HNG DN S DNG SPSS

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BI 1: Tng quan ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1
Cc ca s trong SPSS ................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Thanh menu {Menu} ........................................................................................................ 2
1.3
Thanh cng c {Toolbars} ................................................................................................ 3
1.4
Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}........................................................................................... 3
1.5
Hp thoi {Dialogue box} .................................................................................................. 3
1.5.1 Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi .............................................. 4
1.5.2 Cc nt trong hp thoi ................................................................................................. 5
1.5.3 Hp thoi ph ............................................................................................................... 6
1.5.4 La chn bin ............................................................................................................. 6
BI : M Cc tp tin d liu ................................................................................................. 9
2.1
Khi ng SPSS ............................................................................................................. 9
2.2
M mt file ..................................................................................................................... 10
BI 3: Ca s Data Editor.................................................................................................... 13
3.1
Data View ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.2
Variable View ................................................................................................................. 14
3.2.1 Tn bin .................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.2 Cc thang o ............................................................................................................. 16
3.2.3 Loi bin .................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.4 Nhn bin {Variable Labels} ....................................................................................... 17
3.2.5 Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels} .......................................................................... 17
3.2.6 Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value} ......................................................................... 18
3.3
Nhp d liu ................................................................................................................. 20
3.4
Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View ...................................................................... 22
3.4.1 Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu .............................................................. 22
3.4.2 Chn thm cc i t-ng mi ......................................................................................... 23
3.4.3 Chn mt bin mi ...................................................................................................... 23
3.4.4 Thay i loi d liu ................................................................................................. 24
3.5
Tnh trng lc i t-ng trong Data Editor ....................................................................... 24
Bi : Cc php bin i d liu .......................................................................................
4.1
Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable} ............................................................................... 26
4.1.1 Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases .......................................................................... 27
4.1.2 Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable ............................ 28
4.2
m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i t-ng ...................................................... 28
4.3
M ho li d liu ............................................................................................................ 30
4.3.1 M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi) ....................... 30
4.3.2 M ho thnh bin khc .............................................................................................. 32
Bi : iu khin file v bin i file ................................................................................ 3
5.1
Sp xp cc i t-ng.................................................................................................... 35
5.2
Chn cc i t-ng {Select Cases} .................................................................................. 36
5.2.1 Select Cases: If ......................................................................................................... 38
5.2.2 Select Cases: Random Sample ................................................................................. 38
5.2.3 Select Cases: Range ................................................................................................. 39
Bi : Lm vic vi kt xut ................................................................................................ 1
6.1
Ca s Viewer .............................................................................................................. 41
6.1.1 Th hin v du cc kt qu .................................................................................... 42
6.1.2 Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu ............................................................... 43
Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s} ................................................................................................
7.1
Kt xut mu ................................................................................................................ 45
7.2
thu -c cc tn s v cc thng k............................................................................ 47
7.2.1 Frequencies Statistics................................................................................................ 48
7.2.2 Frequencies Charts ................................................................................................... 49
Bi >: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}........................................................................................ 1
8.1
Thao tc i vi mt bng tr .......................................................................................... 51
8.2
Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}.................................................................................... 55

Bi 1: Tng quan

SPSS for Windows cung cp mt h thng qun l d liu v phn tch thng
k trong mt mi tr-ng ho, s dng cc trnh n m t {menu} v cc hp
thoi {dialogue box} n gin thc hin hu ht cc cng vic cho bn.
Phn ln cc nhim v c th -c hon thnh ch bng cch r v nhp chut.
Bn cnh giao din r-nhp chut phn tch thng k, SPSS for Windows
cung cp:
Data Editor {Ca s Hiu nh d liu}.

Mt h thng dng bng tnh {worksheet}

uyn chuyn nh ngha, nhp, hiu nh, v th hin d liu.
Ca s Viewer cho php d dng duyt cc kt qu ca
bn, th hin v che giu c th chn lc cc kt xut {output}, thay i trt t
ca cc kt qu, v di chuyn cc bng v th gia SPSS for Windows v
cc trnh ng dng khc

Viewer {Ca s Viewer}.

Cc kt qu ca bn s sinh ng vi
cc bng tr a chiu. Khm ph cc bng ca bn bng cch b tr li cc hng,
cc ct, v cc trang/lp {layer}. Bc l cc pht hin quan trng c th b mt
trong cc bo co tiu chun. So snh cc nhm d dng bng cch chia tch
bng ca bn sao cho mi ln ch c mt nhm -c th hin.
Multidimemtion pivot table {Bng tr a chiu}.

High-revolution graphics { th c phn gii/ nt cao}.

Cc biu hnh trn,

th ct, biu tn sut, th phn tn c phn gii cao, mu sc
sng ng, cc th ba chiu, v hn th na -c bao gm nh- l cc tnh
nng chun trong SPSS.

Database access {Truy cp d liu}.

Truy cp d liu t cc c s d liu bng cch

s dng trnh ch dn Database Wizard thay v cc truy vn SQL phc tp.
Data transformation {Bin i d liu}.

Tnh nng bin i d liu gip bn c

-c d liu sn sng cho cc b-c phn tch. Bn c th d dng nhm, b
sung, tng hp, trn, chia v chuyn i file, v hn th na.

1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS

C mt s loi ca s khc nhau trong SPSS:
Data Editor.

Ca s ny th hin ni dung ca file d liu. Bn c th lp mt

file d liu mi hoc hiu chnh thay i mt file c sn vi ca s Data

Editor. Ca s Data Editor t ng m ra khi bn kch hot/khi ng SPSS.

Bn ch c th mt file d liu ti mt thi im m thi (khng th m hn
mt file d liu vo cng mt thi im).
Viewer.

Mi kt qu thng k, bng, biu -c th hin trong ca s Viewer.

Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v l-u n s dng sau ny. Mt ca s
Viewer t ng m ra khi bn chy mt th tc u tin to nn kt xut.
Draft Viewer.

Bn c th trnh by kt xut nh- l cc vn bn bnh th-ng (thay

v cc bng tr) trong ca s Draft Viewer.
Pivot Table Editor.

Kt xut -c trnh by trong cc bng tr c th -c chnh

sa bng nhiu cch vi ca s Pivot Table Editor. Bn c th hiu nh on
vn bn, chuyn i d liu gia hng v ct, b sung mu, to cc bng a
chiu v n hoc hin th mt cch c chn lc cc kt qu.
Chart Editor.

Bn c th chnh sa cc th cht l-ng cao trong cc ca s

chart editor. Bn c th thay i mu, chn loi phng hoc c ch, chuyn
i trc tung vi trc honh, xoay cc th ba chiu, v thm ch thay c loi
th.
Text Output Editor.

Cc kt xut dng vn bn khng -c th hin trong cc bng

tr c th -c chnh sa vi ca s Text Output Editor. Bn c th hiu nh
kt xut v thay cc thuc tnh ca phng ch (dng, loi, mu, c).
Syntax Editor.

Bn c th dn cc la chn trong cc hp thoi vo mt ca s

syntax, ni m cc la chn ca bn xut hin d-i dng cc c php lnh. Bn c
th hiu nh cc c php lnh tn dng cc c tnh c bit ca
SPSS khng c sn trong cc hp thoi. Bn cng c th l-u cc m lnh ny
trong mt file s dng cho nhng cng vic tip theo ca SPSS.
Script Editor.

K thut t ng OLE cho php bn tu bin v t ng ho nhiu

nhim v trong SPSS. S dng ca s Script Editor lp v hiu nh cc
trnh nh c bn.

1.2 Thanh menu {Menu}

Pt nhiu nhim v bn mun tin hnh vi SPSS bt u vi vic la chn
cc menu {trnh n}. Tng ca s trong SPSS c cc menu ring ca n vi cc
la chn menu thch hp cho loi ca s .
Hai menu Analysis v Graphs l c sn i vi mi loi ca s, lm cho vic to
cc kt xut mi rt nhanh chng m khng phi chuyn i gia cc ca s.

1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars}

Tng ca s SPSS c cc thanh cng c ring ca n cho php truy cp nhanh
n cc nhim v thng dng. C mt s ca s c hn mt thanh cng c.
Hnh 1-2: Thanh cng c vi tr gip ch dn cng c {ToolTip Help}

1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}

Thanh tnh trng {status bar} nm y ca tng ca s SPSS cung cp cc
thng tin d-i y:
Command status {Tnh trng lnh}.

i vi tng lnh hoc th tc m bn chy, mt

s m cc i t-ng/tr-ng hp {case} ch ra s l-ng cc i t-ng -c x l.
i vi cc th tc i hi phi x l lp, s ln lp -c th hin.
Filter status {Tnh trng lc}.

Nu bn chn mt mu ngu nhin hoc mt tp hp

ph cc i t-ng phn tch, thng tin Filter on ch ra rng mt vi nhm
i t-ng no ang -c lc v khng phi mi i t-ng trong tp tin d liu
-c -a vo phn tch.
Weight status {Tnh trng gia quyn}.

Thng tin Weight on ch ra rng mt bin gia

quyn ang -c s dng gia quyn cc i t-ng cho phn tch.
Split status {Tnh trng chia tch}.

Thng tin Split on ch ra rng file d liu ang

-c chia tch thnh mt s nhm phn tch, -c da vo cc tr s ca
mt hoc mt s bin lp nhm/phn t.

1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box}

Hu ht cc la chn menu m ra cc hp thoi. Bn s dng hp thoi la
chn cc bin v cc tu chn cho phn tch
Tng hp thoi chnh cho cc th tc thng k v th c mt s cc b phn
c bn
Danh sch bin ngun.

Mt danh sch cc bin trong file d liu lm vic. Ch c

cc loi bin -c php bi cc th tc -c chn mi -c th hin trong danh
sch ngun. Vic ding cc bin chui dng ngn hay di b hn ch bi rt
nhiu th tc.

Danh sch (hoc cc danh sch) bin ch.

Mt hoc mt vi danh sch th hin

cc bin bn va chn cho phn tch, chng hn nh- danh sch bin c lp
v ph thuc.
Nt n iu khin {Command pushbutton}.

Cc nt ch dn ch-ng trnh thc hin

mt tc v, chng hn nh- chy mt th tc, th hin phn thng tin Tr gip,
hoc m ra mt hp thoi con tin hnh cc la chn c th b sung.
c -c thng tin v cc nt iu khin trong mt hp thoi, nhp chut phi
ln nt .
Hnh 1-5: Cc b phn iu khin hp thoi


 



 


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1..1Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi

Bn c th th hin hoc l tn bin hoc l nhn bin trong danh sch ca
hp thoi. Do tn bin b hn ch bi 8 k t, nhn bin th-ng cung cp nhiu
thng tin m t bin hn.

iu khin s th hin tn bin hay nhn bin trong danh sch ca hp

thoi, trong Options trong menu Edit bt k loi ca s no ca SPSS.

nh ngha hoc chnh sa nhn bin, hy nhp p tn bin trong

ca s Data Editor v sau nhp Labels.

i vi d liu nhp t cc ngun c s d liu, tn cc tr-ng -c s dng

lm nhn bin.

i vi nhn bin qu di, ch con tr ln nhn trong danh sch xem ton
b nhn bin .

 Nu khng c nhn bin no -c xc nh th tn bin s -c th hin.

Hnh 1-6: Cc nhn bin -c th hin trong mt hp thoi

1..Cc nt trong hp thoi

C 5 nt nhn tiu chun trong hu ht cc hp thoi:

OK.

Chy th tc. Sau khi bn chn cc bin nghin cu v chn bt k cc

tu chn b sung no, nhp OK chy th tc. iu ny cng ng thi
ng hp thoi li.

Paste.

Peset.

B chn bt k bin no trong danh sch cc bin -c chn v thit

lp mc nh cho mi tu chn trong hp thoi v bt k hp thoi ph
no.

Cancel .

To c php cu lnh t cc la chn trong hp thoi v dn c php

vo mt ca s c php. Sau bn c tu bin cc cu lnh vi cc c
tnh b sung khng c sn trong hp thoi.

Xo b bt k thay i no trong thit lp hp thoi k t ln cui

n -c m ra v ng hp thoi li. Trong mi ln lm vic vi SPSS cc

thit lp trong hp thoi l lun tn ti cho n khi bn thot khi SPSS. Mt

hp thoi duy tr mi thit lp m bn chn cho n khi bn thit lp li. .

Help .

Nm ny cho bn ca s tr gip dng chun ca hng Microsoft bao

gm cc thng tin v hp thoi hin ti. Bn cng c th nhn -c cc tr
gip trong cc nm iu khin ring trong tng hp thoi bng cch nhp
chut phi ln n.

1..3 Hp thoi ph
Do hu ht cc th tc u cung cp mt s uyn chuyn ln, khng phi mi
la chn u c th -c bao hm ch trong mt hp thoi. Hp thoi chnh
bao gm cc thng tin ti thiu i hi chy mt th tc. Cc thit lp b
sung -c thc hin trong cc hp thoi ph.
Trong hp thoi chnh, nm nhn vi ba du chm ( ) ng sau tn ca n
ch ra rng mt hp thoi ph s -c xut hin nu bn nhn chut vo n.
1..La chn bin
la chn mt bin, bn ch n gin nhp chut vo n trong danh sch cc
bin ngun v nhp nm mi tn phi nm bn cnh danh sch cc bin ngun.
Nu ch c mt danh sch cc bin ngun, bn c th nhp p cc bin n
chuyn chng t danh sch ngun sang danh sch ti.
Bn c th chn nhiu bin mt lc:

chn nhiu bin nm k nhau lin tc trong danh sch cc bin ngun,
nhp vo bin u tin v gi phm Shift v nhp vo bin cui cng.

chn cc bin khng nm k nhau lin tc (nm cch qung) trong danh
sch cc bin ngun, hy s dng ph-ng php nhp+Ctrl. Chn bin u
tin, sau gi phm Ctrl v nhp bin tip theo, v c th tip tc cho
n bin cui cng.

chn mi bin trong danh sch, nhn Ctrl+A

Hnh 1-7: La chn nhiu bin vi k thut Shif t cng vi nhp chut

Hnh 1-8: Chn nhiu bin k tip nhau vi k thut Ctrl cng vi nhp chut

c -c thng tin v mt bin trong mt danh sch trong mt hp thoi

M Nhp chut tri ln mt bin trong mt danh sch chn n

M Nhp chut phi bt k ni no trong danh sch
M Chn Variable Information trong menu pop-up
Hnh 1-9: Xem thng tin v bin dng phm chut phi

 nhn -c thng tin v nm iu khin trong hp thoi

M Nhp chut tri ln nm bn mun bit
M Chn What s This? Trong menu pop-up.
Mt ca s pop-up th hin thng tin v nm iu khin.
Hnh 1-10: Tr gip dng What s This?pop-up bng cch nhp phm ph i
chut

Bi : M Cc tp tin d liu

Cc file d liu c cc nh dng khc nhau, v phn mm ny -c thit k

qun l chng, bao gm:

Cc bng tnh worksheet -c lp trong Execl hoc Lotus

C s d liu -c lp d-i nh dng dBASE v SQL
Cc file dng text ASCII vi kiu Tab-deliminated
Cc file trong nh dng SPSS -c lp trong cc h iu hnh khc
Cc file d liu SYSTAT
2.1 Khi ng SPSS

Trn mn hnh desktop ca Widows nhp vop biu t-ng

Hoc m phm Start, All programs, SPSS for WIndows, SPSS 12.0.1 for Windows

S xut hin ca s SPSS Data Editor v mt hp thoi nh- sau:

 Pun the tutorial:

Chy ch-ng trnh

tr gip
Type in data:

Nhp d liu mi

Pun an existing query:

Chy mt truy

vn d liu c sn
Create new query using Database

Lp mt truy vn d liu s
dng Database Wizard
Wizard:

Open an existing data source:

M file

d liu c sn
(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut hin
mt ln khi bn khi ng SPSS)

2.2 M mt file

Nu c sn mt file d liu, bn c th m n bng la chn Open an

existing data source

v nhp vo More Files;

Nu ang trong ca s SPSS Data Editor:

T thanh menu chn
File
Open
Data"

M Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

M Nhp Open
Bn cnh cc file -c l-u d-i nh dng ca SPSS, bn c th m cc file c
nh dng ca Excel, Lotus, dBASE, tab-deliminated m khng cn phi
chuyn i chng sang mt nh dng trung gian hoc nhp cc thng tin
nh ngha d liu

m mt tp tin {file} Excel

Ti ca s SPSS Data Editor, t thanh menu chn

File

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Open
Data"

M Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

M Nhp Open
M Trong hp thoi Open File, chn nni l-u gi file (Look in); chn loi file (Files of type)
v sau chn tn file (File name)

Hp thoi Opening Excel Data Source xut hin

Hy chn Worksheet m bn nh m (i vi file c nhiu hn mt worksheet).

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Bi 3: Ca s Data Editor

Ca s Data Editor cung cp mt ph-ng php ging nh- bng tnh, thun tin
lp v hiu nh cc file d liu. Ca s Data Editor t ng m khi bn
bt u khi ng SPSS.
Ca s Data Editor cung cp hai loi bng xem d liu:
Data view .

Th hin tr s d liu thc hoc cc nhn tr s -c xc nh

Variable view.

Th hin cc thng tin nh ngha v bin, bao gm cc nhn

bin v nhn tr s bin -c xc nh, loi d liu (v d nh- dng chui, dng
ngy thng, v dng s), thang o (nh danh, nh hng, hoc t l), v cc
tr s khuyt thiu do ng-i
Trong c hai bng, bn c th b sung, v xo cc thng tin -c l-u cha trong
file d liu.

3.1 Data View

Hnh 5-1: Data view

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Pt nhiu thuc tnh ca Data View cng ging nh- nhng g -c tm thy
trong cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, (v d nh- Excel). Tuy nhin cng c
mt s s khc bit quan trng:

Cc hng l cc bn ghi/i t-ng/tr-ng hp {case}. Tng hng a din cho

mt i t-ng hoc mt quan st. V d tng ng-i tr li i vi mt bng
hi/phiu iu tra l mt i t-ng.

Cc ct l cc bin. Tng ct i din cho mt bin hoc thuc tnh -c

o c. V d tng mc trong mt bng hi l mt bin.

Cc cha cc tr s. Tng cha mt tr s ca mt bin cho mt i

t-ng. l s kt hp ca i t-ng v bin. Cc ch cha cc tr s bin.
Khng ging nh- cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, cc trong Data Editor
khng th cha ng cc cng thc.

File d liu c hnh ch nht. Hai h-ng ca file d liu -c xc nh bi s

l-ng cc i t-ng v s l-ng cc bin. Bn c th nhp d liu trong bt k
no. Nu bn nhp d liu vo mt nm bn ngoi cc -ng bin ca
file d liu -c xc nh, hnh ch nht d liu s -c m rng bao
gm bt k mi hng v mi ct nm gia v cc -ng bin ca file.
Khng c cc trng rng trong cc -ng bin ca file d liu. i vi cc
bin dng s, cc rng -c chuyn thnh tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
i vi cc bin dng chui, mt du cch vn -c coi l mt tr s.

3.2 Variable View

Hnh 5-2: Ca s Variable View

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Bng Variable View cha ng cc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca tng bin
trong file d liu. Trong mt bng Data view:

Cc hng l cc bin.
Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin
Bn c th b sung hoc xo cc bin v thay i thuc tnh ca cc bin,
bao gm:

Tn bin {Name}
Loi d liu {Type}
S l-ng con s hoc ch {With}
S l-ng ch s thp phn {Decimals}
M t bin/nhn bin {Lable} v nhn tr s bin {Values}
Cc tr s khuyt thiu do ng-i s dng thit lp {Missing}
rng ca ct {Width}
Cn l {Align}
Thang o {Measure}

th

hin hoc nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca bin

M Lm cho ca s Data Editor tr thnh ca s hot ng

M Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View, hoc nhp
bng Variable View.
M nh ngha mt bin mi, nhp mt tn bin trong bt k hng rng
no
M Chn thuc tnh m bn mun nh ngha hoc hiu chnh.
3..1Tn bin
Cc qui tc d-i y -c p dng cho tn bin:

Tn phi bt u bng mt ch. Cc k t cn li c th l bt k ch no,

bt k s no, hoc cc biu t-ng nh- @, #, _, hoc $.

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 Tn bin khng -c kt thc bng mt du chm.

Trnh dng cc tn bin m kt thc vi mt du gch d-i cn ( trnh xung
t vi cc bin -c t ng lp bi mt vi th tc)

di ca tn bin khng v-t qu 8 k t.

Du cch v cc k t c bit (v d nh- !, ?, , v *) khng -c s dng
Tng tn bin phi n chic/duy nht; khng -c php trng lp. Khng
-c dng ch hoa t tn bin. Cc tn NEWVAP, NewVar, v newvar
-c xem l ging nhau.
3..Cc thang o

Bn c th xc nh thang o d-i dng t l (d liu dng s trn mt thang

khong hoc thang o t l), th bc hoc nh danh. D liu nh
danh hoc th bc c th c dng chui (ch a, b, c ) hoc dng s.
3..3Loi bin
Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc nh, mi
bin mi -c gi s l dng s. Bn s dng Define Variable thay i loi d
liu. Ni dung ca hp thoi Variable Type ph thuc vo loi d liu -c thu
thp. i vi mt s loi d liu, c nhng cho rng v s thp phn (Xem
v d Hnh 5-4); i vi loi khc bn ch n gin chn mt nh dng t mt
danh sch cun (xem v d hnh 5.4b) cc loi d liu cho tr-c.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type

Cc loi d liu l dng s {numeric}, du phi {comma}, du chm. {dot}, ghi

ch khoa hc {Scientific notation}, ngy thng {Date}, -la {Dollar}, tin tu
bin {custom currency} v chui {string}.

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Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type vi dng d liu l ngy thng

nh ngha loi d liu

M Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

M Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Data Type.
3..Nhn bin {Variable Labels}
Do tn bin ch c th di 8 k t, cc nhn bin c th di n 256 k t, v
nhng nhn m t ny -c th hin trong cc kt xut.
3..Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}
Bn c th ch nh cc nhn m t i vi tng tr s ca bin. iu ny cc
k hu ch nu d liu ca bn s dng cc m dng s i din cho cc
nhm/t khng phi dng s (v d m 1 v 2 cho nam v n). Nh tr s ca
bin c th di n 60 k t. Nhn tr s ca bin khng c sn i vi cc
bin dng chui di (cc bin dng chui di hn 8 k t).
Hnh 5-5: Hp thoi Value Labels

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nh ngha nhn tr s ca d liu

M Nhp nm trong Values i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

M i vi tng tr s, nhp tr s v nhp mt nhn
M Nhp Add nhp nhn tr s.
3.. Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}
Missng Value nh ngha cc tr s nh- l khuyt thiu ca ng-i s
dng. Thng th-ng chng ta mun bit ti sao thng tin li b khuyt thiu.
V d bn c th phn bit gia tr s khuyt thiu do mt i t-ng iu tra
t chi tr li mt cu hi v tr s khuyt thiu do cu hi khng p dng
i vi ng-i ny. Cc tr s -c ch nh l khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng
-c nh du -c SPSS i x c bit trong hu ht cc tnh ton.

Bn c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt thiu ring bit, mt phm vi khong

cch tr s khuyt thiu hoc mt phm vi cng vi mt tr s khuyt thiu
ring bit.

Cc phm vi c th -c ch nh cho cc bin dng s

Bn khng th nh ngha tr s khuyt thiu cho cc bin dng chui di
(hn 8 k t)
Cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui.

Mi d liu dng chui, bao gm c

tr s rng, -c chuyn i thnh cc tr s bnh th-ng (khng phi l
khuyt thiu) tr phi bn nh ngha chng mt cch trc tip nh- l cc tr s
khuyt thiu. nh ngha tr s rng nh- l tr s khuyt thiu i vi
bin dng chui, hy nhp mt du cch vo mt trong nhng tr-ng i vi
Discrete missing values.
Hnh 5-6: Hp thoi Missing Values
18

nh ngha cc tr s khuyt thiu cho mt bin

M Nhp nm trong Missing i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

M Nhp cc tr s hay cc phm vi/khong i din cho tr s khuyt thiu.
p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Mt khi bn nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho mt bin, bn c th sao chp

mt hoc mt s thuc tnh v p dng chng cho mt hoc mt s bin khc.

p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

M Trong bng Variable View, chn hoc cc c thuc tnh -c nh

ngha m bn mun p dng cho cc bin khc
M T thanh menu chn
Edit
Copy

M Chn (hoc cc ) m bn mun p dng thuc tnh. Bn c th chn nhiu

bin.
M T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste

Nu bn sao chp thuc tnh cho cc hng rng, cc bin mi -c lp vi vi cc thuc

tnh mc nh cho tt c nh-ng khng phi mc nh cho nhng thuc tnh -c
chn.

19

3.3 Nhp d liu

Bn c th nhp d liu trc tip t bng Data View trong ca s Data Editor. Bn c
th nhp d liu theo bt k trt t no. Bn c th nhp d liu theo i t-ng hoc
theo bin, hoc theo khu vc -c chn, hoc theo tng

hot ng ( con tr) lun -c lm sng

Tn bin v s ca hng ca hot ng -c th hin gc cao bn tri
ca ca s Data Editor.

Khi bn chn mt v nhp mt tr s th n s -c th hin khoang

hiu nh d liu nm trn ca Data Editor

Cc tr s khng -c ghi cho n khi bn nhn Enter hoc chn khc

nhp bt k g khc mt d liu dng s, tr-c ht phi nh ngha loi
d liu.
Nu bn nhp mt tr s vo mt ct rng, Data Editor t ng to ra mt bin mi
v ch nh mt tn bin.
Hnh 5-7: File d liu lm vic trong Data View
!
"
#

9 

 

nhp d liu dng s

20




M Chn mt trong bng DataView

M Nhp tr s. Tr s ny -c th hin trong khoang hiu nh d liu nh
ca Data Editor
M Nhn Enter hoc chn mt khc ghi tr s ny.

nhp d liu khng phi dng s

M Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View hoc nhp

bng Variable View
M Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin ny
M Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Variable Type.
M Nhp OK
M Nhp p s ca hng hoc nhp bng Data View
M Nhp d liu trong hng i vi bin va mi -c nh ngha.

s dng nhn ca tr s khi nhp d liu

M Nu nhn tr s khng xut hin trong bng Data View, t thanh menu chn
View
Value Labels

M Nhp ln m trong bn mun nhp tr s

M Chn mt nhn tr s t danh sch m xung
Tr s -c nhp vo v nhn tr s -c th hin trong .
Ch : iu ny ch lm vic nu bn nh ngha nhn tr s ca bin.
Cc gii hn v tr s ca d liu

Loi bin v rng ca d liu -c thit lp s qui nh loi d liu c th

nhp vo trong Data View.

Nu bn g mt k t khng -c chp nhn bi loi bin, Data Editor s pht

ra ting ku bp v khng nhp k t vo.

Vi cc bin dng chui, cc k t nm ngoi rng -c nh ngha s

khng -c chp nhn.

21

 Vi cc bin dng s, cc tr s nguyn v-t qu rng vn c th -c nhp

vo, nh-ng Data Editor th hin hoc l ch gii khoa hc hoc l cc du
hoa th trong ch ra rng tr s ny rng hn rng -c nh
ngha. th hin tr s trong , thay i rng ca bin. (Ch :
Thay i rang ca ct khng nh h-ng n rng ca bin.)

3.4 Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View

Vi Data Editor, bn c th hiu nh tr s ca d liu trong bng Data View
theo nhiu cch. Bn c th:

Thay i tr s ca d liu

Ct, sao chp, v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Thm vo hoc xo cc i t-ng
Thm vo hoc xo cc bin
Thay i trt t ca cc bin

thay th hoc hiu nh mt tr s ca d liu

xo tr s c v nhp mt tr s mi:
M Trong bng Data View, nhp p vo . Tr s -c th hin trong khoang
hiu nh d liu.
M Hiu nh tr s trc tip t hoc trong khoang hiu nh d liu.
M Nhn Enter (hoc chuyn sang khc) ghi tr s mi.
3..1Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu
Bn c th ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca tng hoc mt nhm cc tr
s trong Data Editor. Bn c th:

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt khc.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt nhm cc .
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt i t-ng sang cho mt nhm cc
i t-ng.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt bin sang cho mt nhm cc bin.

22

 Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt nhm cc sang cho mt nhm cc

khc.
3..Chn thm cc i t-ng mi
Nhp d liu vo mt trong mt hng rng s t ng to ra mt i t-ng mi.
Data Editor s chn cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi mi bin khc cho i t-ng
. Nu c bt k hng rng no nm gia i t-ng mi v cc i t-ng c
sn, cc hng rng cng tr thnh cc i t-ng mi vi cc tr s khuyt
thiu h thng i vi mi bin.
Bn c th chn cc i t-ng mi vo gia cc i t-ng c sn.

chn mt i t-ng mi gia cc i t-ng c sn

M Trong Data View, chn bt k no trong i t-ng (hng) nm d-i v tr ni

m bn mun chn i t-ng mi.
M T thanh menu chn
Data
Insert Case

Mt hng mi -c chn vo v mi mi bin ca i t-ng mi ny u nhn

-c tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
3..3Chn mt bin mi
Nhp d liu vo mt ct rng trong bng Data View hoc trong mt hng rng
trong bng Variable View s t ng to ra mt bin mi vi mt tn bin mc
nh (tin t var v mt chui s tun t) v mt nh dng d liu mc
nh (dng s). Data Editor chn tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi i t-ng
i vi bin mi ny. Nu c bt k ct rng no trong bng Data View hoc
hng rng no trong bng Variable View gia bin mi v cc bin c sn,
th nhng ct ny (trong bng Data View) hoc hng ny (trong bng Variable
View) cng tr thnh bin mi vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi i
t-ng.

chn mt bin mi gia cc bin c sn

M Chn bt k no trong bin bn phi ca (bng Data View) hoc d-i (ca
bng Variable View) v tr m bn mun chn bin mi vo.
M T thanh menu chn
23

Data
Insert Variable

Mt hng mi -c chn vo vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi i

t-ng.

chuy n mt bin trong Data Editor

Nu bn mun t v tr bin gia hai bin c sn, hy chn mt bin vo

v tr ni bn mun di chuyn bin n
M i vi bin bn mun chuyn, nhp tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data
View hoc s hng trong bng Variable View. Ton b bin s -c lm ni
bt/t sng.
M T thanh menu chn
Edit
Cut

M Nhp vo tn bin (trong bng Data View) hoc s hng (trong bng Variable
View) ni bn mun di chuyn bin n. Ton b bin ny s -c m ni bt
M T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste

3..Thay i loi d liu

Bn c th thay i loi d liu cho mt bin bt k lc no c s dng hp
thoi Variable Type trong bng Variable View, v Data Editor s c gng chuyn
i cc tr s hin c sang loi mi. Nu khng th chuyn i -c th tr s
khuyt thiu h thng s -c ch nh. Cc qui tc chuyn i cng ging
nh- tr-ng hp dn tr s vo mt bin c nh dng khc. Nu s thay i
trong nh dng ca d liu c th gy ra cc c t ca tr s khuyt thiu
hoc nhn tr s, Data Editor th hin mt hp cnh bo v hi nu nh- bn
mun tip tc vi vic thay i hay hu b n.

3.5 Tnh trng lc i t-ng trong Data Editor

Hnh 5-9: Cc i t-ng -c lc trong Data Editor

24

Nu bn chn mt tp hp ph cc i t-ng nh-ng khng loi b nhng i t-ng

khng -c chn, nhng i t-ng khng -c chn -c nh du trong Data
Editor vi mt on thng nm cho trong cc s hng.

25

Bi : Cc php bin i d liu

Trong mt tr-ng hp l t-ng, d liu ban u (th) ca bn l thch hp hon

ton cho loi phn tch m bn mun tin hnh, v mi quan h gia cc bin
l hoc tuyn tnh mt cch thch hp hoc gn nh- trc giao. Pt ng tic
y l tr-ng hp rt him c. Cc phn tch s b c th bc l cc trnh t
m ho bt tin hoc cc sai s do m ho, hoc bin i d liu c th b
i hi b l mi quan h thc gia cc bin.
Bn c th thc hin cc php bin i t nhng nhim v n gin, chng
hn nh- thu nh s nhm/t tin hnh phn tch, hoc phc tp hn nhto cc bin mi da trn cc ph-ng trnh phc tp v cc cu lnh/khai bo c
iu kin

4.1 Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}

Th tc Compute Variable tnh ton cc tr s ca mt bin -c da trn s
bin i ca mt bin khc

Bn c th tnh cc tr s cho cc bin dng s hoc dng chui (cc k t

chui c dng s)

Bn c th lp cc bin mi hoc thay th cc tr s ca bin c. i vi

bin mi, bn cng c th ch nh loi bin v nhn bin.

Bn c th tnh ton cc tr s mt cch c chn lc i vi cc tp hp con

ca d liu da trn cc iu kin l-gic.

Bn c th s dng trn 70 hm lp sn {built-in}, bao gm cc hm i hc,

cc hm thng k, cc hm phn b v cc hm chui.

tnh ton bin

M T thanh menu chn

Transform
Compute

M nh tn ca bin ch {target variable}. N c th l mt bin c hoc mt

bin mi s -c b sung vo file d liu lm vic.
M Xy dng mt biu thc, hoc dn cc b phn vo Numeric Expression hoc
g trc tip vo .

26

 Dn cc hm t danh sch cc hm {Functions} v nhp cc tham s

-c biu th bng cc du hi

Cc hng s dng chui phi -c trong du m ng ngoc n

hoc ngoc kp

Cc hng s dng s phi -c nhp theo nh dng kiu Hoa K vi

du chm (.) l du thp phn.
i vi bin dng chui mi, bn cn phi chn Type&Lable xc nh loi d
liu.
Hnh 6-1: Hp thoi Compute Variable

.1.1Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases

Hp thoi If Cases cho php bn p dng php chuyn i d liu i vi cc
nhm cc i t-ng -c chn lc, c s dng cc biu thc iu kin. Mt biu
thc iu kin tr li mt tr s ng hay sai hoc khuyt thiu cho tng i
t-ng.

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true {ng}, php bin i

-c p dng cho i t-ng

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false {sai} hoc missing

{khuyt thiu}, php bin i khng -c p dng cho i t-ng

Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt s trong 6 du

quan h (<, >, <= (nh hn v bng), >= (bng v ln hn), = v ~= (khc))
trn bng tnh ton.
27

 Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao hm cc tn bin, cc hng s, cc php

ton s hc, cc hm s v hm khc, cc bin l-gc v cc thao tc c iu
kin khc
.1.Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable
Theo mc nh cc bin mi c dng s. tnh ton mt bin dng chui bn
phi xc nh loi d liu v rng
Label. Nhn bin l khng bt buc phi nh ngha, v c th di n 120
k t. Bn c th nhp mt nhn bin hoc s dng 110 k t u tin ca
biu thc tnh ton nh- l nhn bin.
Type.

Cc bin -c tnh ton c th l dng s hoc dng chui (ch ci kiu

con s). Cc bin dng chui khng th -c ding trong cc php tnh ton.
Hnh 6-2: Hp thoi loi v nhn bin trong th tc Compute Variable

4.2 m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i t-ng

Hp thoi ny to nn mt bin m s ln xy ra ca cng tr s hoc cc tr
s trong mt danh sch cc bin cho tng i t-ng. V d mt cuc iu tra c
th bao gm mt danh sch cc tp ch vi hp nh du c/khng ch ra
xem loi tp ch no m tng i t-ng iu tra c. Bn c th m s cu tr
li c cho tng i t-ng iu tra to ra mt bin mi cha ng tng s tp
ch -c c.
Hnh 6-3: m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i t-ng

28

 m s ln cc tr s xy ra trong cc i t-ng

M T thanh menu chn

Transform
Count 

M Chn mt hay hn mt bin cng loi (dng s hoc dng chui)

M Nhp Define Variable v xc nh loi tr s hoc cc tr s no s -c m.
M Kh ng bt buc, bn c th nh ngha mt tp hp con cc i t-ng
m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s.
Hp thoi If Cases xc nh cc tp hp con ging nh- -c m t trong phn
Compute Variable.
m cc tr s trong cc i t-ng: Cc tr s cn m

Tr s ca bin ch (trong hp thoi chnh) -c tng thm 1 cho mi ln khi

mt trong nhng bin -c la chn tho mn mt c t trong Value to Count.
Nu mt i t-ng tho mn mt s m t i vi bt k bin no, bin ch
-c tng mt s ln t-ng ng i vi bin .
Cc c t v tr s c th bao gm cc tr s ring bit, cc tr s khuyt
thiu (h thng hoc ng-i s dng), v cc phm vi {range}. Cc phm vi bao
gm cc im cui ca chng v bt k tr s khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng
c ln ri vo trong phm vi .
Hnh 6-4: Hp thoi cc tr s cn m

29

4.3 M ho li d liu
Bn c th bin i tr s d liu bng cch m ho li chng
.3.1M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)
M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn {Pecode into Same Variable} gn li cc
tr s ca bin ang c hoc ct gim bt cc phm vi ca cc tr s ang c
vo cc tr s mi
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui. Nu bn chn nhiu bin,
chng phi c cng loi. Bn khng th m ho cc bin dng chui v dng s
cng vi nhau.
Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Recode into Same Variables

m ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn

30

M T thanh menu chn

Transform
Pecode

Into Same Variables 

M Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c

cng dng (chui hoc s)
M Nhp vo Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i t-ng m ho
Hp thoi If Cases xc nh mt nhm cc i t-ng cng ging nh- -c
m t trong mc tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi ch nh

v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui) ging nh- ca cc bin
-c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
Old Value.

Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr s n,
mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s khuyt thiu h
thng v cc phm vi khng th -c chn i vi cc bin dng chui bi v
khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin dng chui. Cc phm vi bao gm
cc im cui ca chng v mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng nm
trong phm vi ny.
New Value.

Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca cc tr s

-c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr s khuyt thiu
h thng.
Old->New .

Danh sch cc tr s s -c s dng m ho bin (hoc cc bin).

Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny ra khi danh sch.
Danh sch -c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr s c, s dng trt t sau: cc
tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc phm vi v mi tr s khc. Nu bn
thay i mt tr s trong danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li danh sch,
nu cn thit, duy tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-8: Hp thoi Old and New Values

31

.3.M ho thnh bin khc

Th tc Pecode into Different Variables gn li cc tr s ca cc bin c sn
hoc cc phm vi ca cc tr s c sn vo cc tr s mi ca mt bin mi. V
d bn c th m ho l-ng nm ca i t-ng iu tra vo mt bin mi c cc
tr s l l-ng nm nh-ng chia theo khong.

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s sang dng chui v ng-c li
Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng loi bin. Bn khng th cng
mt lc m ho li c bin dng s ln bin dng chui -c.
Hnh 6-9: Hp thoi Recode into Different Variables

32

m ho li d liu sang bin mi

M T thanh menu chn

Transform
Pecode

Into Different Variables

M Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c

cng dng (chui hoc s)
M Nhp mt tn bin mi cho tng bin v nhp Change.
M Nhp Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i t-ng m ho
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi ch nh

v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui) ging nh- ca cc bin
-c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
Old Value.

Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr s n,
mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s khuyt thiu h
thng v cc phm vi khng th -c chn i vi cc bin dng chui bi v
khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin dng chui. Cc phm vi bao gm
cc im cui ca chng v mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ng-i s dng nm
trong phm vi ny.
New Value.

Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca cc tr s

-c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr s khuyt thiu
h thng.
Old->New .

Danh sch cc tr s s -c s dng m ho bin (hoc cc bin).

Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny ra khi danh sch.
Danh sch -c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr s c, s dng trt t sau: cc
tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc phm vi v mi tr s khc. Nu bn
thay i mt tr s trong danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li danh sch,
nu cn thit, duy tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-10: Hp thoi Old and New Values

33

34

Bi : iu khin file v bin i file

Cc file d liu khng phi lc no cng -c t chc d-i cc dng l t-ng cho
cc i hi ring bit ca bn. Bn lun cn phi kt hp cc file d liu sp xp
d liu theo mt trt t khc nhau, chn mt nhm ph cc i t-ng, hoc thay
i n v phn tch bng cch gp cc i t-ng vi nhau. Mt phm vi ln ca
kh nng bin i d liu l c sn, bao gm cc nng lc :
Sp xp d liu.

Bn c th sp xp d liu do vo tr s ca mt hoc mt

s bin.
Chuyn cc i t-ng v cc bin vi nhau.

nh dng file d liu SPSS c cc hng

l cc i t-ng v cc ct l cc bin. i vi cc file trong trt t ny o
ng-c, bn c th chuyn i cc hng v cc ct v c d liu trong nh
dng chnh xc.
Trn cc file.

Bn c th trn nhiu file vi nhau. Bn c th kt hp cc file vi cng

bin nh-ng khc i t-ng hoc cng i t-ng nh-ng khc bin.
Chn cc nhm ph cc i t-ng.

Bn c th hn ch cc phn tch ca mnh trong

mt nhm cc i t-ng hoc tin hnh ng thi cc php phn tch trong cc
nhm i t-ng khc nhau.
Gp chung/Tng hp d liu.

Bn c th thay i n v ca php phn tch

bng cch tng hp cc i t-ng vi nhau da tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin
lp nhm.
Gia quyn d liu.

Gia quyn cc i t-ng phn tch d trn tr s ca mt

bin gia quyn.

5.1 Sp xp cc i t-ng
Hp thoi ny sp xp cc i t-ng (cc hng) ca file d liu da vo cc tr
s ca mt hoc mt s bin sp xp. Bn ca s th sp xp cc i t-ng
theo trt t tng dn hoc gim dn.

Nu bn chn nhiu bin sp xp, cc i t-ng -c sp xp theo tng

bin trong vng tng nhm ca bin ng tr-c trong danh sch Short by. V
d nu bn chn bin gender {gii tnh} l bin sp xp th nht v
minority {thiu s}l bin sp xp th hai, cc i t-ng s -c sp xp
theo phn loi thiu s trong tng loi gii tnh.

35

 i vi cc bin, cc ch in ng tr-c cc ch th-ng ging n trong trt t

sp xp.
Hnh 7-1: Hp thoi Sort Cases

sp xp cc i t-ng

M T thanh menu chn

Data
Sort Cases 

M Chn mt hoc mt s bin sp xp.

5.2 Chn cc i t-ng {Select Cases}

Th tc Select Cases cung cp mt s ph-ng php khc nhau chn mt
nhm cc i t-ng da vo cc tiu ch bao gm cc bin v cc biu thc
phc. Bn cng c th chn mt mu ngu nhin cc i t-ng. Tiu ch dng
nh ngha mt nhm c th bao gm:

Cc tr s bin v cc phm vi/khong bin thin

Cc phm vi ngy thng v thi gian
Cc s hng
Cc biu thc s hc
Cc biu thc l-gc
Cc hm
Wnselected Cases.

Bn c th lc hoc xo b cc i t-ng khng p ng tiu

chun la chn. Cc i t-ng -c lc vn duy tr trong file d liu nh-ng b loi

36

ra khi php phn tch. Th tc Select Cases to ra mt bin lc, filter_$,

ch r tnh trng lc. Cc i t-ng -c chn c tr s 1; cc i t-ng khng
-c chn (b lc) c tr s 0. Cc i t-ng b lc cng -c nh du bng
mt du gch cho qua s hng trong ca s Data Editor. ng tnh trng
lc v bao gm mi i t-ng trong php phn tch ca ban, hy chn All
Cases.
Cc i t-ng b xo b b loi ra khi file d liu v khng th phc hi li -c
nu bn l-u file d liu sau khi xo b cc i t-ng.
Hnh 7-9: Hp thoi Select Cases

chn mt nhm cc i t-ng

M T thanh menu chn:

Data
Select Cases

M Chn mt trong nhng ph-ng php la chn cc i t-ng.

M nh r cc tiu ch chn cc i t-ng.

37

..1Select Cases: If
Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn cc nhm i t-ng c s dng cc biu thc
iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s true {ng}, false {sai},
hoc missing {khuyt thiu} cho tng i t-ng.

Hnh 7-10: Hp thoi Select Cases: If

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true, i t-ng s -c chn

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false hoc missing, i t-ng
s khng -c chn

Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt vi trong s 6

php tnh iu kin (<, >, =, <=, >=, v ~=) trn bng tnh ton.

Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao gm cc tn bin, hng s, cc php

tnh s hc, cc hm s v cc hm khc, cc bin l-gic, v cc php tnh
iu kin.
..Select Cases: Pandom Sample
Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn mt mu ngu nhin d trn mt t l thch
hp hoc mt l-ng chnh xc cc i t-ng.

38

]pproximately.

To ra mt mu ngu nhin cc cc i t-ng gn ng vi mt t

l -c xc nh tr-c. Do cch lm ny to ra mt quyt nh ngu nhiu gi
nh c lp cho tng i t-ng, t l cc i t-ng -c chn ch c th gn
ng vi t l -c xc nh tr-c. Cng c nhiu i t-ng trong file d liu, t
l cc i t-ng -c chn cng gn ng vi t l -c xc nh tr-c.
Exactly.

Mt s l-ng i t-ng -c xc nh bi ng-i s dng. Bn cng phi

ch r s cc i t-ng t to ra mu. Con s th hai cn phi nh hn
hoc bng tng s i t-ng c trong file d liu. Nu con s ny v-t qu tng
s i t-ng c trong file d liu, mu s bao gm mt cch t l t i t-ng hn
con s yu cu.

Hnh 7-11: Hp thoi Select Cases: Random Sample

..3Select Cases: Pange

Hp thoi ny chn cc i t-ng d vo mt phm vi s i t-ng hoc mt phm
vi cc ngy hoc thi gian

Cc phm vi i t-ng -c da vo s hng -c th hin trong ca s Data

Editor

Cc phm vi ngy thng hoc thi gian ch c sn i vi d liu chui thi

gian {time series data} vi cc bin ngy thng -c xc nh (menu Data,
Define Data).
Hnh 7-12: Hp thoi Select Cases: Range i vi phm vi cc i t-ng (khng
c cc bin ngy thng -c nh ngha)

39

40

Bi : Lm vic vi kt xut
Khi bn chy mt th tc, cc kt qu -c th hin trong mt ca s gi l
Viewer. Trong ca s ny, bn c th d dng chuyn n bt k phn no
ca cc kt xut/kt qu u ra m bn mun xem. Bn cng c th iu
khin kt xut v to mt file ti liu cha ng cc kt xut m bn mun,
-c t chc v nh dng mt cch thch hp.

.1 Ca s Viewer
Hnh 8-1: Ca s Viewer
|$  

 %

,-
. %

% 
(
#
/


|$ %
&'
(


) 



 

|$ 


 


%
45#
 
6
7
01 

 23

01 


|$  

8%
29(
 
7

Cc kt qu -c th hin trong Viewer. Bn c th s dng Viewer :

Xem l-t cc kt qu.

Th hin hoc du cc bng v th -c chn.
Thay i trt t trnh by ca cc kt qu bng cch di chuyn cc chi tit
-c chn.

41

 Di chuyn cc chi tit gia Viewer vi cc trnh ng dng khc.

Ca s Viewer -c chia lm hai pan:

Pan bn tri ca Viewer cha ng mc phn cp ca cc ni dung.

Pan bn phi bao gm cc bng thng k, cc biu , v cc kt xut dng
vn bn.

Bn c th s dng cc thanh cun xem l-t cc kt qu, hoc bn c th

nhp vo mt chi tit trong phn phn cp n thng bng hoc
th t-ng ng.

Bn c th nhp v r cnh bn phi ca pan phn cp thay i

rng ca n.
.1.1Th hin v du cc kt qu
Trong ca s Viewer, bn c th lm xut hin hoc n i mt cch c chn
lc cc bng hoc kt qu t mt th tc. Vic ny rt hu ch khi bn mun
lm ngn hn cc kt xut c th nhn thy -c trong pan ni dung (pan
bn phi).

n giu mt bng hoc th m khng xo b n:

M Nhp biu t-ng sch m {book icon} ca n thanh cng c Outlining trong ca
s Viewer
hoc
M Nhp vo chi tit chn n
M T thanh menu chn:
View
Hide

hoc
M Nhp biu t-ng sch ng (Hide) trn thanh cng c Outlining .
Biu t-ng sch m (Show) tr thnh biu t-ng hot ng, ch ra rng chi tit
gi y -c n giu.

n giu mi kt qu ca mt th tc:

42

M Nhp hp bn tri ca tn th tc trong pan phn cp.

Vic ny n giu mi kt qu ca th tc v lm co phn phn cp li
.1.Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu
Bn c th t chc li cc kt qu bng cch sao chp, chuyn v xo mt chi
tit hoc mt nhm cc chi tit.

di chuy n cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

M Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S
dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)
M S dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi r).
M Th chut ra ln chi tit nm trn v tr m bn mun th chi tit -c di chuyn
Bn cng c th chuyn cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Cut v Paste
After trong menu Edit.

xo cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

M Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S
dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)
M Nhn phm Delete
hoc
M T thanh menu chn:
Edit
Delete

sao chp cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

M Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S
dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)

43

M Gi phm Ctrl trong khi bn dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut
trong khi r).
M Th chut ra ni m bn mun sao chp chng vo .
M Bn c th sao chp cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Copy v Paste
After trong menu Edit.

44

>

Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}

Th tc Frequencies cung cp cc thng k v cc th hu ch cho vic m

t rt nhiu loi bin. nhn u tin vo d liu, th tc Frequencies l mt
ni rt tt bt u.
i vi mt bo co tn sut v mt th thanh, bn c th b tr cc tr s
khc nhau theo trt t gim dn hoc tng dn cc nhm theo tn s ca
chng. Bo co tan s c th b treo khi mt bin c qu nhiu tr s khc
nhau. Bn c th t tiu cho cc th vi cc tn s (tr s mc nh)
hoc t l %.
V d.

Phn b ca cc khch hng ca mt cng ty theo loi ngnh l nh- th

no? T kt xut, bn c th nhn thy rng 37,5% ca khch hng ca bn l
cc c quan chnh quyn, 24,9% l cc doanh nghip, 28,1% l cc vin nghin
cu, v 9,4% l t ngnh chm sc sc kho. i vi d liu nh l-ng, lin tc,
chng hn nh- doanh thu, bn c th nhn thy rng tin bn sn phm bnh
qun l 3.576$ vi mt lch chun l 1.078$.
Cc thng k v th.

Cc tn s, t l %, t l % tch lu, trung bnh, trung v,

mode, tng, lch chun, ph-ng sai, phm vi (ton c), tr s nh nht v
tr s ln nht, sai s chun ca trung bnh, lch v nhn (c hai vi
lch chun), t phn v, cc s phn v do ng-i s dng nh ngha, th
thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.
D liu.

S dng cc m dng s hoc chui ngn cho cc bin nh tnh

(thang o nh danh hoc nh hng).
Cc gi s. Bng v t l % cung cp mt m t hu ch i vi d liu t mi
phn b, c bit cho nhng bin vi cc nhm c hoc khng c th bc.
Hu ht cc thng k tng k tu chn, chng hn nh- trung bnh v lch
chun, -c da trn l thuyt chun v l thch hp cho cc bin nh l-ng vi
cc phn b cn xng. Cc thng k t khng, chng hn nh- trung v, cc phn
v, v cc t phn v, l thch hp cho cc bin nh l-ng c th hoc khng
c th tho mn gi thit v phn b chun.

>.1 Kt xut mu

45

Hnh 14-1: Kt xut ca th tc Frequencies

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

Valid

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1500
2000
Total

Frequency
2
1
2
1
6
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
30

Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0

Valid Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
6.7
10.0
16.7
20.0
40.0
46.7
56.7
63.3
66.7
73.3
80.0
83.3
93.3
100.0

Statistics
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
N
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Variance
Minimum
Maximum

46

30
0
803.33
92.411
256195.4
100
2000

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

10

Frequency

Std. Dev = 506.16

Mean = 803.3
N = 30.00

0
0.0

500.0
250.0

1000.0
750.0

1500.0

1250.0

2000.0

1750.0

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

>.2

thu -c cc tn s v cc thng k

M T thanh menu chn:

Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies

Hnh 12-2: Hp thoi Frequencies

M Chn mt hoc mt s bin nh l-ng hoc nh tnh.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th:

Nhp Statistics c cc thng k m t i vi bin nh l-ng

Nhp Charts c th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.
47

 Nhp Format c trt t m cc kt qu -c th hin.

>..1Frequencies Statistics

Hnh 12-3: Hp thoi Frequencies Statistics

Percentile Values.

Cc tr s ca mt bin nh l-ng chia d liu c th bc vo

thnh cc nhm sao cho mt t l % c th l nm trn n v mt t l % khc
nm d-i n. Cc s t phn v (cc phn v th 25, th 50, v th 75) chia cc
quan st ra thnh 4 nhm c cng s l-ng quan st. Nu bn mun mt s l-ng
cc nhm ln hn 4, hy chn Cut points for n equal groups. Bn cng c th xc
nh cc s phn v ring bit (v d, phn v th 95, l tr s m nm d-i
n l 95% s l-ng quan st ri vo).
Central Tendency. Cc thng k m t trung tm ca mt phn b bao gm trung
bnh, trung v, mode, v tng mi tr s.

48

Dispersion. Cc thng k o c ln ca s bin thin hoc tri rng trong d

liu bao gm lch chun, ph-ng sai, phm vi, tr s ln nht, tr s nh
nht, v sai s chun ca trung bnh.
Distribution.

Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng k m t

hnh dng v cn xng ca mt phn b. Cc thng k -c th hin cng vi
sai s chun ca chng.
Value are group midpoints.

Nu cc tr s trong d liu ca bn l im gia ca

cc nhm (v d, tui ca mi ng-i trong nhm 30 tui th -c m l 35), hy
chn tu chn ny -c l-ng trung v v cc phn v cho d liu th, khng
nhm gp.
>..Frequencies Charts

Hnh 12-4: Hp thoi Frequencies Charts

Chart Type.

Mt th trn {pie chart} th hin phn b ca cc b phn trong

ton b. Tng ming ca th trn t-ng ng vi mt nhm -c xc nh bi
mt bin lp nhm. Mt th thanh {bar chart} th hin s l-ng/tn s ca
tng tr s ring bit hoc tng nhm nh- l mt thanh ring, cho php bn so
snh cc nhm d-i dng hnh nh. Mt biu tn sut cng c cc thanh,
nh-ng chng -c v dc theo mt thang o khong bng nhau. Chiu cao ca
tng thanh l s l-ng ca cc tr s ca mt bin nh l-ng ri vo trong
khong. Mt biu tn sut th hin hnh dng, trung tm, v tri rng

49

ca phn b. Mt -ng cong chun t chng thm vo mt biu tn

sut gip bn xt on liu chng d liu c phn b chun.
Chart Values.

l-ng

i vi th thanh, trc thang o c th -c t nhn bi s

hoc
t
l%.

50

Bi >: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}

Pt nhiu kt qu trong ca s Viewer -c trnh by d-i dng bng c th

xoay mt cch t-ng tc. Tc l bn c th t chc li cc hng, ct v cc
lp/trang {layer}

.1 Thao tc i vi mt bng tr
Cc tu chn i vi thao tc mt bng tr bao gm:

Chuyn i cc hng v cc ct vi nhau

Di chuyn cc hng v cc ct
Lp cc lp a chiu
Nhm v khng nhm cc hng v cc ct
Hin v n cc
Tm cc nh ngha ca cc chi tit

hiu nh mt bng tr

M Nhp p bng. Vic ny kch hot ca s Pivot Table Editor

hiu nh hai hoc hn hai bng tr cng mt lc

M Nhp chut phi ln bng

M T menu ni dung chn:
SPSS Pivot Table Object
Open

M Lp li i vi tng bng tr m bn mun hiu nh

xoay mt bng tr s dng bi u t-ng

M Kch hot bng tr

M T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

51

M Chm con tr ln tng biu t-ng xem mt ch dn mch bo bn biu t-ng

i din cho h-ng no ca bng.
M P mt biu t-ng t mt khay ny sang khay khc.
iu ny thay i s b tr ca bng. V d gi s nh- mt biu t-ng i din
cho mt bin vi cc nhm es v No v bn r biu t-ng ny t khay Pow sang
khay Column. Tr-c khi di chuyn, Yes v No l cc tiu ca hng; sau khi di
chuyn chng l cc tiu ca ct.
Hnh 10-1: Cc khay tr

6 %
,-

':; 

6 %
,-




9

':; 

9



9#

6 %
,-#


xc nh mt chiu trong mt bng tr

M Kch hot bng tr

M Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

M Nhp ln mt mt biu t-ng v gi chut.

iu ny lm sng cc tiu theo chiu trong bng tr.

chuy n i cc hng v cc ct trong mt bng tr

M Kch hot bng tr

M T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Transpose Pows and Columns

iu ny c cng tc ng nh- r mi biu t-ng hng vo khay Column v mi

biu t-ng ct vo khay Pow.
52

thay i trt t trnh by trong mt bng tr

Trt t ca cc biu t-ng trn khay ch chiu phn nh trt t ca cc thnh

phn trong bng tr. thay i trt t th hin ca cc thnh phn trong mt
chiu ca bng
M Kch hot bng tr
M Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

M Nhp ln mt mt biu t-ng sp xp theo trt t m bn mun (tri sang

phi hoc trn xung d-i)

di chuy n hng hoc ct trong mt bng tr

M Kch hot bng tr.

M Nhp vo nhn/tiu ca hng hoc ct m bn mun di chuyn.
M Nhp v r nhn sang v tr mi
M T menu ni dung, chn Insert Before {chn vo pha tr-c} hoc Swap {Hon v}.
Ch : Hy m bo rng lnh Drag to Copy trong menu Edit khng -c chn
(nh du). Nu Drag to Copy -c chn, hy b chn n.
Hnh 10-2: Cc nhm hng v nhm ct vi cc tiu nhm
9 <7




Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation

Count

9 <7
#

Gieng
dao
Total

53

Khong
Co

Nuoc tu khe nui

Khong
Co
0
23
5
2
5
25

Total
23
7
30

Nu bn ch Swap {hon v}, bn s -c kt qu nh- bng d-i y (Hy ch

rng bng sau ct Co chuyn sang bn tri ct Khong).
Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation
Count

Gieng
dao

Khong
Co

Total

Nuoc tu khe nui

Co
Khong
23
0
2
5
25
5

Total
23
7
30

tch nhm cc hng hoc cc ct v xo tiu nhm

M Kch hot bng tr

M Chn nhn/tiu ca nhm (nhp vo bt k v tr no trong tiu nhm)
ca ct hoc hng m bn mun tch nhm.
M T thanh menu chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

xoay tiu hng hoc ct

Hnh 10-3: Cc tiu hng -c xoay

Muc do sach cua nuoc

Valid

Missing
Total

Sach hon
It sach hon
Khong doi
Khong biet
Total
System

M T thanh menu chn:

54

19
1
1
2
23
7
30

63.3
3.3
3.3
6.7
76.7
23.3
100.0

C um u al tvi e
P e rcen t

Va d
li P e rcen t

P e rcen t

Missing
Total

Sach hon
It sach hon
Khong doi
Khong biet
Total
System

Cumulative
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
63.3
82.6
82.6
3.3
4.3
87.0
3.3
4.3
91.3
6.7
8.7nuoc
100.0
Muc do sach cua
76.7
100.0
23.3
100.0
F requency

Valid

Frequency
19
1
1
2
23
7
30

82.6
4.3
4.3
8.7
100.0

82.6
87.0
91.3
100.0

Format
Potate InnerColumn Labels

hoc
Potate OuterColumn Labels

Ch cc tiu ct trong cng nht v tiu hng ngoi cng nht mi c th

-c xoay.

thit lp ch mc nh cho bng tr

Sau khi thc hin mt hoc mt vi thao tc bng tr, bn c th tr li cch b

tr ban u ca bng tr.
M T thanh menu chn:
Peset Pivots to Defaults

Vic ny ch thit lp li nhng thay i l kt qu ca thnh phn hng, cc

ct v trang gia cc chiu ca bng tr. N khng nh h-ng n nhng thay
i chng hn nh- nhm hay tch nhm hoc di chuyn cc hng v cc ct.

tm nh ngha ca tiu /nhn trong mt bng tr

Bn c th nhn -c tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung trong cc cha

nhn /tiu trong cc bng tr. V d nu Mean {trung bnh} xut hin nh- l
mt nhn, bn c th thu -c mt nh ngha v mean.
M Nhp chut phi ln mt cha nhn.
M T menu ni dung chn Whats This?
Bn phi nhp chut phi ln cha nhn ch khng -c nhp vo d liu
trong hng hoc ct.
Tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung khng c sn cho cc nhn do ng-i s
dng nh ngha, chng hn nh- tn tn hoc nhn tr s bin.

.2 Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}

Bn c th trnh by mt bng hai chiu ring bit cho tng nhm hoc kt hp
ca cc nhm. Bng c th -c ngh nh- -c xp chng trong cc trang/lp, vi
duy ch c nh trang/lp l nhn thy -c.

to v th

hin cc trang/lp

55

M Kch hot bng tr, v t menu Pivot chn: Pivoting Trays nu n khng -c
chn.
M P mt biu t-ng t khay Pow hoc khay Column sang khay Layer.
Hnh 10-4: Chuyn cc nhm sang cc trang/lp
6 




,-

9%
=
,;#,;

Tng biu t-ng layer c mi tn sang tri v mi tn sang phi. Bng c th

nhn thy -c l bng ca trang trn cng.
Hnh 10-5: Cc nhm trong cc trang ring bit

56

thay i cc trang/lp

M Kch mt trong nhng mi tn ca biu t-ng layer.

hoc
M Chn mt nhm t hp danh sch th xung ca cc trang.
Hnh 10-6: Chn cc trang t danh sch th xung

57