of chemical reactions, Emilia Z. Martinez applied calorimetry to measure the heat exchanged, linking it to temperature changes. C/ Emilia Z. Martinez studied the thermochemistry principles that explain how temperature changes occur due to energy released or absorbed by reactions D/ Chemist Emilia Z. Martinez determined that temperature changes in the surroundings during a chemical reaction are quantitatively related to the energy changes in the reaction molecules.