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In the last years, studies of chemical elements obtained in the Local Universe and at high redshifts have improved dramatically. Chemical patterns are the result of different mechanisms which contribute to galaxy formation
environmental effects: starvation strangulation, etc supernova feedback: chemical + energy release
Supernova feedback is one of the process that contribute to structure the Insterstellar Medium (ISM).
CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT SN: Main source of heavy elements Change the cooling time
HYDRODYNAMICAL HEATING evaporates cold-dense gas galactic winds which can results in outflows or galactic fountains
Regulates the star formation activity and enriches the ISM and IGM Affects the gas dynamics
Chemical abundances and dynamical properties provide more stringent constrains for galaxy formation models. Eggen, Lynden-Bell & Sandage (1962): galactic archaeology proposing the so-called monolithic collapse model from studies of halo stars. The MCM was first challenged by Searle (1977): Galactic globular clusters: wide range of metals abundances essentially independent of radius from the Galactic Center.
The importance of fossil signatures in the chemical/dynamical patterns which can be related to the history of formation.
STELLAR HALO
Rotationally supported: /V <<1. Scale-length ~ 2-2.5 kpc (Siegel et al. 2001), hz ~ 280 pc Stellar age distribution ~ [2,14]Gyr and [Fe/H] peaks at ~ -0.2 (Nordstrom et al. 2004)
Patricia B. Tissera
thick
thin
scale-lenght ~ 3 kpc , hz ~ 1 kpc (assuming a double exponential) . t_medio ~ 12.5 +- 1.4 Gyr (Liu &Chaboyer 2000) -2.2 < [Fe/H] <0.5 with <[Fe/H]> ~ -0.6 (Chiba & Beers 2000) higher [O/Fe] than the stars in the thin disc.
Patricia B. Tissera
hz ~ 2 kpc; averged age ~ 10 Gyr for stars with hz > 400 pc metallicity peak: [Fe/H] ~ -0.3 dex ( Zoccali et al. 2003). lower [O/Fe] with respect to halo stars there are young stars and on-going star formation ( Van Loon et al. 2003)
Patricia B. Tissera
J/M ~ 0 (Freeman 1987); sopported by dispersion <[Fe/H] > ~ -1.5 dex (Ryan & Nories 1991;Chiba & Beers (2000) (r, phi, z ) ~ (141, 106, 94) km/s
Patricia B. Tissera
Galaxies
Luminosity-metallicity and mass-metallicity relations: There are well-known LMR and MMR in the local Universe. Observations suggest evolution in the zero point and slope of both relations.
The study of the Formation and Evolution of Galaxies requires to be able to follow the evolution of the structure in large scale, which is mainly determined by gravitation, and to describe the action of other processes such as gas cooling, star formation, stellar evolution, etc. evolution
Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics simulations are one of the most popular techniques to study galaxy formation. However, the complex interaction of the non-linear gravitational evolution and dissipative gas dynamics plus the action of several physical process which introduce their own length and time-scales make the modelling of galaxy formation a severe challenge.
CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
Simple one-zone model was discussed by Van den Bergh (1962) , Schmidt (1963) Four hypothesis: The system is isolated: no inflows or outflows. The systems is well mixed at all times The systems starts from primordial abundances: Z(0)=0 IMF and nucleosynthesis yields are unchanged Instantaneous recycling There are numerous chemodynamical models for galaxy formation which have sofisticated the Simple Model (e.g. Larson 1976; Tinsley & Laron 1979; Burkert & Hensler 1988; Ferrini et al. 1992; Chiappini, Matteucci & Gratton 1997): sophisticated stellar evolution poor initial conditions for galaxy formation
Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera
CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
First attempts to introduce chemical feedback in SPH simulations of MilkyWay type galaxies: Steinmetz & Muller (1994) SNII; global metallicity Z Raiteri et al. (1996; also Berczik 1999) SNII & SNIa; Fe & H Carraro et al. (1998) There are implementations that follow the metallicity Z (Springel & Hernquist 2003 and references therein) Including chemical enrichment by individual elements provides a powerful tool to study galaxy formation in cosmological scenarios: Mosconi, Tissera, Lambas & Cora. (2001): SNII & SNIa, 13 ele. Lia, Portinari & Carraro (2002):detailed SE; difusion Kawata & Gibson (2003):SNII, SNIa,IS; Eth +Ekin Kobashashi (2004):detail SE; Eth +Ekin Scannapieco et al. 2005: SNII & SNIa, 13 ele + Multiphase+SNE
Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera
CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
Numerical space Star particles
Physical space
Stellar populations
Need
IMF:
SNe long-lived stars
TypeIISne
M* > 10 Mo; typical life-times: ~ 106 Produce most O, Si, Ca, etc
yr
YIELDS
TypeIaSne
CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
When SN explosions take place, they distribute metals according to the SPH technique. For a given chemical element x at a particle i,
Explodingstarparticle Gaseousneighbours
Patricia B. Tissera
CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
Sutherland & Dopita (1993). At T= 10000 and = *: cool for primordial gas is 50 larger than that of [Fe/H]=0.5 gas. cool T / (T)
Patricia B. Tissera
ENERGY FEEDBACK
Formation of spiral galaxies: angular momentum content, dynamical and chemical properties. Galactic outflows: transportation of enriched material into the intergalactic and the intercluster media. Formation of dwarf galaxies. Regulation of the star formation process.
Patricia B. Tissera
ENERGY FEEDBACK
If galaxy-scales want to be studied subgrid modellization of physical processes which are relevant at kpc scales A more realistic representation of the ISM can be achieved if small volumes are studied so that supernova explosions can be described temporarily and spatially (e.g. Rosen & Bregman 1995; Avillez 2000).
Problems: relevant space and temporal scales are not adequately resolved. For Supernova Feedback in SPH simulations, this has been a main issue for years
overcooling of gas.
Overestimation of stellar mass If the SN energy is pumped directly into the sorrounding gas of a star particle then , because of the short cooling times, it is radiated away producing no impact on the dynamics.
Decoupling Model:
We estimate the hydrodynamical properties of the gas from the information of neighbours selected according to their thermodynamical gas particles are prevented to interact with colder material. particle j decouples from those particles i if Si > Sj, where S is the entropy of a gas particle. non shock
with decoupling
without decouplin
Patricia B. Tissera
ENERGY FEEDBACK
SN energy (1051 ergs each SN) released by a star particle is distributed within its gaseous neighbours. The Cold/Diffuse neighbours of a star T < 8 104 K and > 0.1 * rad radiated away
particle:
cold cold and dense neighbours hot =1- hot - cold diffuse neighbours
ENERGY FEEDBACK
Diffuse gas particles thermalize the energy instantaneously. Cold gas particles accumulates it in a Reservoir until it is high enough to ensure that the gas particle will join its own hot phase phase according to the decoupling scheme.
Isolated galaxy
Hot/DiffuseGas ColdGas Stars
Patricia B. Tissera
Patricia B. Tissera
25kpc/h
Patricia B. Tissera
11th Latin-American Regional IAU Meeting December 12 IAG-Lenac Advanced School 16 2005
NO FEEDBACK 10^12Mo/h
FEEDBACK
10^9Mo/h
GAS No
Feed
STAR No
Feed
No feedback
Feedback
~4.4 reduction in the B/D ratio Increase of Rd from 4.3 kpc/h to 7.3 kpc/h
Patricia B. Tissera
100 kpc/h
FINAL COMMENTS Chemical properties of baryons together with dynamical and kinematical information can provide clues for unveiling the history of formation of the structure.
Supernova feedback is a key process in the formation of the structure. Modelling SN feedback is tricky but it is possible if a multiphase ISM is also modelled. Numerical simulations provide a tool to interpret observational f data within a cosmological model.
Patricia B. B. Tissera Patricia Tissera