Results Table 1.

Localization Difference in different Body parts Tested Body Part Ear Right side of the Neck Forearm (Posterior ) Forearm (Anterior) Leg Palm Chin Chest Localization Difference 0.5cm 2.2cm 0.5cm 2.0cm 1.4cm 0.6cm 0.5 1.0cm

Touch localization is the ability to determine where exactly the skin has been touched. Localization varies on different body parts depending on the density and distribution of the receptors. Those areas with higher concentrations of touch receptors are more accurate in pinpointing the spot stimulated. Table 1 shows that there is a small localization difference in areas like the ear, arm, palm and chin. This means that these areas are more concentrated with touch receptors. However, the degree of pressure applied by the stimulus (pen) can also affect tactile localization. A higher pressure exerted in the skin causes more receptors to be activated making the subject pinpoint the stimulated part more accurately. Table 2. Time of perception in relation with the number of coins added in the forearm No. Of Coins 1 2 4 Time of Perception (seconds) 5.96s 4.79s 2.98s

Table 2 shows that as the number of coins increased, the time of perception decreased. This result is an evidence of the adaptation of sensory receptors. Meissners corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles are the touch receptors for light touch stimuli and deep pressures stimuli respectively. Both light touch and deep pressure are fast-adapting senses. The bulb of connective tissue is involved with adaption. When deformation of these receptors first occurs, there is a burst of electrical activity. If the stimulus is sustained, the bulb then mechanically adjusts to it, and allows the sensory nerve to repolarize. The effect is loss of sensation. As soon as the pattern of deformation changes, the neuron immediately depolarizes again. The overall effect is to increase sensitivity to changes in the pattern of physical contact with the environment.

Table 3. Sensation observed in different water temperature Water Temperature Ice water 45C water Sensation beginning of 2 mins Painfully cold Painfully hot Sensation at the end of 2 mins Much more painful Tolerable

Thermal stimuli are detected by free nerve ending thermoreceptors sensitive to heat or cold. Just like the touch receptors, these receptors also have the capability to adapt. The temperature receptors are intensely stimulated in sudden temperature changes. As shown in Table 3, the subjects hand immersed in warm water adapted to the temperature of the water. At first the subject complained that the water was very hot, however, as the subjects hand stayed longer in the beaker, he felt that the water became tolerable. In the case of the ice water, the subjects hand felt much more pain after two minutes. This situation could be due to the icewaters set up. The set ups temperature was too low because too much ice was added to the water. Instead of adapting, the subjects hand immersed in the ice water was not able to tolerate the temperature. This happening is evidence that there is no 100% adaptation due to the receptors ability to sense both the sudden changes and constant situations. Both extreme hot and cold are harmful for the body. The fact that the adaptation is limited is a good thing for basic survival.

Table 4. Watch Tick Test Distance from ear to point where subject can not hear 2cm 6cm Distance where subject can hear again 2.5cm 5.5cm Difference

Right ear Left ear

0.5cm 0.5cm

Table 4 shown above, the subject was able to hear the tick of the watch farther in his left ear than in his right ear. This means that the left ear of the subject is dominant. A person has a dominant lobe of the brain and this dominant lobe of the brain gives stronger funct io n on the opposite side of the body than the other side. In this case, the subject has a dominant right lobe brain. It was important that the other ear was plugged wit h cotton balls and eyes were closed so that the subject could concentrate with the t ick of the watch.

Table 5. Visual Tests Vision Test Binocular Vision and Space Perception Test Observations When the right eye was covered, the coin seemed to be in the right side of the nose. When the left eye was covered, the coin seemed to be in the left side of the nose. The correct set of letters in line 8 = DEFPOTEC When the right eye was closed, 7 out of 8 was correct ( O became C) When the left eye was closed, 7 out of 8 was correct (P became T) The correct set of letters in line 9 = LEFODPCT When the right eye was closed, 3 out of 8 was correct (O,D,P,C,T became D,S,T,O,Z respectively) When the left eye was closed, 4 out of 8 was correct (O,D,P,C became R,F,D,E respectively)

Visual Acuity

Visual acuity is a measure of the resolving power of the eye, its ability to distinguish letters and numbers at a given distance. This may be thought of as the ability of the eye to see fine detail. In the subjects case, the acuity of both of his eyes are in good conditions but since the right eye can read more letters than the left in line 9 of the chart, it can be inferred that his left eye has a higher acuity than right eye.