Nigel J. T. Smith - The Current Status of Direct Dark Matter Searches

The current status of direct dark matter searches
Nigel J. T. Smith STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Imperial College, London)
N.J.T.Smith
PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches
July 07
Direct dark matter searches

Where are we trying to get to? What do we need to get there? Can we get there? How do we get there? Where are we now? How do we know when weve got there?
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Particulate dark matter

dm ~ 0.3 GeV/cc Well motivated particles axions WIMPs
Wise: Kavli Institute
dark matter
normal matter
Roszkowski 2004
Bullet nebula (interacting galaxies) gravitational lensing compared to Xray images

N.J.T.Smith PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches July 07
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Where are we going?

Ellis et al hep-th/0502001 current projects 1 event/kg/month 1 event/tonne/day 1 event/tonne/month
future projects
CMSSM Example
Required sensitivity is ~10-7 - 10-10 pb

may not need to go all the way for discovery...
What are the challenges?

To cover lower reaches of parameter space:
Event rate is small, energy deposited is small
Large scale detectors

target masses of tonne scale to provide count rate
Low (keV) energy threshold for nuclear recoils Low background, especially neutrons
intrinsic activity from detector external activity from surroundings
Good background rejection

(), , rejection control/rejection of surface events position sensitivity, segmentation, ducialisation / self shielding
Can we get there?

Neutron production from
U/Th in detector material U/Th in shielding material U/Th in rock spallation in detector material spallation in shielding material spallation in rock
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Where to search for WIMPs?

ApPEC Roadmap
Newton Aycliffe Billingham Peterlee
Hartlepool
Middlesborough
Redcar
Inverness
Darlington
Stockton Middlesbrough
Staithes
Whitby
Edinburgh
Newcastle Belfast
York
Dublin
Liverpool
Birmingham
London
Plymouth
EU underground sites
Boulby, U.K. site 1100m, 2.8km water equiv. 106 reduction in muon ux
July 07
N.J.T.Smith
Neutron shielding requirements

Combination of CH/Fe shielding for 5-50keV region Minimum thickness is all CH (but need to shield gammas as well)
Slow decrease after initial drop
C. Bungau et al. Astropart. Phys. 23, 1, 97 (2005)

Neutrons tamed
Conversion of passive CH shielding to active neutron veto
Gd loaded to pick up MeV gammas Use recoils off protons
Reduction in neutron background to required levels
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Single channel techniques

ionisation
scintillation
phonon
Following Araujo N.J.T.Smith PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches July 07

Ionisation Detectors Targets: Ge, Si, CdTe () Energy per e/h pair 1-5 eV NR energy collection eff. 10-30% Sensitivity (HEMT JFET, TES) < 1 keV
IGEX (4 keV), HDMS, GENIUS (3.5 keV)
ionisation
scintillation
Scintillators Targets: NaI, Xe, Ar, Ne () Energy per photon ~15 eV NR energy collection eff. 1-3% Light gain 2-8 phe/keV Sensitivity (PMTs) ~1 keV
ZEPLIN I (2 keV), NAIAD (4 keV) DAMA (2 keV), DEAP, CLEAN, XMASS (5 keV)
N.J.T.Smith
phonon
Bolometers Targets: Ge, Si, Al2O3, TeO2 () Energy per phonon ~meV NR energy col. eff. (th.) ~100% Sensitivity (TES) << 1 keV (FWHM 4.5 eV @ 6 keV x-rays)
Following Araujo
CRESST-I (0.6 keV), CUORICINO, CUORE (5 keV)

July 07

ionisation
Improve resolution Improve threshold Improve noise Decrease temperature
scintillation
N.J.T.Smith
phonon
Following Araujo

July 07

Improve surface effects Improve volume effects Improve scaleability
ionisation
scintillation
N.J.T.Smith
phonon
Following Araujo

July 07
DAMA / LIBRA
Riv. N. Cim. 26 1 (2003)
DAMA @ Gran Sasso: 9 x 9.7kg NaI crystals

Annual modulation few % of signal No recoil discrimination PMT noise rejection
LIBRA: 250kg array

data taking from March 2003 exposure 1.5 x 105 kg.day 0.25 tonne.yr analysed results expected by end 2008
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
KIMS
CsI crystal array
12 crystals, ~100kg 60 photons/keV light yield using PSD for background rejection
Cs/I provide SI and SD interactions PSD limit now at DAMA level Aim for annual modulation study
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Threshold detectors
PICASSO
bubbles C4F10 in CsCl gel (neutron dosimeter) acoustic r/out using piezos >107 rejection of MIPs SNOLab: limited, 2kg.days SD: 1 pb p limit (2004) SD: 20 pb n limit (2004)
COUPP
superheated liquid bubble chamber various targets (CF3I) video/acoustic readout >1010 rejection of s (10keV) Fermilab hall: limited, 2kg run
T, P varies threshold
All hybrid techniques have >99% nuclear recoil discrimination at 10keV NR
Hybrid detection techniques

Light & Ionisation Detectors PMTs for both channel readout Targets: L(Noble Gases) ZEPLIN, XENON, WARP, ArDM, SIGN mildly cryogenic (-100 C)
scintillation
Light & Heat Bolometers TES/NTD for L & H channels Targets: CaWO4, BGO, Al2O3 CRESST, ROSEBUD even more cryogenic (~10 mK)
ionisation
phonon
Heat & Ionisation Bolometers ZIP/NTD for Q & H channels Targets: Ge,Si CDMS, EDELWEISS, SCDMS, EURECA cryogenic (<50 mK)
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
CDMS
Discrimination through
recoil E (Heat), ionisation, timing TE tungsten athermal phonon sensors
CDMS Collaboration
Guard ring, close packing 97kg.d exposure Soudan (6xGe, 4xSi) 430kg.d analysis ongoing (19xGe, 11xSi) 2x10-8 pb expected nal run (1300kg.d)
Calibration Gammas (source) Underground data
Neutrons (source) Phonon threshold
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
SuperCDMS
First stage phase A: 2011
25kg Ge target mass at SNOLab redesign of coldbox for larger target cryocooler (cryogen free) with vibration control reduce background through selection/cleaning reduce , background through shielding upgrade CDMS ZIPs from 1cm to 2.54cm 0.25kg Ge/detector => 0.64kg reduce surface-volume ratio
Final objective phase B/C

150-1000kg scale systems
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Edelweiss
Edelweiss Collaboration
ionisation, heat, timing NTD Ge thermistors for energy/ion NbSi thermometer for athermal (surface events)
Current status
6x 320g NTD, 2x 200g NbSi (2006) 23x 320g NTD, 7x400g NbSi (2007)
timing cut (1mm)
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
scintillation/phonon ratio W superconducting phase transition thermometer
CRESST
3kg.d commissioning runs

fully shielded no phonon only events
2 dets running from Spring
N.J.T.Smith
CRESST Collaboration
July 07
EURECA
European large scale cryogenic detector array
100-1000kg objective Started March 2005
Convergence of Edelweiss and CRESST

Ge, CaWO4 targets
EU FP7 design study proposal submitted

infrastructure module/cryostat design low backgound materials readout/electronics
Short/medium term objective

demonstrate Edelweiss/CRESST ~10kg operation
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
(Liquid) Noble Gas detectors

Gas Xenon Single phase ZEPLIN I, XMASS DEAP, CLEAN CLEAN Double phase ZEPLIN, XENON, XMASS WARP, ArDM SIGN
175nm Triplet 27ns
noble gas interaction process

Ionisation Electron/nuclear recoil Excitation
Xe+ +Xe Xe2+ +e(recombination)
Argon
Xe*
Xe** + Xe
Neon
+Xe Xe2*
Singlet 3ns 175nm
Single phase - scintillation

recombination occurs singlet/triplet ratio 10:1 nuclear:electron
2Xe
2Xe
Double phase - ionisation/scintillation


175nm Triplet 27ns

Argon
Xe*
Xe** + Xe
Neon
+Xe Xe2*
Singlet 3ns 175nm

2Xe
2Xe

N.J.T.Smith PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches
time constants depend on gas e.g. Xe 3/27ns Ar 10/1500ns

July 07


wavelength depends on gas e.g. Xe 175nm Ar 128nm
175nm Triplet 27ns
Argon
Xe* +Xe Xe2*

Singlet 3ns
Xe** + Xe
Neon

175nm
2Xe
2Xe

N.J.T.Smith PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches
time constants depend on gas e.g. Xe 3/27ns Ar 10/1500ns

July 07
ZEPLIN
Two phase xenon detectors
ZEPLIN II - rst run complete 30kg target mass PTFE volume denition 7 PMTs in gas phase ZEPLIN III - deployed 7kg target mass high (~8kV/cm) elds 31 PMTs in liquid (low threshold)
Objective tonne scale detectors

SNOLab: proposal requested S2
140 mm ~85 s
S1
ZEPLIN Collaboration
ZEPLIN II
0.55 p.e./keV (with eld) Spatial resolution ~1cm Fiducial volume 7.2kg
ZII@Boulby: 2.8 km.w.e
57Co
source
Radius
Position sensitivity
Neutron/Gamma pulses
Neutron pulse
Neutron/Gamma pulses
Gamma pulse
Discrimination Power
500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
AmBe calibration (upper) Co-60 Calibration (lower)

Used to dene acceptance window 50% n.r. acceptance shown lower S2/S1=40 bound xed Box dened 5-20keVee
S2/S1
10
15
20 energy, keVee
25
30
35
40
500 400 300 200
Uniform population across plots

high rate calibrations (esp Co-60) coincidences between events and dead-region events
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
S2/S1
98.5% discrimination at 50% n.r. acceptance

0 5 10 15 20 energy, keVee 25 30 35 40
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Science runs
Second population seen Due to radon-progeny events on walls Acceptance window as before 29 events seen, 28.64.3 expected 10.4 n.r 90%c.l. upper limit -> 6.6e-7pb
S2/S1
Top plot shows events with veto Lower plot has them removed
10
vetoed
10
1 0 5 10 15 20 energy, keVee 25 30 35 40
Second run in preparation

Remove radon events to remove second population Emission conrmed from SAES getters Expected sensitivity -> 2e-7pb
N.J.T.Smith
S2/S1
10
10
1 0 5 10 15 20 energy, keVee 25 30 35 40
July 07
8kg fiducial mass PMTs in liquid to improve light collection
ZEPLIN III
3.5 cm drift depth higher E-field 0.5 cm electroluminescent gap 31 small PMTs for fine position sensitivity open plan no surfaces - reduced feedback Lower-background PMTs available Copper construction Low-background xenon
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Position reconstruction
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
XENON
Parallel talk by Ferella (Thurs) XENON 10
22kg target mass, 15kg active 89 low b/g 1 PMTs in liquid and gas phase 48 in gas, 41 in liquid ~mm position reconstruction in x,y Deployment at LNGS Pulse tube cooling
XENON 100
100kg target mass background assessments completed
XENON Collaboration
Discrimination power
2.2 p.e./keVee 99.5% discrimination at 50% acceptance improved discrimination (99.9%) below 5keVee
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
XENON Results
Blind analysis on 58.6 days Acceptance window
50% n.r., 2-12 keV
23 events in n.r. window 13 events removed by gamma-X cut 10 events after all cuts 6.8 expected from gamma leakage events Yellin maximal gap analysis
minimum 4.5e-8 pb
ELIXIR/LUX
ELIXIR FP7 Design study for tonne scale xenon detectors all EU xenon groups involved (ZEPLIN, XENON10) LUX: 300 kg Xe TPC with 100 kg ducial
XENON10 (part) + US ZEPLIN + SuperK/SNO 3D-imaging TPC eliminates surface activity, denes ducial
LUX detector
Backgrounds:
Internal: strong self-shielding of PMT activity
/ < 7x10-4 /keVee/kg/day, from PMTs (Hamamatsu R8778 or R8520). Neutrons (,n) & ssion subdominant
LUXcore LUX Experiment
External: large water shield with muon veto.

Very effective for cavern +n, and HE n from muons Very low gamma backgrounds with achievable purity.
LUXcore: Final engineering for large-scale det. Clear, consistent, route to tonne scale detectors
Where are we now?

Canonical halo model Spin independent interaction normalised to nucleon
Cross-section [cm ] (normalised to nucleon)
10
-40
10
-41
10
-42
10
-43
10
-44
x x x
DATA listed top to bottom on plot DAMA 2000 58k kg-days NaI Ann.Mod. 3sigma,w/o DAMA 1996 limit KIMS 2007 - 3409 kg-days CsI CRESST 2004 10.7 kg-day CaWO4 Edelweiss I final limit, 62 kg-days Ge 2000+2002+2003 limit ZEPLIN I First Limit (2005) WARP 2.3L, 96.5 kg-days 55 keV threshold ZEPLIN II (Jan 2007) result CDMS (Soudan) 2004 + 2005 Ge (7 keV threshold) XENON10 2007 (Net 136 kg-d) Ruiz de Austri/Trotta/Roszkowski 2007, CMSSM Markov Chain Monte Carlos (mu>0): 68% contour Ruiz de Austri/Trotta/Roszkowski 2007, CMSSM Markov Chain Monte Carlos (mu>0): 95% contour Ellis et. al Theory region post-LEP benchmark points
10
10 WIMP Mass [GeV]
10
http://dmtools.berkeley.edu/limitplots/ Gaitskell/Mandic
July 07
N.J.T.Smith
Future detector comparison

Threshold (keV) Control of background
Cryogenic detectors
Threshold detectors
Noble gas systems Inorganics
Cost/complexity (/kg)
N.J.T.Smith
Discrimination power
July 07
How do we know were there?

WIMP signal in any one detector should be
single scatter uniform throughout detector volume
WIMP signal compared between detectors

A2 dependence on rate form factor dependence on rate comparison to neutron rates
Directionality and modulation

correlated to motion of Earth through the halo recoil directions have diurnal variation recoil rates have annual modulation
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Complementarity of targets
Comparison of rates in LXe and LAr detectors Shows effect of A2 and form factor
WIMP
neutron
WIMP
N.J.T.Smith
July 07
Directionality: DRIFT/NEWAGE
Scattered WIMP
Development of directional detector NITPC - negative ion drift TPC (Martoff)

Use of CS2 molecule to remove magnetic eld Reduces diffusion through volume
Recoil Atom
CS2
Recoil
Electron Drift direction
Discrimination possible though range DRIFT II - in operation at Boulby

>106 gamma discrimination
Cathode
E-Field
NEWAGE
Ar+C2H6 surface test cell operational microdot charge readout
DRIFT Collaboration
Status of DM detection
Where do we need to go?
Cross section objectives are 10-7 - 10-10 pb
What do we need to do to get there?

Low background, good discrimination, large mass
Can we get there?

Yes! Need to control backgrounds, surfaces, ...
How do we get there?

Several experimental techniques underway cryogenic detectors: mature technology, scaling liquid noble gas: rapidly developing, discrimination
How do we know weve got there?

Complementarity of target, A2 and backgrounds Directional signature or annual/diurnal modulation

Nigel J. T. Smith - The Current Status of Direct Dark Matter Searches

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The current status of direct dark matter searches

Nigel J. T. Smith STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Imperial College, London)

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Direct dark matter searches

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Particulate dark matter

Bullet nebula (interacting galaxies) gravitational lensing compared to Xray images

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Where are we going?

Required sensitivity is ~10-7 - 10-10 pb

What are the challenges?

Large scale detectors

Good background rejection

Can we get there?

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Where to search for WIMPs?

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Neutron shielding requirements

C. Bungau et al. Astropart. Phys. 23, 1, 97 (2005)

Reduction in neutron background to required levels

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Single channel techniques

Single channel techniques

CRESST-I (0.6 keV), CUORICINO, CUORE (5 keV)

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Single channel techniques

Improve resolution Improve threshold Improve noise Decrease temperature

CRESST-I (0.6 keV), CUORICINO, CUORE (5 keV)

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Single channel techniques

Improve surface effects Improve volume effects Improve scaleability

CRESST-I (0.6 keV), CUORICINO, CUORE (5 keV)

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

DAMA @ Gran Sasso: 9 x 9.7kg NaI crystals

LIBRA: 250kg array

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

All hybrid techniques have >99% nuclear recoil discrimination at 10keV NR

Hybrid detection techniques

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Neutrons (source) Phonon threshold

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Final objective phase B/C

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

timing cut (1mm)

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

3kg.d commissioning runs

2 dets running from Spring

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

Convergence of Edelweiss and CRESST

EU FP7 design study proposal submitted

Short/medium term objective

PASCOS 07 - Status of direct dark matter searches

(Liquid) Noble Gas detectors

noble gas interaction process

Xe+ +Xe Xe2+ +e(recombination)

Single phase - scintillation

Double phase - ionisation/scintillation

(Liquid) Noble Gas detectors

noble gas interaction process

Xe+ +Xe Xe2+ +e(recombination)