IRRIGATION ENGINEERING DESIGN AND DRAWING

1. AQUEDUCT An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. In a more restricted use, aqueduct (occasionally water bridge) applies to any bridge or viaduct that transports waterinstead of a path, road or railwayacross a gap. Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships. Mathur Aqueduct or Mathur Hanging Trough, is an Aqueduct in Southern India, in Kanyakumari District of Tamilnadu state. Built over thePahrali River (also called Parazhiyar), it takes its name from Mathur, a hamlet near the Aqueduct, which is at a distance of about 3 kilometres from Thiruvattar town and about 60 km from Kanyakumari, the southernmost town of India. It is one of the longest and highest aqueducts in South Asia[citation needed] and is also a popular tourist spot in Kanyakumari District. The nearest railway station is Kullithurai Railway Station which is about 15 kilometres and the nearest airport is the Trivandrum International Airport which is about 70 kilometres.

Mathur Aqueduct

3. Canal drop

A fall or drop is an irrigation structure constructed across a canal to lower down its water level and destroy the surplus energy liberated from the falling water which may otherwise scour the bed and banks of the canal.

The trapezoidal-notch fall consists of one or more notches in a high crested wall across the channel with a smooth entrance and a flat circular lip projecting downstream from each notch to disperse water (Figure 5). This type of fall was started around the late nineteenth century and continued to be constructed due to its property of being able to maintain a constant depth-discharge relationship, until simpler and economical alternatives were designed.

4. Canal Head Regulator Structure at the head of canal taking off from a reservoir may consist of nu ber of spans separated by piers and operated by gates. Regulators are normally aligned at 90 to the weir. upto 10" are considered preferable for smooth entry into canal. These are used for diversion of flow. Silt reduces carriage capacity of flow.

5. Tank sluice It is an opening in the form of culvert under the tank bund and supplying water to the distributory channel.

6.Surplus weirs Surplus weirs are used to dispose of the surplus water from tank to downstream channels, downstream or surplus courses, or drainage channels. It disposes the water from upstream catchments to down stream catchments or downstream tanks. These interlinked tanks in a certain area are called a Cascade. Tanks in a cascade all have a common supply channel.

A RECTANGULAR WEIR

A TRIANGULAR WEIR

A TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR