Biology 342Immunity Part 1 First line of defense 1.

Skin

2. Mucous Membranes

3. Normal Flora

Second line of defense Phagocytes = white blood cells (WBC) 1. WBC = Leukocytes 1. Neutrophils- first to appear after an infection. First cells that respond at site of infection.
2. 3.

basophils- allergies eosinophils- work with helminthes. monocytes (blood) macrophages (tissue)- found in blood and can migrate into tissue and become a macrophage. Lymphocytes

4.

5.

1-4 are all phagocytes, 1-3 are Granulocytes, 4 are arganulocytes Bloodplatelets WBC (leukocytes)immunity RBC (erythrocytes)gas exchange Plasmaliquid (water) Platelets- clotting Mechanism of Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis: 1- Chemotaxis (movement)- chemical attraction 2- Ingestion 3- digestion Two responses body has to tissue damage: vasodilation and increased permeability Vasodilation- makes your vessels bigger to bring more white blood cells. Permeability- increases the leakiness of the vessels -> Monocytes get out easier in the tissue

Inflammation Local response: redness (erythema), swelling (edema), pain, heat Swelling- due to the extra fluids from leaky vessels. Red- more blood flow Heat- more blood flow Pain- pressure on the nerves from swelling Fever Systemic response If inflammation gets out of control it spreads and can change your body temperature- systematic response Benefits: the heat changes the shape of your proteins. It kills off the microbes. Low grade fevers help to fight off bacteria etc. High grade fevers long run not good Interferon Molecule produced by body in response to viruses. 2nd line of defense. Attempt to control the viruses. Immunity, Part 2 Immunity 3rd line of defense Antigensnon-self proteins or polysaccharidesOn the surface of the foreign surfaces- allergens, bacteria, etc. Antibodiesimmunoglobins; proteins made in response to antigens; very specific Proteins- long chains of amino acids. Acquired Immunity A. Natural 1. naturally acquired active
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getting sick 2. naturally acquired passive

mother to child- placenta & milk B. Artificial 1. artificially acquired active -getting vaccinations Antogens being inserted your body makes the antibodies 2. artificially acquired passive - injection of antibodies- preformed antibodies (ex. Rabies)

Dual Nature of System Humoral (antibody response)

Cell-Mediated Response and Antigen presenting cells (APC)

B cells- waiting in lymph nodes. All have different receptors. Starts dividing- proliferation. Memory cells stay and fight off the pathogen faster. Creates plasma cells which secrete antibodies into body. Antigen presenting cells (phagocyte) T cells in blood and nymph nodes, react similar to b cells. Creates memory cells and T cytotoxic cells. ->go out into the tissue and look for the infected cells and destroys. B cell blood T cell- tissue
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Memory Cells

Primary response first tiem you get sick- full sickness Secondary response next time you get sick your body reacts so fast.

Review Questions: 1. A patient, age 65, has had diabetes for 40 years, with resulting damage to the small blood vessels in his feet and toes. His circulation is impaired. How might this condition affect his vulnerability to infection? Explain in terms of the immune system response. 2. A hematologist often performs a differential white blood cell (WBC) count on a blood sample. Such a count determines the relative numbers of white blood cells. Describe what would be abnormal about a persons WBC count in the following situations: (A) tapeworm infection (B) hay fever (springtime in Sacramento!) 3. Explain physiologically why each of the following occur during inflammation: (A) heat (B) swelling (C) Redness (D) Pain
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