Thomas Dean Present Subjunctive y A subjunctive is a type of mood, along with imperative and indicative o Expresses either potential

or doubt  May I go? - the speaker is not entirely sure that it will happen  May the force be with you o 4 types of subjunctives, but we are only worrying about the first one  Present  Imperfect  Perfect  Pluperfect

N.B. - There is neither a future nor future perfect tense in subjunctive mood because doubt or potential is implied in both future and future perfect tenses. y Present Subjunctive o Present stem + vowel change + ending  1st conjugation a becomes e - portamus = portemus  2nd conjugation e becomes ea  3rd conjugation e becomes a  3rd io and 4th conjugation i becomes ia

*It may help to remember this mnemonic y

We beat a liar

Uses in an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE o Optative (a Latin word!) Subjunctive  To express a wish y Ita me di iuvent! (So may the gods help me!) o Potential Subjunctive  To express a possibility y Ita laudem invenias (so you may or will win praise) ortatory (another Latin word!) Subjunctive o  To express an encouragement or urgent appeal  This only really is used in first person plural of the present tense y Desperemus (Let us despair) y The negative is ne y Ne desperemus (Let us not despair) o Jussive Subjunctive  To express a mild command  Usually occurs in third person singular or plural of present tense, but sometimes it occurs in second person

y Pugnent improbi (Let the scoundrels fight) y Digne vivas (Live deservedly) o Deliberative Subjunctive  To express a doubt as a rhetorical question y Quid dicam? (What am I to say?) y The negative is non y Quid non dicam? (What am I not to say?) o Prohibitive Subjunctive  To express a negative command  Usually in second and third persons singular and plural, introduced by ne, cave, or cave ne  negative jussive subjunctive y Ne repugnetis (Do not resist) Uses in a DEPENDENT CLAUSE o Purpose Clauses  Introduced by ut (in order that) and ne (lest) with a subjunctive verb, conveying the purpose of the main verb  Omnes acriter pugnant ut patriam servent (All fight hard to save their country) o Result Clauses  Introduced by ut and ut non (so that not)  Includes adverbs like tam, ita, sic, adeo (so)  Includes adjectives like tantus (so great), tot (so many), and talis (such a)  Iuppiter tam iratus est ut ultionem velit (Jupiter is so angry that he wants revenge) o Causal Clauses  Introduced with cum, meaning since  Quae cum ita sint (Since this is so) o Adversative and Concessive Clauses  States something that is true in spite of something else  Introduced by cum (this time it means although! )  Followed by tamen (nevertheless) *tamen ultimately makes cum mean although  Cum magistram meam amem, tamen eam timeo. (Although I love my teacher, I fear her) o Indirect Questions  Used by Cicero frequently!  Quo me vertam nescio. (I don t know where I should turn.) y The question is: Where should I turn?

The Present Subjunctive is a very important concept and isn t as tedious as it seems once you get the hang of it!