LHC and Cosmology

Hitoshi Murayama (IPMU Tokyo, Berkeley) APS Meeting@Denver, May 3, 2009

There are many things we dont see

Energy Budget of the Universe

Stars and galaxies are only ~0.5% Neutrinos are ~0.11.5% Rest of ordinary matter
(electrons, protons & neutrons) are ~4.4% Dark Matter ~23% Dark Energy ~73% Anti-Matter 0% Dark Field (Higgs) ~1062%??
3

stars neutrinos baryon dark matter dark energy

Dark Matter

Solar system revolves at 220km/s requires a lot of mass to keep it inside Milky Way

You dont want to be there

collision at 4500 km/sec

Cosmological scales

matter +0.39 = 5.700.61 all atoms

7

What do we know?
Cold and Neutral dark matter must be non-relativistic and lifetime longer than age of the Universe beyond that, rather little must be electrically neutral
clump together by gravitational attraction

Mass Limits Uncertainty Principle

must clump to form galaxies, clusters Mm imagine V = G r Bohr radius: r = G M m too small m wont t in a galaxy! eV uncertainty principle bound m >10 from Hu, Barkana, Gruzinov, astro-ph/0003365) (modied
N
2 B N 2

22

Dim Stars?
Search for MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo Objects)
!7

0.6

EROS collaboration astro-ph/0607207

0.4 MACHO 95% cl 0.2 EROS!2 + EROS!1 upper limit (95% cl)

Large Magellanic Cloud

f=

0.0

!8

!6

!4

2 0 !2 logM= 2log( t E /70d)

Not enough of them!

10

Summary Mass Limits

10-31 GeV to 1050 GeV narrowed it down to within 81 orders of magnitude a big progress in 75 years since Zwicky

Self-Coupling

if self-coupling too big, will smooth out cuspy prole at the galactic center some people wanted it
(Spergel and Steinhardt, astro-ph/9909386)

need core < 35 kpc/h from data < 1.7 x 10-25 cm2 (m/GeV)
(Yoshida, Springel, White, astro-ph/ 0006134)

bullet cluster: < 1.7x10-24 cm2 (m/GeV)

(Markevitch et al, astro-ph/0309303)

MACHO WIMP

dominant paradigm: WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) Stable heavy particle produced in early Universe, left-over from near-complete annihilation
0.756(n +1)x n+1 3s0 2 /(TeV)2 f = 1/ 2 3 8H 2 ann g ann MPl 0

N 10-S/[(m,/GeV)((~A~)/10-27

cm3 s-)I,

thermal equilibrium when T>m Once T<m, no more created if stable, only way to lose them is annihilation but universe expands and get dilute at some point they cant nd each other their number in comoving volume frozen

thermal relic
0 . 01 0 . 001

where the subscript f denotes the value at freezeout and the subscript 0 denotes the value The current entropy density is so N 4000 cmm3, and the critical density to pC II 10-5h2 GeVcmp3, where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s-l Mpc-, present mass density in units of the critical density is given by 0,h2 = mxn,/p, N (3 x 1O-27 cm3 C1/(oAv))
.

The result is independent of the mass of the WIMP (except for logarithmic corrections), inversely proportional to its annihilation cross section. Fig. 4 shows numerical solutions to the Boltzmann equation. The equilibrium (solid l actual (dashed lines) abundances per comoving volume are plotted as a function of x

0.0001
10-b

,h -;

10-s
10-7

a
2 p $ z

c 10-a aJ
10-Q lo-9 lo- 10-m lo-3

F!

10

100

x=m/T

(time

+)
The dashed

Fig. 4. Comoving number density of a WIMP in the early Universe. the solid curve is the equilibrium abundance. From [31].

M =

0.756(n +1)x n+1 3s0 f 2 g1/ 2 ann MPl 3 8H0

2 /(TeV)2 ann

curves are the actual abunda

Finding Dark Matter

Direct detection
underground laboratory

XMASS 800kg LXe

neutralino

nucleus phonon or photon detector

Finding Dark Matter

Indirect method

neutralino detector X Earth Sun

PAMELA
(e+) / ( (e+) + (e))

0.4 0.3 0.2

e+

PAMELA

0.1

Positron fraction,

0.02

0.01 10 1

ref. 1 PAMELA Aesop (ref. 13) HEAT00 AMS CAPRICE94 HEAT94+95 TS93 MASS89 Muller & Tang 1987 1

5,6

Ener gy (GeV)

10

10 2

FERMI

+ e

FERMI

More in session Q8 tomorrow 10:45

 gauge mediation of SUSY breaking ~100TeV Ibe pseudoNambu-Goldstone boson X ~ 3 TeV Nakayama HM R-axion a ~ GeV, decays to Yanagida annihilation X Xa a( )( ) 0902.2914
+ + + -

Nambu-Goldstone Dark Matter

BF=2500=overdensityBreit-Wigner Ibe, HM, Shirai, Yanagida, in preparation

need for enhancement

At the freezeout, we need v10-9GeV-2 In the galactic halo, we need vBR10-7GeV-2 How do we reconcile them? non-thermal relics enhancement in the (halo density)2 attractive force between dark matter particles (Sommerfeld enhancement) Our proposal: s-channel resonance just below threshold (Breit-Wigner enhancement)

Breit-Wigner enhancement

Breit-Wigne

s=4m2+vrel2 If resonance M is below threshold 4m2, not accessible vrel2<0 early universe, does not see the BW tail very much in halo, dark matter does see the tail called ghost in nuclear physics

small v0 large v0

vrel2/(103c2)

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 gauge mediation of SUSY breaking ~100TeV Ibe pseudoNambu-Goldstone boson X ~ 5 TeV Nakayama HM R-axion a ~ GeV, decays to Yanagida decay Xa a( )( ) 0902.2914
+ + + -

Nambu-Goldstone Dark Matter

=1.31026 sec Ibe, HM, Shirai, Yanagida, in preparation

prediction
bumps in diffuse gamma
annihilation decay

SUSY spectrum
no dark matter (3-5 TeV) at LHC, but
associated SUSY particles within LHC

The model predicts light gauginos gluino < 1 TeV, wino < 300 GeV very light gravitino m <16eV with no
3/2

cosmological problem

a lot to learn from LHC!

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Recreating Big Bang

start this year!

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Standard WIMP
SUSY, Universal Extra Dimensions, Little
Higgs with T-parity, Warped Extra Dimension, .....

Can produce dark matter directly at LHC missing E signature details depend on models, parameters
T

Producing Dark Matter in the laboratory

Supersymmetric Dark Matter
4.8Gev EC 19.Gev HC

d!/dMeff (Events/200 GeV)

500cm|

Mimic Big Bang in the lab Hope to create invisible Dark Matter particles Look for events where energy and momenta are unbalanced missing energy Emiss Something is escaping the detector Dark Matter!?

10

ATLAS
10
4

10

" 4jets pT>50GeV " 2jets pT>100GeV ETmiss>100GeV ETmiss>ETsum/4 ST>0.2! no , e in |#|<2.5

10

Signal+BG
10

Background
|! 500cm

1000

2000 Meff (GeV)

0 X

3000

4000

26

|! 500cm YX hist.of BA.+E.C.

500cm|

Supersymmetry
amazing reach
1400
~ g(3000)
-1 ! L dt = 1, 10, 100, 300 fb A 0= 0, tan = 35, > 0 !

Can do many precision measurements at LHC

M l" (GeV)
400 350 300 250
) h(123

CMS
1200

ET (300 fb-1)
ET
miss

miss

(100 fb-1)

~ g(2500)

1000

one year @10 34

0) 50 ~q(2

m1/2 (GeV)

TH
800

~ q(2 000 )
~ g(2000)

O1
200 150

ET (10 fb-1)

miss

600
2 0.4 ! h =
q~ (1 50 0)

~ g(1500)

one year @10 33

miss

S5
100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

2 1 ! h =

ET (1 fb-1)
~ g(1000)

one month @10 33

400

.15 2 =0 ! h

) 00 ~ (10 q

one week @10 33

200

h(110)

~ q(5 00 )

~ g(500)

EX
0 0 500

cosmologically plausible region Fermilab reach: < 500 GeV

1000 1500 2000

" M !0 (GeV)
1

m0 (GeV)

New physics looks alike

missing ET, multiple jets, b-jets, (like-sign) di-leptons
q g1 g1 g1 t1 _ t q1 W1 _ q b W1
1l 1l

b
l
l 0

l
l

~ g ~ g ~ g

~ q

~ W _ q

P80 t _ t P80 P80 t _ t W

W _ b W

l ql _l q q _ q
l

B1 l
l

~ b _ b

b ~ W

l
l 0

b W _ b

B1

SUSY technicolor UED spin 1 spin 1/2 spin 0 28 +little Higgs with T-parity, warped ED with Z3 baryon

Linear Collider
aux. positron and 2nd electron source positron source

electron-positron collision high energy physics experiments

positron preaccelerator

Electron-positron collider Super-high-tech machine Accelerate the beam over ten miles International Linear Collider (ILC) Focus beam down to a few nanometers and make them collide Precisely measure the dark matter properties
ee+ elinear accelerator linear accelerator

damping ring

damping ring

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electron sources (HEP and x-ray laser)

x-ray laser

33 km

Omega from colliders

SUSY case study Baltz, Battaglia, Peskin, Wizansky hep-ph/0602187

How do we know what Dark Matter is?

cosmological measurement of dark matter abundance ann1 LHC detection experiments scattering cross section WMAP ILC production at colliders mass, couplings can calculate cross sections If they agree with each other: mass of the Dark Matter Will know what Dark Matter is Will understand universe back to t10-10 sec

31

cosmic abundance

7By 13.

400

Ky

1m

in

10

-10 se

Conclusion
Major puzzles at the intersection of particle physics and cosmology TeV energy scale appears relevant Dark Matter, Dark Field Possibly also origin of baryon asymmetry We are nally getting there with LHC! combine LHC with underground, astro,
cosmic ray, CMB, followed by LC