Electrostatics- Study of charge at rest

Electric charge (Q or q)
Charge is an intrinsic property of matter, which gives electric force between various objects
S.I Unit- Coulomb (C)
1 C = 9 X 1019 stat coulomb or e.s.u (Electrostatic unit- CGS)
1C = 1/10 emu or 1emu= 10C

Smallest unit- Franklin, Largest unit- Faraday (96500 C) Practical unit

Charge Electrostatic Current Magnetic Field E.M. Wave

Rest yes X X
Constant Velocity yes yes X
Accelerate * yes yes yes

Properties Of charge
1) Scalar quantity
2) Always comes with mass, hence if e- is transferred then mass also transferred.

Charge cannot exist without mass, but mass can exit without charge (neutral body)
3) Two types of charges +ve & -ve If one large body & other
4) Two Like charge repel (may attract-induction) smaller body of same charge
5) Two opposite charges must attract may attract due to induction
6) Invariant (independent of speed),
but mass is variant depend on speed, If

= rest mass, Depends on speed* as m-depends on speed

7) Conservation of charge (But e- may be or may be not conserved) (γ + γ = e- + e+ )

Charge can neither be created, nor be destroyed but can be transferred from one body to
another OR
Total charge of an isolated system remains constant

1+2+4 = -1+4+q, q=3

8) Quantization of charge - Available in fixed amount
1) The smallest charge, which exits independently, is charge on electron.
1e- = - 1.6 X 10-19 C (Fundamental charge) (Charge smaller than e- exits, but not independently)

2) Charge always exits in Integral multiple of fundamental charge

1e-, 2e-, 3e-, 4e-, ne-, {but not 2.5e-,}
-1e-, -2e-, -3e-, -4e-, -ne-,
If charge is 10-16 or greater 10-15 , 10-14 , ------ 10+19 ----- 0.1C (10-1), 1C---- 10+20  possible
If 10-16 less, 10-17 , 10-18 , 10-19 then check, if 10-20 or 0.1e, – NOT POSSIBLE

9) One Charge & other uncharged can attract (gravitational attraction or due to induction)

Conductor and insulator

Conductor- Valence electron are easily removed & moved in conductor
Insulator- Even losse bond electron are tightly bond

Conductor has large no of free e- lies inside the body volume not on
surface, even in case of hallow
Insulator bounded e- lies inside the body not on surface

Some excess charge given to conductor

Excess charge always recedes on the surface of conductor.
If radius is same then both solid & hallow sphere accumulate same
amount of charge as it recedes on surface
Charge is uniformly distributed on sphere or accumulate more on
sharp points (Charge ko sharp point pasand hai)

Some excess charge given to insulator

Excess charge recedes where it is placed

Methods of charging
1) Conduction (Contact or Touching)
For conductors only,
Same nature of charge, may or may not be equal in magnitude.
ie A +ve charge body can cause other body +ve charge only NOT NEGATIVE CHARGE.
If bodies of same nature by different radius then

Total charge= Q1 + Q2 = q1 +q2,

= q1 + q1R2/R1 = q1(1+R2/R1)= q1 (R1+R2/R1)

=
2) Induction (without touching)

For conductors:- Q induces = -Q Induced (Equal & opposite nature of charge- conductors)
If rod is 5+ve C then sphere aquire 5 –ve C charge.

In induction the charge induced in the near surface of a dielectric is – lesser & dissimilar

In conductors k = α, hence Q = -Q

3) Friction (rubbing two bodies) for insulator/dielectric (Equal & opposite charge induced)
Friction cause heat, energy used to release electron

Gold Leaf Electroscope

Touch the knob or bring near to the knob to detect the charge
1 Detect charge (leaves will diverge as similar charge repel)
2 Identification of the nature of the charge {A +ve charged
electroscope. unknown body is brought near the metal cap.
If leaves diverge further +ve charge. If collapse -ve
charge}
Identification of the body as a conductor or an insulator
3 Intensity of charge(degree of divergence between leaves)
4 but NOT TO MEASURE.

The x-rays radiation will ionize the air around the leaves into negative and positive charges.
Thus neutralize the charge on the leaf... So they will collapse

If x-ray is passed into bottle with vacuum, then no effect is seen.

Plastic rod becomes –ve charge when rubbed with wool

Coulomb’s Law (Analogy of Newton’s law of Gravitation-one type of mass- only attractive)

(F12 force on 1 due to 2)

1) May attractive or repulsive

2) Force is Central along the line joining the center of bodies (like gravity)
Magnitude of Charges are taken (q is +ve or –ve ) &
3) Scalar form Direction depends on repulsive or attractive force
4) Only valid of point charge & spherical charge symmetry
Both charges at rest or If charge is rest & other is motion
Not valid in Both charge at movement & extended charge (rod & other use integration)
5) Follow inverse square law (like gravity)
6) Range infinite (like gravity)
7) Force is Conservative (like gravity) (work is NOT path dependent, Work in Round Trip= 0)
8) Force at a distance- F is mediated by Photon

Comparision with law of Gravitation

Differences
G is universal constant K depends on medium
is attractive only can be attractive or repulsive
Fe is 42 higher FG

Super-Position Theorem
Electrostatic force due to one charge does not depend upon other charges or medium present
between them.

-Net electrostatic force on charge depends on medium True

-Electrostatic force on one charge particle acting on other does not depend on medium True
Or (Electrostatic force between two charge particle does not depend on medium)
Principles of superposition (Electric field due to system of charges)
In a system of n charges, the net force on any one charge is the vector sum of all forces on it
due to all remaining charges

Equilibrium of three linear point charges

Equilibrium- Net force = 0 (Rest or Motion with constant velocity)

Types
1) Stable Equilibrium 2) Unstable Equilibrium

Case-1
+q Stable equilibrium only along X-axis, all other axis unstable equilibrium
-q stable equilibrium in only y axis, not in other axis

Two type of question

1) Fixed charge -Equilibrium of 3rd charge only
Same hai beech me ayeega, nature of 3rd any + or -, only once find equilibrium
opposite hai side me ayeega,
Chote ke pass ayeega
2) Two Free charge –Equilibrium of whole system, nature of 3rd  opposite of choto,
Find equilibrium twice (find equilibrium for 3rd charge- to know distance,
find equlibrium for any other charge- small charge- to magnitude of 3rd charge)

1) Similar charges at corner- 2) Disimilar charges at corner

Distance
Smaller charge Bigger charge Smaller charge Bigger charge

Magnitude of charge in system equilibrium

Opposite of smaller charge (sign)

Numericals
1) Symetric Polygon type with symetric charges at its corner or periphery
The net force in center of polygon is ZERO (Triangle, squre, pentagon, hexangan, circle)

Missing corner charge question

Five point charges, each of value +q are placed on five vertices of a regular hexagon of side L. What is
the magnitude of the force on a point charge of value -q placed at the centre of the hexagon?
 Keep +q & -q charge at missing place- the net force due to this is zero.
Now all +q charges make net zero charge at the center, only left is –q at
corner & -q at center,

Find the value of Q so that whole system is equilibrium

For equilibrium of system, one of its corner net force is zero

Net force acting at one corner due to other 3 charges is

If this force is balanced by force of Q

In two cases, two identical conducting sphere are given equal charges, in one case of the same
type whereas in another case of opposite type. The distance between the spheres is not large
comparing with the diameter. Let F 1 & F 2 be the magnitudes of the force of interaction
between the spheres, as shown,
a) F1= F2 b) F1>F2 c) F1<F2 d) information not sufficient

A particle of mass m and carrying charge −q1 is moving around a charge +q2 along a
circular path of radius r. Find period of revolution of the charge −q1
Pendulum problems
 ans- d

Vector form: Coulomb’s Law

is the position vector of point A & is the position vector of point B

From the above figure, it is clear that & unit vector are in same direction
Electic field
Every charge creates an Electric field in the space around itself.
In other words, we can define the electric field as the force per unit charge.

To detect electric field -Test charge is very small +Ve charge qo, which doesn’t creates its
electric field-

Vector form
Thus the force exerted per unit charge is:

Vector form Use q with + or – sign

valic for point charges. unit N/C
Electric field due to a charge at its own location undefinded (i.e r=0)

Electric field lines

1) The direction of Force experience by unit +ve charge at any point, direction of electric field
lines is direction of unit charge
2) Originates at +ve charge(radaily outwards) & end at –ve charge (Radailly inwards)
Direction of electric filed is same as the direction of force. Or

Electric field extends till infinity

3) Two electric field lines never intersect or touch each other
4) Electric field lines must be contionous

5) Magnitude of filed- More line per unit area- More electirc field

6) Electric field lines repul each other if both are from +ve charge

Electric field intensity

Force experience by unit charge placed at that point (from a distance r from point charge)

 Electric Field Intensity is a vector quantity.

 It is denoted by ‘E’.
 Formula: E= F/q.
 Unit of E is NC-1 or Vm-1.

Electric dipole
System of equal & opposite charges placed separated by small distance is called dipole

Two opposite charges kept at small distance, together the system called +q -q
e.g Na+ CL-, H2O- has two dipole

Dipole moment

P= ql C-m
1) Can a charge of 8 x 10-19 be given to a body
Q= ne,
8 x 10-19 = n x 1.6 x 10-19
n = 5 (Integer) hence can be given ie Q= 5e (if n= 5.2 then NO)

ANS- D

ANS-C

ANS-D
ANS-D

ANS-A

Conductor

Ans- c

Ans- d (earthing is not done)

Ans- c

Ans-b

Ans-a

Ans-b

Ans-d
Ans-c (alpha particle has 2 proton & 2 neutron, heance charge will 2e)

Ans- c
If NO ATTRACTION THEN BOTH MAY BE NEUTRAL

Ans-b
Ans-b

Ans-2
Plastic rod becomes –ve charge when rubbed with wool, it will attract more +ve charge.

A charged gold leaf electroscope has its leaves apart by a certain amount of
having enclosed air. When the electroscope is subjected to X-rays, then the
leaves:
1. Further dilate
2. Start oscillating
3. Collapse
4. Remain unaltered
Ans- c
The x-rays radiation will ionize the air around the leaves into negative and positive charges... Hence the
charge created in the air and opposite to the gold leaf will move towards it ... Thus neutralize the charge
on the leaf... So they will collapse
If x-ray is passed into bottle with vacuum, then no effect is seen.

Ans-2
Ans-c

Ans- c

Minimum electrostatic force is possible when 1 electron is taken

Ans- F = kq1q2/r2 = F= Ke2
F α 1/ r2 =1/9, F decreases 9 times, 9/9=1, Ans-a

Ans-4

Ans-4

Ans-3

Ans-a ( according to columbs law here- one is +ve charge other is –ve charge)

Two point object having equal mass \equal and opposite charge q$ moving on circular path
due to their mutual electrostatic force then find their speed?
Ans-
Ans-

An infinite number of charges, each of charge 1μC, are placed on the x-axis with coordinates
x=1, 2, 4, 8…∞ If a charge of 1C is kept at the origin, then what is the net force acting on 1C
A. 9000N
B. 12000N
C. 24000N
D. 36000N (geometric progression)

an infinite number of charges each of magnitude q are placed along x axis at x=1, 2m, 4m, 8m,
16m and so on but the consecutive charges are of opposite signs starting with +q at m. A point
charge Q kept at the origin experiences a force of magnitude...?
2) A Charge Q is divided into two parts such that the electrostatic force between tow parts is
maximum. Find the charge on the each part

Ans- C
Total Charge Q.
X, Q-X are 2 charge at r distance

Q ------- -Q F = kQ2 / r2
(Q - Q/4) -------- (-Q + Q/4) (25% from to another means ¼) ¾
New cahrges
¾Q ------------ - ¾Q ans 9F/16
Ans- c
Ɛ‫װ‬ᴨ∏

Permitivity Absolute permitivity- air/vacuum

Minimum value , hence Force is maximum
(q1) q nq (q2)

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Class 12- 3 parts

1) Electromagnetism 55%, 2) Optics 15%, 3) Modern + Semiconductor 30%
(Complete study of charge-6 chapter) (Light) (Combination effect of charge + light)