April Thesis: a series of directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd (Saint

Petersburg), Russia from his exile in Finland. Bolshevik Party: A member of the left-wing majority group of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party that adopted Lenin's theses on party organization in 1903. Duma: The Russian elected legislative assembly from 1906 to 1917 Kadet Party: a liberal political party in the Russian Empire. Menshevik Party: A member of the liberal faction of the Social Democratic Party that struggled against the Bolsheviks before and during the Russian Revolution. Social Revolutionary Party: Russian political party that represented the principal alternative to the Social-Democratic Workers Party during the last years of Romanov rule. Ideological heir to the Narodniki (Populists) of the 19th century, the party was founded in 1901 as a rallying point for agrarian socialists, whose appeal was principally to the peasantry. The party program called for the socialization of the land and a federal governmental structure RSDWP (Social Democrats): Marxist revolutionary party that preceded the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Founded in Minsk in 1898, it held that Russia could achieve socialism only after developing a bourgeois society with an urban proletariat. The party split in 1903 because of the argument between the Bolshevik wing, led by Vladimir Ilich Lenin, and the Menshevik wing, led by L. Martov, over Lenin's proposals for a party composed of professional revolutionaries. Provisional Government: the short-lived administrative body that sought to govern Russia immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II (March 15, 1917). It lasted approximately eight months, and ceased to exist when the Bolsheviks took over after the October Revolution (November 7, 1917). Zemstvo: One of a system of elected councils established in tsarist Russia to administer local affairs after the abolition of serfdom Soviet: a local council consisting of workers and soldiers in Russian cities. Lenin: principal figure in the Russian Revolution and first premier of the former Soviet Union 191824; born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov. He was the first political leader to attempt to put Marxist principles into practice. In 1917 he established Bolshevik control after the overthrow of the tsar and in 1918 became head of state Kornilov: In 1917, he served as secretary of the Central Committee of the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party and chairman of the party's Petrograd Committee. Kerensky: Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks Trotsky: Russian revolutionary; born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein. He helped to organize the October Revolution with Lenin and built up the Red Army. Expelled from the party by Stalin in 1927, he was exiled in 1929. He settled in Mexico in 1937, where a Stalinist assassin later murdered him Stolypin: served as Nicholas II's Chairman of the Council of Ministersthe Prime Minister of Russiafrom 1906 to 1911 Bloody Sunday: a massacre on in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard.66 October Manifesto: Document issued by Tsar Nicholas II in October 1905. In response to the unrest caused by the Russian Revolution of 1905 and on the advice of his minister Sergey Witte, Nicholas promised to guarantee civil liberties and establish a popularly elected Duma. The manifesto satisfied the moderate revolutionaries, and further unrest was crushed. In 1906 the Fundamental Laws were established to serve as a constitution and to create the Duma. The Duma was in fact given only a limited voice in the government, and the civil rights actually granted were far less substantial than those promised by the manifesto. Mir: A Russian village community July Days: events in 1917 that took place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 July and 7 July (Julian calendar) (16 July - 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers and industrial workers engaged in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government Petrograd Soviet Order #1: a radical order of the Petrograd soviet that stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.