Text corpora, like the International Corpus of English, comprise vast repositories of electronically archived texts. They serve as invaluable resources for empirically examining hypotheses concerning the frequency of a word's usage in both spoken and written English. lor instance, if one might have a about the prevalence of the word ‘first,’ only a thorough analysis of a corpus can confirm that it ranks as the third most frequently utilized adjective. A. Duplicity B. Dominion. C. Surmise D. EpitomeExploration of seventeenth- and twentieth-century French authors who provided critiques to cultural journal’ is obscured by the challenge of attributing their contributions,Chiefs of such journals maintained that namelessness encouraged impartiality; in other words, a critic was assumed to he less inclined to soften disapproval of a peer’s work if the contributor critiqued could not ascertain the identity of the critic. Discomfort of the contributors about being paid for their work also influenced the situation. In addition, anonymity shielded the journal's owner from allegations that the enterprise was undermined.by employing men, who were assumed by some to be deficient in the evaluative skills essential to critique. In the rare instances where contributors were seemingly acknowledged, it was typically undera’ pen name or by initials that frequently did-not correspond to the critic’s actual name. What is the primary purpose of the passage” A) To underscore the functions of individuals who offered critiques in seventeenth- and twentieth century French cultural journals. B) To examine the array'of reasons for the adoption of noms de plume incultural reviews. ©) To assert the significance of neutrality in the cultural critiques of the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. D) To outline the obstacles in pinpointing contributors to cultural journals in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries owing to. the convention of namelessness.Since compact metropolitan areas consolidate human presence, they are often perceived as epicenters of contamination. Conversations around eco- cofsciousness typically eenter on strategies to make metropolises appear less overwhelmingly artificial, for instance, by enlarging the-vones allotted to green spaces or by moderating the scale of urbanization. However, most of these modifications would counteract the remarkable energy conservation inherent in urban areas. By proportion of land, c in the United States emit more greenhouse gases, consume more power, and generate more refuse than other domestic areas of equal dimensions. A visual representation illustrating adverse environmental effects in correlation to landmass would portray cities as concentrated zones of high environmental disturbance. Yet, ifone were to illustrate these adverse impacts per capita or per household, the situation would appear inversely. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? A. Augmenting the zones for green spaces in metropolitan areas may not necessarily render cities less artificial. B. Due to their high population density, metropolitan areas are believed to exert a particularly detrimental influence on the environment. C. Despite the relative energy conservation of populous metropolises, they. remain major contributors to ecological contamination. D. Reducing the population concentration of metropolitan areas might actually exacerbate their environmental footprint.Psychologists Gregory Bryant, Dorsa Amir, and colleagues investigated cross-cultural perceptions 6f spontaneous (real) laughter and volitional (fake or forced) laughter. Study participants from 21 societies, including those in Austria and Turkey, listened to randomized recordings of 18 spontaneous laughs taken from natural conversations between pairs of women and 18 volitional laughs produced separately by 18 different women in response to-an instruction to Jaugh.Analysis of the participants’ evaluations of thé Taughs prompted the team to conclude that the ability to distinguish between spontaneous and volitional laughter appears to be universal across cultures: Which of the following best characterizos the overall structure of the passage? (A) The passage begins by detailing a specific research methodology and then presents uniyersal application of its findings (B) It opens with a question about laughter perception and then presents varied cultural interpretations of the study's results. (€) The passage starts with an assumption about. laughter's universality and then presents a refutation of that assumption through empirical evidence. (D) It begins with an outline’ of a research question and then presents the particular results from two of the societies involved in the study.By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of Line sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be ‘eorrelated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned im favor of the opposing view, namely, that-nerve impulses are essentially homogencousin quality and are transinitted as —common‘éurrency throughotit the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. What pattern dogs the passage follow in discussing the relationship between, brain processes and mental experience? (A) It presents an initiakhypothesis about sensory experiences; followed by the emergence of an opposing view supported by new evidence. (B) The passage traces the history of a scientific theory from its proposal through its universal aveeptance in the field of neuroscience. (C) It outlines the development of recording techniques in neuroscience, leading to an unexpeeted discovery about nerve impulses (D)The passage begins with a general overview of neuroscience and narrows down to the specifics of how nerve impulses create sensations.Botanist Dr. Elena Torres and her group have studied two varicties of the Heliconia plant that exist in the same area in Ecuador, but one variety blooms during the.wet season, and the other doesn't. The researchers observed that, due to subtle differences in petal structure, tho flowors of tho wet-season-blooming Hcliconia plants have a huc that is more vibrant than that of the non-seasonal bloomers. The researchers propose that the Heliconia birds are drawn.to the specific color of the flowers from their respective variety, and that over time the birds" preference will promote further genetic and morphological separation between the plant varieties Which finding, iftrue, would most direétly support Dr. Torres-and her team's hypothesis? A/ The petals of the wet-season-blooming Heliconia plants have a more structured vascular network than those of the non-seasonal bloomers, which facilitates nutrient transport during the wet season. B/ Over several reproductive cycles, the vibrancy of the color in the flowers of wet-season-blooming Heliconia plants increases compared to that of the non-seasonal bloomers. C/ Heliconia plants exhibit differences in nutrient absorption officiency depending on whether their petalsshow more vibrant or less vibrant colors D/‘The pollination patterns of the wet-season- blooming and non-seasonal Heliconia plants remained essentially unchanged over several reproductive cycles.Historian: One educational practice in early 20th- century America was the implementation of strict discipliné in schools. Students who disrupted class were often made to stand.in the corner wearing a dunce cap. Observers al the time might have believed this would instill discipline and respect for authority. Today, many educational psychélogists would critique this method, arguing that it harms the child’s sense of dignity and that such harm can affect their adult behavior and socictal engagement. Nevertheless, there is a consensus that adults educated under such conditions were not less engaged or respectful of authority than those who were not. Consequently, it can be inferred thab___ ferred Which one-of the following can be properly from the historian’s statements? (A) The views of many contemporary educational psychologists on the negative impact of humiliation are not supported by the outcomes observed in adults. (B) Among the adulis who Were highly engaged in society as well as those who were not, many experienced strict disciplinary practices during their schooling. (€) When strict discipline was used in schools, the assumptions about its effectiveness in promoting respect and engagement may not have always been accurate, (D) Il the humiliation experiehGed in schools leads to lower adult societal engagement, then the strict. disciplinary practices of the early 20th century did not tend to significantly diminish the students’ future societal engagement.Callie W. Babbitt, Tlema Madaka, and colleagues assembled a database of materials used in consumer electronics by.studying products in the lab and by gathering data from similar product. studies. The team gave each of these studies a rating for level of traceability (with a higher rating for clearer descriptions of procedures) and for category consistency (with a higher rating for using materials categories more closely aligned with the categorics in the tcam's database). Basedon these ratings, a second research team concluded that the utilization of materials was better conformed.to standardization ina study by Lutz Stobbe than it was in a study by Martin Streicher-Porte and colleagues. Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge the second research team conclusion? A, The study. by Stobbe had a lower traceability rating than the study by Streicher-Porte and colleagues did, B.The study by Stobbe had a high consistency rating and high traceability rating C. The study by Stobbe had a lower consistency rating than the study by Streicher-Porte and colleagues did D. The study by Streicher Porte and colleagues had a lower consistency rating and lower traceability than the study by StobbeHerman Hesse’s work Siddhartha played a significant role in securing him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946. This concise yet profound novel explores the spiritual journey of a man as he strives to attain enlightenment. Inspired by Buddhist and Hindu| philosophy after visiting India, Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A/ Hesse’s narrative embraces the concepts of self- realization, impermanence, and the interconnectedness of all beings. B/ _ self-realization, impermanence, and _ the interconnectedness of all beings are concepts that are embraced in Hesse’s narrative. C/ concepts of self-realization, impermanence, and the interconnectedness of all beings are embraced in Hesse’s narrative. D/ Hesse crafted a narrative that embraces the concepts of self-realization, impermanence, and the interconnectedness of all beings.Philosophers have.dubbed Hannah Arendt the "mother of modern political theory," a title that has appeared in numerous texts about her since the late 20th century. Arendt herself resisted the mother feeling that it didn't encapsulate her contributions to the broader traditions of existential and phenomenological philosophy as well as,"political thinker," the designation she preferred. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A/ designation, however B/ designation, however; C/ designation, however, D/ designation; however,During the development of calculus in the late 17th century, many mathematicians built on the foundations of earlier work on rates of change and accumulation, They were not the first to explore some of the most eminent figures of the earlier scientific revolution were also-influenced by ancient mathematicians. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Af these mathematical concepts of change, however B/ these mathematical concepts of change, however, C/ these mathematical concepts of change, however; D/ these mathematical concepts of change; however,In 1887, renowned botanist George Washington Carver began his research at the Tuskegee Institute, focusing on agricultural problems critical to the southern United States. Carver's subsequent career would involve more than just as a visionary agricultural scientist, Carver would develop crop rotation methods that enriched the depleted soils. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A/ plant cultivation, though: B/ plant cultivation, though, C/ plant cultivation. Though, D/ plant cultivation thoughist Dr. Emma Green is thrilled by the presented by the new high-resolution imaging spectrometer for plant research, Unlike traditional photography, this spectrometer can responses emit subtle spectra s the spectrometer can provide Dr. Green and her colleagues with much more detailed information about plant health than conventional methods could. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A. for instance, B. in contrast, C. hence, D. alternatively;During a survey, individuals were prompted to name plants they perceived as "iconic," which was defined as "noteworthy, memorable, or emblematic." Botanists aggregated the entries into a unified catalog and discovered that the rose and the oak both were among the most mentioned. no plant was mentioned more often than the orchid. Which choice completes the text with the most logical-transition? . Therefore, ). In other words, D. Nevertheless, A. For example, BWith their particular resistance to electrical current, the materials germanium and silicon may seem similar in their semiconductor properties. Dr. Ayesha Khan and other physicists, can determine by examining the band gap that germanium is.a better conductor at room temperature, while silicon is preferred for high-temperature applications. Which choice completes the text. with the most logical-transition? A. in addition, B. therefore, C. for example, D. though,In 1988, physicists first identified the process of nuclear fission in uranium, which they knew was achievable in the laboratory—and, they assumed, only in controlled experimental conditions. physicists know that nuclear fission can also occur naturally, as in the natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo in Gabon; but this discovery wasn’t made until decades later. Which choice completes the text. with the most logicaltransition? A. Today, B. For instance, C. In other words, D. Thus,While researching a topie, a student has taken the following notes: +8 geological formations, many sediment layers are uniquely pliable yet stable. + A research team led by-Dr. Elena Petrova wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these stratigraphic properties: + Petrova's team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of sediment layers into earth-like structures. + The researchers analyzed the points where layers overlapped one another. + When foree wais applied to the model earth layers, the-number of contact points between the layers increased, making thé structures more rigid. The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses'relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? AM Petrova's team wanted to better understand the mechanies behind sediment layets’ uniquely pliable yet stable stratigraphic. properties. BY‘The researchers used Jaboratory models that. simulated the arrangement of sediment layers and analyzed the points where layers overlapped one another; C/ After analyzing the points where layers overlapped, the researchers found that the structures became moré rigid when force was applied. D/ As analyzed by Petrova’s teamysediment layers are uniquely pliable yet stable geological formations.While Sarah Marquis undoubtedly achieved.a great deal by walking 16,000 kilometers across Asia, Siberia, and Australia, it's undeniable that, when it comes to creating a historical legacy, there is perhaps .no more potent method. than being a pioneer in a particular field} An excellent illustration of this is the enduring memory of Anésia Pinheiro Machado, who not only holds the distinction of being Brazil's inaugural female pilot to carry passengers but also the first to. execute daring aerial feats. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise. word or phrasc? A. Prolific B. Portent C. Grandiose D. PerpetualWhile the Tehran Stock Exchange in Tehran, Iran, sees fewer companies trading their stocks compared to stock exchanges in London, Mumbai, or Tokyo, it possesses the advantage of centering its attention on local companies. As a result, it accurately mirrors the economic conditions within Iran. This ability to respond to the specific and rapidly changing local context is advantageous for both the companies and the investors involved. Subversive Stringent Exclusive . Imperious Saw>Some robots such as Surena (developed in 2008) and COMAN (developed:in 2012) feature humanoid characteristics like bipedal locomotion so that people will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to «---++--+-++ feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley; meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsetitles those who encounter it. A. Constrict B. Repudiate C. Vindicate D. ElicitThe Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, Indonesia, is a massive mosque that can accommodate approximately 200,000 people at once, making it an sight to behold, A. Comforting B. Imposing C. Immortal D. IngeniousGalaxies (cosmic structures composed of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter) are an intriguing subject of study, particularly with regard to their formation and evolution processes. However, these processes can be obscured by interstellar dust and gas that absorb and scatter light. In a research paper, Dr. Hina Khan and Dr. Jacob Turner from the International Space Observatory contend that utilizing radio wavelengths allows astronomers to penetrate these dense regions, revealing the underlying structures and dynamics of galaxies. Which finding from Khan and Turner's research, if true, would most directly support their claim? Al When observed, galaxies examined at radio wavelengths exhibited significantly more interstellar dust and gas but significantly less obscured structural detail and dynamic processes than those observed at optical wavelengths. BY Galaxies observed at radio wavelengths displayed significantly less obscuration by interstellar dust and gas, and when examined, these galaxies also showed a significant increase in visible structural detail and dynamic processes. C/ When the galaxies observed at radio wavelengths were analyzed, they were found to emit two types of radio emissions, synchrotron and thermal radiation, which are theorized to provide more comprehensive data on the star formation rates within the galaxies. D/ Both galaxies observed at radio and optical wavelengths exhibited significantly less obscuration by interstellar dust and gas after being processed with advanced image enhancement techniques.During the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, the Confederate general, Robert E. Lee, received reports that the Union forces were holding strong positions’on Cemétery Till. Before he ¢ould fully assess the situation, his orders for a full assault were carried out, leading to the disastrous Pickett's Charge. ‘The charge resulted in severe Confederate losses and is often considered a turning point in the Civil War. As a direct consequence of this pivotal battle, the tactics of frontal assaults against fortified positions, which had been commonplace, were reconsidered. Military strategists of the latter half of the 19th century would thereafter rely on more comprehensive battlefield reconnaissance and strategy. Which one-of'the following statements can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) Battles fought before 1863 were executed without comprehensive veconnaissance, and therefore, were hazardous and often disastrous for the attacking forces. (B) Lee's presence on the battlefield was critical to the outcome of Pickctt's Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg. (©) Civil War generals relied on direct assaults because alternative military strategies were not well developed or understood at the time. (D) Prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, the military strategy utilized was not sufficient to consistently assure the success of assaults against fortified positions.‘Text 1 Despite its eompelling narrative, Shelby Foote's "Phe Civil War: Narrative," an analysis of the American Civil War, huis certain shortcomings as a work of historical scholarship. Itjoverlooks the diplomatic maneuvers in Europe during the war, thereby suggesting that the Confederacy was the conflict’s main agitator. Had Foote taken into account the research available'to him by historians such as James McPherson; he would not have missed the impaet of European diplomacy on the Confederacy’s strategy. Text 2 Shelby Foote's "The Civil Wai Narrative" offers an engaging if outdated perspective on the American Civil War. Foote's examination of primary sources is commendable, but,his overarching claim that the conflict was inevitable due to inflexible military strategies formulated beforehand is questionably oversimplified. Which choice best deseribes a difference in how'the authors of Text 1 and Text’? view Shelby Foote's "The Civil War: A ‘Narrativi A)‘The author of Text 1 argues that Foote should have consulted more historical analyses, while the author of Text 2 suggests that Foote’s most valuable insights come from his own primary research. B) The author of Text 1 believes:that the limited range of Foote’s research led him to'@ flawed conclusion, while the author of Text 2 believes that Foote's central thesis is too simplistic. C) The author of Text 1 maintains that the engaging writing style of "The Civil War: A Narrative" renders it worth reading despite any perceived lack in Foote’s research, while the author of Text 2 concentrates solely on the problems with Foote’s interpretation of the war. D) The author of Text 1 posits that Foote would acknowledge the role of European diplomacy in the Civil War, while the author of Text 2 insists that Foote would argue that European influence was not as zigidly planned as other aspects of the war.Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia's love of short fiction began when she read a collection of Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and she would develop into a prolific short story writer herself, publishing pieces like "Ahuizotl" (2015) and "Water" (2007). Yet she's best known as novelist, in part due to her-------- Gothic (2020) earning a spot on the New York Times Best Sellers list. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A. novel (Mexican B. novel Mexican C. novel: Mexican D. novel, MexicanWhile researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: + One of the most comprehensive cartographic collections was housed in the Great Map Room of Lisbon, Portugal + It was established in the sixteenth century with the objective of charting-all known geographies. + Cartographers at the Great Map Room compiled nautical and terrestrial maps from expeditions around the world and cataloged them. + Collections included maps based on the explorations of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama and the Italian explorer Mareo Polo. + 'The Great Map Room employed advanced printing techniques of the time to reproduce maps for navigation and education. The student wants to explain how the Great Map Room contributed to the preservation of geographical knowledge. Which choieé most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? AV The Great Map Room was renowned for assembling cartographic information from global expeditions, including those of Vasco'’da Gama and Marco Polo. By Established in Poitugal in the sixteenth centu the Great Map'Room gathered many'cartographers for the purpose of mapping. C/ Maps based on the journeys of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama and the Italian explorer Marco Polo were cataloged in the Great, Map Room D/ The Great Map Room compiled maps from around the world and utilized advanced printing techniques to reproduce these maps for wider dissemination.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * "Historica Mundi" is a digital repository managed by the Historical Society of Britannia. * "Historica Mundi" translates to "World History" in Latin. + It contains digitized versions of historical documents pertinent to the ancient history of Britain, + It houses a manuscript (codex in Latin) detailing Roman-Britain interactions. + Tt showcases a charter (diploma in Latin) issued by Queen Elizabeth I. The student wants to specify the manuscript’s name in Latin, Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? A. The "Historica Mundi" repository contains historical documents, such as a manuscript'and a charter, that aré significant to Britain's ancient history. B. The manuscript, which is part of the "Historica Mundi" digital collection, is referred to as a codex in Latin. orica Mundi," which translates to "World ry” in Latin, features a manuscript in its collection. 1D. The term for the digital repository "Historica Mundi" is "World History" in Latin.