Trauma, Resilience, and Coping Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Liesel

Meminger in The Book Thief

By

SOBINA BIBI

BS English Literature -049292

Supervised by

Ms. Bushra Naeem

The Department of English

Govt. Viqar-un-Nisa Post Graduate College

For Women, Rawalpindi

University of Punjab, Lahore

(2020-2024)
Trauma, Resilience, and Coping Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Liesel

Meminger in The Book Thief

By

SOBINA BIBI

University roll number -049292

Supervised by

Ms. Bushra Naeem

A research paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Studies (BS) in English Literature

The Department of English

Govt. Viqar-un-Nisa Post Graduate College for Women, Rawalpindi

University of Punjab, Lahore

 Supervisor’s Certificate

It is to certify that this thesis submitted by Ms. Sobina is accepted in its present form by

the Department of English, Govt. Viqar-un-Nisa Post Graduate College for Women, Rawlpindi,

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of BS in English Literature.

Supervisor:

________________________

Department of English

Govt. Viqar-un-Nisa Post Graduate

College for Women, Rawalpindi

 Certificate of Approval

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, titled Trauma,

Resilience, and Coping Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Liesel Meminger in The

Book Thief is conducted by Ms. Sobina (049292) under the supervision of Ms. Bushra Naeem.

No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis is

submitted to the Department of English, Govt. Viqar-un-Nisa Post Graduate College for Women,

Rawalpindi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

English Literature.

Student Name: _______________________ Signature: ___________________

Supervisor‘s Name: ______________________ Signature: ___________________

External Examiner: _____________________ Signature: ___________________

Name of Dean/HOD: _____________________ Signature: __________________

 Author’s Declaration

I, Sobina bibi, hereby state that my BS thesis titled Trauma, Resilience, and Coping

Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Liesel Meminger in The Book Thief is my own work

and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Govt. Viqar-un-Nisa

Post Graduate College for Women, Rawalpindi, or anywhere else in the country/world.

Name: Sobina

Dated: …………
 Acknowledgement

All praise to the One Mighty Lord, Allah, who is the Most Beneficent and the Most

Merciful. I am truly thankful to Him for inscribing in me the passion and for giving me the

courage and mental ability to do this research. The concept of Resilience and coping strategies

always interested me. Due to this reason, I have chosen The Book Thief by Markus zusac for my

study. I want to thank Ms. Bushra Naeem for her guidance and encouragement during the

research work. I am also obligated to the teachers of the Department of English Language and

Literature, Govt. Viqar- un-Nisa Postgraduate College Rawalpindi, for their counseling in every

area of literature. I would also like to thank my family for their continuous support and love

which has kept me motivated to do my task. A special thanks to my mother, who have listened to

me patiently whenever I have felt stressed and helped me to overcome any difficulty I have

faced, without whose support, I wouldn‘t have been able to complete this research.
 Dedication

This research is dedicated to my parents who have always tried their best to give me best

in everything. They have been my biggest supporters. They have always encouraged me to

become the best in my life. I want to show my gratitude for their unconditional love and

immense support by dedicating this research to them. I want to specially dedicate this research to

my mother for her unconditional support throughout my educational career.

 Abstract

This research investigates the portrayal of trauma, resilience, and coping mechanisms in

literature, with a focus on Liesel Meminger‘s character development in Markus Zusak The Book

Thief. The study examines Liesel's character development through the lens of Freudian

psychoanalysis, aiming to examine her psychological responses to trauma and her mechanisms

for coping and resilience within the context of the novel. By addressing a notable gap in current

literature regarding the comprehensive analysis of Liesel's character, the research enhances our

understanding of trauma, resilience, and coping mechanisms in literature by using Freud

Psychoanalysis. Through textual analysis and exploration of Liesel's defense mechanisms,

unconscious motivations, and psychological responses to trauma, the study contributes to both

literary scholarship and psychological understanding. This interdisciplinary approach bridges the

fields of literature and psychology, fostering dialogue and collaboration between the two

disciplines. Ultimately, the research seeks to provide valuable insights into Liesel's character and

enrich our comprehension of human experiences depicted in literature.

Keywords: trauma, resilience, coping mechanisms, Freudian psychoanalysis, character

analysis, thematic analysis, defense mechanisms, unconscious motivations

 Contents

Chapter 1: Trauma, Resilience, and Coping Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Liesel

Meminger in The Book Thief…………………………………………………………………...1

1.1 Introduction and Background ........................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem and Study Gap: ....................................................................... 2

1.3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Significance of the study....................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Research Methodology and Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 4

1.7 Literature Review.................................................................................................................. 5

1.8 Organization of study............................................................................................................ 9

Chapter 2: Major events resulting in trauma and factors influencing moral development of

the Protagonist ........................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Analyzing Trauma and Resilience ...................................................................................... 11

2.2 Unconscious Motivations Driving Resilience: ................................................................... 18

2.3 Symbolism and Imagery Representing Trauma .................................................................. 19

2.4 Understanding Liesel's Psychological and Moral Development ........................................ 22

2.5 Psychological Responses to Trauma ................................................................................... 24

2.6 Unconscious Factors Influencing Moral Development ...................................................... 25

Chapter 3: Coping strategies used by Protagonist to deal with trauma ............................... 29

3.1 Investigating Liesel's Coping Mechanisms ......................................................................... 29

3.2 Liesel's Unconscious Desires .............................................................................................. 32

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 37
Works cited .................................................................................................................................. 39
 Sobina 1

Chapter 1: Trauma, Resilience, and Coping Strategies: A Psychological

Analysis of Liesel Meminger in The Book Thief

1.1 Introduction and Background

One of the dark clouds that descended upon Europe during World War 2 was the Nazi

Germany attack in which families were torn apart, homes destroyed, and communities were

shattered by the relentless advancement of Nazi forces. It‘s a time filled with stories of courage,

bravery, fear, and survival amidst unimaginable sufferings. Individuals who were the victims of

those attacks not only faced physical trauma but also emotional trauma .

The novel which is selected for the study depicts the conflict between Nazi‘s and

Germans. Published in 2005, The Book Thief by Markus Zusak captivates readers with unique

narrative voice and unforgettable characters. The story unfolded in the small town of Molching,

Germany, where Liesel Meminger, a young girl grappling with the tumultuous realities of war,

discovered solace and redemption in the act of stealing books. Narrated by Death itself, the novel

offers a poignant exploration of love, loss, and the resilience of the human spirit in the face of

unimaginable adversity.

The study employed a psychoanalytic lens to explore the moral development of the

protagonist Liesel Meminger. She emerged as the heart and soul of the narrative—a brave and

compassionate protagonist whose journey of self-discovery unfolded a midst the chaos and

destruction of World War II. From her humble beginnings as an orphaned child to her

transformation into a symbol of hope and defiance, Liesel story is a testament to the enduring

power of literature to illuminate the darkest corners of the human experience and inspire acts of

courage and compassion.

 Sobina 2

This study is the psychoanalytic exploration of the three central themes within The Book

Thief the moral development of Liesel Meminger, the traumatic experiences she endures, and

her use of reading as a coping mechanism. Through a meticulous examination of key events,

character interactions, and narrative techniques, this study seeks to unravel the psychological

complexities embedded within the novel, offering fresh insights into the inner workings of the

human mind and how individuals navigate the challenges of life.

In addition to exploring the psychological depths of Liesel Meminger‘s character, this

research also seeks to analyze the narrative techniques employed by Markus Zusak's to convey

the complexities of human experience. From the use of Death as a narrator to the incorporation

of visual imagery and symbolism, Zusak's storytelling prowess adds layers of depth and meaning

to the novel, inviting readers to engage with its themes on both a conscious and subconscious

level.

1.2 Statement of the Problem and Study Gap:

The portrayal of trauma, resilience, and coping mechanisms in literature, exemplified in

Markus Zusak's "The Book Thief" prompts inquiries into the psychological intricacies of

characters such as Liesel Meminger. However, a notable gap exists in current literature regarding

the comprehensive analysis of Liesel character development through the lens of Freudian

psychoanalysis. This gap limits our understanding of Liesel psychological responses to trauma

and her mechanisms for coping and resilience within the context of the novel. Existing research

on "The Book Thief" has primarily concentrated on thematic analysis and character studies, yet

there is a lack of in-depth exploration into Liesel Meminger psychological development.

Specifically, there is a gap in the examination of Liesel defense mechanisms, unconscious

motivations, and psychological responses to trauma using Freudian psychoanalytic theory.

 Sobina 3

Addressing this gap will provide a deeper understanding of Liesel character and enhance our

comprehension of trauma, resilience, and coping mechanisms in literature.

1.3 Research Objectives

Following are the objectives of this research:

i. To uncover the psychological complexities within the novel by exploring the portrayal of

trauma, resilience, and the moral development of Liesel Meminger through key events and

character interactions.

ii. To highlight the traumatic events that lead to Liesel‘s anxiety and analyze how these

experiences shape her ethical beliefs and actions.

iii. To explore the role of reading as a coping mechanism by assessing how Liesel uses books to

manage her trauma and emotional distress.

1.4 Research Questions

This research focuses on the following important issues:

i. How are trauma and resilience portrayed through Liesel‘s moral development and

interactions with other characters?

ii. How do traumatic events in Liesel‘s life shape her ethical beliefs and actions?

iii. How does reading help Liesel cope with her trauma and emotional distress?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study holds significant importance in various aspects. Firstly, it enriches literary

interpretation by integrating psychological theories into the analysis of Liesel Meminger

character, offering readers deeper insights into human experiences portrayed in literature.

Secondly, it sheds light on the nature of resilience and coping mechanisms through the
 Sobina 4

exploration of Liesel responses to trauma and adversity, contributing to our understanding of

how individuals navigate challenges.

Thirdly, the study's relevance to contemporary discussions surrounding mental health and

coping strategies makes its findings applicable to real-world contexts. Additionally, by bridging

the fields of literature and psychology, the study encourages interdisciplinary dialogue and

collaboration, showcasing the value of integrating different disciplines for a comprehensive

understanding of human experiences. Finally, the study's findings may have practical

implications for education and therapy, informing approaches that promote emotional well-being

and resilience in individuals through literature-based interventions or trauma-informed practices.

1.6 Research Methodology and Theoretical Framework

The research framework for analyzing Liesel‘s character development in The Book Thief

is rooted in Freudian psychoanalysis, which explores the unconscious mind, defense

mechanisms, and psychological development. Through this lens, Liesel responses to trauma,

such as her development of defense mechanisms like repression and displacement, her emotional

growth in relation to Freud's stages of psycho sexual development, and her unconscious

motivations driven by unresolved grief and guilt, are examined. This framework offers a nuanced

understanding of Liesel character and experiences, revealing the underlying psychological

mechanisms at play in her journey through trauma, resilience, and coping in the novel.

Conducting textual analysis involves carefully selecting key passages from The Book

Thief depicting Liesel experiences of trauma, resilience, and coping mechanisms. Through

thematic analysis, researchers identify and analyze recurring themes, motives, and narrative

techniques employed by Markus Zusak to uncover underlying patterns and insights into Liesel

psychological journey as depicted in the novel.

 Sobina 5

Simultaneously, the character analysis focuses extensively on Liesel as the central

protagonist. This analysis delves into Liesel psychological responses to traumatic events,

manifestations of resilience amidst adversity, and moral evolution throughout the narrative. By

closely examining Liesel emotional reactions, behavioral changes, and ethical considerations,

insights into the intricacies of her character development and the underlying psychological

mechanisms at play are illuminated.

Integrating findings from both textual and character analyses aims to gain a

comprehensive understanding of Liesel Meminger portrayal in The Book Thief. This integration

facilitates the exploration of how thematic elements intersect with Liesel character development,

providing insights into the novel's depiction of trauma, resilience, and coping mechanisms.

Ultimately, this methodology enriches scholarly discourse on the psychological complexities of

characters in literature and their implications for understanding human behavior and resilience.

1.7 Literature Review

Zhang (2020) in Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

explained Psychoanalytic theory which helps to understand personality development of a person.

Sigmund Freud is the father of modern psychology, which analyzes the human mind and claims

that the unconscious mind, controls the conscious mind. The human mind has different layers

like Ego, superego, and id are the apparatuses of the mind and functioning in person. The

unconscious mind is a repository from which one's personality has emerged.

One major aspect of psychoanalysis theory which shaped one‘s personality is trauma

which is defined by Berg (2018) in Resilience, trauma, and coping psychodynamic Psychiatry. In

terms of physiology, trauma is a wound or shock resulting from a physically distressing

experience. In terms of psychology, it is a disturbing emotional stress that leads to a mental

 Sobina 6

impairment or dysfunction. Individual need some source to endure the situation and mold

personality according to the situation. Resilience is the ability of a system to cope with change.

It can be applied to various disciplines in addition to psychology including engineering, ecology,

and the social sciences. It refers to individual‘s ability to adapt to stress and deal with adversity.

Such challenges may come in many forms including family or relationship issues, health

problems, work, and financial concerns. It is best to considered a resilience process rather than a

trait—a progression of psychological and physiological adjustments that can be made to better

enable individual to cope with trauma (Atkinson, 2015; Masten, 2001).

In order to deal effectively with problems or difficulties, clinicians often talk about

coping as a way of facing and overcoming significant trauma. Berg (2018) in Resilience, trauma,

and coping psychodynamic Psychiatry defined coping as when one struggles with but manages

stress whatever it may be its treatment and care. Usually, coping is discussed as the solution. It

is best way to prevent symptoms from developing in the first place. This approach has made its

way into popular psychology and literature.

Kumar (2022) in Journal of Positive School Psychology explained the influence of

trauma on individuals and society can be analyzed by exploring the effects of traumatization on

the individual and collective psyche. It also elucidates releasing these psychic conflicts and

tensions in literature for catharsis to accomplish a better self- identity. Trauma literature also

studies its psychological, linguistic, cultural, and social importance.

After facing trauma and warfare impacts at the end there is death , there are a lot of

examples can be seen in existing literature that how the protagonist show courage bravery and

confidence in consequences but still they struggle for their survival without losing hope.
 Sobina 7

Bronte (1847) explained the journey of the protagonist Jane Eyre, a young orphan who

endures a harsh upbringing in an orphanage before finding employment as a governess for a

wealthy family. Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche—comprising the Id, Ego, and

Superego—provides a framework for analyzing Jane Eyre's character development. . In "Jane

Eyre," Jane's Id is evident in her passionate nature and her deep-seated desires for love and

acceptance. Her early outbursts against the injustices she faces at Gates head and Lo wood

demonstrate this primal force. The Ego in Jane's development is her pragmatic and rational

approach to life. Despite her passionate nature, Jane often exercises restraint and thoughtfulness.

The Superego guides Jane to adhere to her principles, even when faced with tempting

alternatives, such as staying with Rochester despite his existing marriage. Through her

experiences, Jane learns about love, loss, and the importance of self-reliance.

Qureshi, (2024) analyzed the life of David Copperfield from childhood to adulthood.

David faces poverty, betrayal, and loss, but he also experiences love, friendship, and success.

Childhood in David Copperfield is associated with death through the motifs of David‘s early

trauma of loss, and the repeated return to childhood in Dickens‘s artistic world expresses

constant longing for childhood but signifies not only a return to the past but to death.Death is

regularly identified with nostalgic returns. Dickens sentimentalizes death scenes and creates the

background for symbolic rebirth. After adoption of David by aunt Betsey, he is―reborn‖ as Trot

wood Copperfield. Betsey Trotwood‘s reappearance in the plot marks a shift from the childhood

trauma to a fairy-tale indicated that childhood defines the heavenly home (or nest) where we go –

in the sense of homecoming – after death .

Apoorva 2024 Individual Trauma and Inter-generational Trauma in Khalid Hosseini A

Thousand Splendid Suns explained the lives of two Afghan women, Mariam and Laila, whose
 Sobina 8

lives are intertwined by war and violence. The trauma they experience forces them to confront

difficult choices and ultimately shapes their moral compasses. various traumatic experiences was

endured by characters in this novel which include forced marriages, domestic violence, loss of

loved ones, war-related hardships and societal oppression. Mariam, one of the two main

protagonists undergoes both individual trauma and inter generational trauma passed on from her

mother, Nana. The trauma experienced by Mariam is that she was restricted to have connection

with the outside world and this isolated existence exacerbates her sense of abandonment.

Laila, another important character in the novel who feels traumatized both individually

and intergenerationally was left with both physical and emotional scars due to the loss of her

loved ones. She even felt the survivor‘s guilt which pressed on her shoulders as everyone around

her was dead.

Manli Peng (2020) in Theory and Practice in Language Studies explained about Grave

of the Fireflies, published in 1968, is a semi-autobiographical story written by Akiyuki Nosaka in

1967. The story was constructed from his experiences of the firebombing of Kobe in 1945,

during which time he lost one of his sisters, his adoptive father and his younger adoptive sister

Keiko. He felt especially sorry for Keiko because he thought he was too selfish to take good care

of her, which indirectly led to her miserable death of malnutrition. In Grave of the Fireflies, four-

year-old Setsuko, the younger sister of the protagonist Seita, also dies of malnutrition. Thus, the

whole story was written as a personal apology to Keiko, regarding her death . By telling

traumatic experiences of the two Japanese children in the Second World War, Nosaka reveals the

brutality of war and the deteriorating public morals of Japan during the wartime. Grave of the

Fireflies earned him the Naoki Prize in 1968and was successfully adapted into an animated film

in 1988 followed by a live action television film.

 Sobina 9

Shannan (2020) explained in International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change

about Janie Crawford, the protagonist of Their Eyes Were Watching God, uses romantic love as

a defense mechanism, searching for fulfillment through marriage. However, through her

experiences with three very different husbands, Janie learns about self-reliance, personal growth,

and the importance of finding her own voice. Janie fights to discover her individuality and

entity. All her life, Janie has been ordered and told to do what others want rather than been asked

what she wants or feel. The novel seems dedicated to Janie with her unintentional mistakes

especially marriages attempting to explore her place in this vast world or identity to gain respect,

recognition, and entity.

All these literary works have been used in interdisciplinary studies, bridging literature

and history curricula. Samantha Baskin (2013) highlighted the critical thinking and empathy

among students, noting that the novel‘s emotional resonance encourages deeper engagement with

historical content and ethical questions. After analyzing the critical reviews reader develop an

understanding that how human psyche is affected through traumas and how these traumatic

events become source of moral development and self discovery.

1.8 Organization of Study

This research paper is based on three chapters. Chapter one titled introduction, include

statement of problem, objectives of study, questions of particular research and significance of

research. Section two is based on literature review which is basically critical comments on

existing literature. This section basically informs about works of different authors related to

psychoanalysis , how this theory supports previously existing literature and how this theory is

applicable to the existing literature. Third section of this chapter consists of research

methodology or design on basis of which the work is done.

 Sobina 10

Chapter two of research contains data analysis. Data is analyzed by using the theory of

psychoanalysis or trauma theory. It also explains how human behaviour can be analyzed on basis

of these two frameworks. In this chapter, the researchee finds about the traumatic events in the

life of the protagonist, how she became resilient after facing these traumas and how she endured

these traumas by using Freud defence mechanism. Section two of this chapter contains the

psychological development of the protagonist ,symbolism and imagery used in the novel.

Chapter three is based on the coping mechanism, unconscious Desires for understanding

and Connection ,and the Last section is based on conclusion , findings and recommendations.

This research follows the qualitative way for selection of data and explains how after facing

trauma in life individual transforms into mature human being.

 Sobina 11

Chapter 2: Major events resulting in trauma and factors influencing Moral

development of the Protagonist

2.1 Analyzing Trauma and Resilience

To begin with a very basic overview of literary trauma based on the psychoanalytic ideas

of Sigmund Freud, and later Jacques Lacan and Cathy Caruth, trauma theory purports that when

traumatic events occur, the brain in a protective gesture, blocks them from fully entering

consciousness. They are repressed and buried in the depth of the psyche, for the large part

inaccessible to the conscious individual in normal everyday life. However, these traumatic

stimuli refuse to remain buried and often assert themselves as intrusive images and waking

nightmares; as symptoms of trauma-related illnesses such as PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress

Disorder), or through unconscious acts of repetition (Zhang, 2017, p.24). The Book Thief cleverly

explains many of these traumatic tropes, including fragmented narrative structures, intrusive

imagery and the subjective perspective of ‗death‘ as a character.

Emotional and psychological trauma is the result of stressful events that shatter the

sense of security andone feel helpless in a world. Psychological trauma can leave an individual

struggling with upsetting emotions, memories, and anxiety that won‘t go away. It can also leave

one feeling numb, disconnected, and unable to trust other people. Traumatic experiences often

involve a threat to life or safety, but any situation that leads to feel overwhelmed and isolated

can result in trauma, even if it doesn‘t involve physical harm. It‘s not the objective circumstances
 Sobina 12

that determine whether an event is traumatic, but a subjective emotional experience of the event.

If some one feels more frightened and helpless then he/she can be traumatized .Literally, trauma

narratives mean to narrate a traumatic event. ―Trauma narratives represent a way of

understanding trauma and history from the perspectives of those who cause trauma to others,

who suffer from traumatic experience, who are involved, who are bystanders and their

descendant‖ (Zhang, 2017, p.24).

Grew up in Nazis Germany the protagonist of The Book Thief was a very quiet but young

girl with calm personality but under the pressure of extreme emotions her calm changed.She lost

her beloved during the Second World War , she overcame her miseries with love, friendship ,

the power of words by using different coping mechanism. But The Book Thief is not just a

bildungsroman but as according to Zusak, the inspiration of the book came from his parents, who

witnessed a collection of Jews on their way to the death camps and the streets cape of Hamburg

after the firebombing.

A lot of traumatic events occur in the life of the protagonist Liesel Meminger which

shapes her character such as; Liesel father's fate is foreshadowed by his whispered conversations

with her mother. Every knock at the door, every raised voice on the street, could be a herald of

their doom. Liesel father, a communist, is taken away by the Nazis before the novel begins. His

fate is shrouded in secrecy, but the constant fear and hushed conversations paint a grim picture.

Zusak uses Death, the narrator, to describe the tense atmosphere. The political views of her

father cast a long shadow over their lives. Her parents spoke in hushed tones, their voices laced

with worry. Liesel, though young, sensed the danger that lurked just beneath the surface. Her

father beliefs, possibly communist leanings, put them in danger. Liesel also sensed the danger

which foreshadows her developing awareness of the injustices around her. The eventual absence
 Sobina 13

of her father created a worst fear for her, she also witnessed the horrors of war and the loss of

loved ones.

Faced with the threat of persecution, Liesel mother decided to send her and her brother

away for their safety. The act of separation is a heartbreaking moment: "Liesel watched her

mother's face crumple, Tears welled, Her voice hitched. 'You'll be safe there,' her mama

whispered. Liesel didn't believe her." This was also a trauma for Liesel that she lost her mother

and home if her mother loved her, why leave her on someone else doorstep. The fact that she

knew the answer — if only at the most basic level — seemed beside the point. Liesel knew that

but that didn‘t mean she had to accept it. Nothing changed the fact that she was a lost, skinny

child in another foreign place, with more foreign people alone. ‖( 32)This was the moment of

realization for her which added to her traumatic experience.

The journey to foster care becomes a symbol of loss. Liesel witnesses her younger

brother's death on the train ―With one eye open, one still in a dream, Liesel Meminger could see

[…] that her younger brother, Werner, was now sideways and dead. His blue eyes stared at the

floor. Seeing nothing."(16). Her reaction to her brother's death is a complex mix of grief,

confusion, and a primal instinct for survival. "Liesel watched him. He wasn't moving. Not even a

shudder. Her voice, when it came, was barely a whisper. 'Werner?' She nudged him with her

elbow. 'Werner, wake up" (18). This is the traumatic event that marked her forever. Death, the

narrator, observes the depth of Liesel grief:"The little body wasn't much to look at Liesel

Meminger didn't cry. Not yet. She wasn't sure how. Her feelings were a tangled mess‘. These are

the overwhelming emotions that Liesel experiences, unable to fully process the loss or express

her grief through tears. ―She had hidden with herself a last link to him-the Gravediggers- Hand
 Sobina 14

Book starting at the letters on the cover and touching the print inside ,she had no idea what any of

it was saying, what it was about it really does not matter.‖(30)

The war is another major traumatic event that shaped the characters' life. The impact of war

can be seen when Liesel witnesses the bombing of Himmel Street: "The sound was dampened

and muffled, but it was definitely there. The air was alive with things that hurt, and the people

could not see or hear them."(404) This shows the chaos and destruction of the war that the

characters endured .Liesel and the residents of Molching experienced the constant threat and

terror of bombings and air raids throughout the war. This created a sense of insecurity and fear of

losing loved ones.

The bombings contributed to Liesel's overall sense of loss and insecurity. Having already

experienced the trauma of separation and death, the constant threat of violence adds another

layer of fear to her life. The bombings also highlight the fragility of life and the importance of

the things she cares about, like her foster family and books. "The first warning was the wail of

sirens, a sound that scraped at the insides of Liesel Meminger, a sound that turned her insides to

water." (265)- This quote highlights the visceral fear triggered by the siren.When Liesel‘s foster

family hide a Jewish man, Max Vandenburg, in their basement. Max reflects on the war and its

consequences: "The consequence of this is that I'm always finding humans at their best and

worst. I see their ugly and their beauty, and I wonder how the same thing can be both."(584) This

quote highlights the problems of human nature during wartime, showcasing both the darkness

and the light within individuals.

Death of Rudy was another great loss in Liesel‘s life as he was her best friend. The

strongest clue lies in Death's earlier statement about Rudy dying in "two years, with shrapnel in
 Sobina 15

his side." This combined with the mention of Liesel finding him amidst "the rubble," points

heavily towards a bombing raid. Not only death of Rudy but also she is targeted by the death of

her foster parents the threat of separation from Hans, was a constant source of trauma for Liesel

. "Death himself felt a flicker of something human. A sadness, perhaps. He'd grown strangely

fond of Hans Hubermann. Perhaps it was the accordion. Perhaps it was the way Hans

Hubermann coaxed even the faintest whisper of music from its bellows. Perhaps it was the way

Death himself, for a short while, had felt a flicker of belonging in that cramped basement."( 342).

The connection of Hans with death and the warmth and comfort which he brought in Liesel life

can be seen through these lines.

All these events caused physical as well as emotional trauma to Liesel .Nightmares

(specifically the one after witnessing her brother's death) separated Liesel from her

surroundings, mirroring the emotional isolation trauma can cause"Liesel woke soaked. Not from

rain this time. It was a different kind of wet. Her body ached, a cold sweat clinging to her. She

couldn't see. Her heart hammered like a fist against her ribs. It was the same dream, though

sometimes it arrived with variations. This time, there was snow. A colorless expanse that

stretched forever. Her brother, Werner, was a dark shape on the ground. He wasn't moving.

Liesel shuffled towards him, her feet disappearing in the snow with each step. When she reached

him, she knelt. The snow was cold and wet against her knees. She whispered his name. No

answer. She touched his face. It was cold too. Cold and stiff. Liesel screamed, a sound that

ripped through the night and made Papa groan from the other room." (23) She recalled her past

memories and this result in the physical effects of trauma on her body.She thought the life she

had and the love she felt in her foster family should be shared by her brother who could never

make it. Therefore, she lived in the guilty of survivors, which is another symptom of PTSD.
 Sobina 16

Liesel was lucky enough, that she found a good foster family. Unfortunately, the world

is not a fairyland for children who face trauma in their life and apart from the trauma of losing

family, her nightmare continued because of the abuse or even human trafficking, which

accounted for her escape from the ―sanctuary‖. During wartime, soldiers fought against other

soldiers in different countries but people fought against their own country mates in the same

society to survive.

The Characters in the novel experienced some conflicts which happened between their id,

ego and superego or morality. The conflicts mainly happened due to the environment of Nazi

Germany era where the characters had to struggle to survive and maintain morality. The analysis

of the main characters shows different methods of defense mechanism they use to reduce

trauma. In the novel one can easily analyze that the characters suffer from both physical and

mental trauma. To reduce trauma the characters use some defense mechanisms like sublimation,

displacement, denial, identification and rationalization.This defense mechanism was

unconsciously formed because the ego needed to be defensed from guilt and trauma. The

overwhelmed trauma was dangerous, one character, Michael committed suicide because he did

not apply any defense mechanism when he suffered from severe survivor‘s guilt. While other

characters like Liesel, Hans, and Max could survive because they used the right defense to

reduce and to prevent more dangerous condition.

To cope with these experiences, Liesel utilized various defense mechanisms, such as

repression and displacement. This mechanism involves pushing down painful memories and

emotions into the unconscious mind .The main purpose of repression is to shield the conscious

mind from overwhelming pain and anxiety. By burying unpleasant experiences, the mind creates
 Sobina 17

a sense of psychological safety. Liesel exhibited signs of repression in her initial struggles to

process her mother's death. Her loss remained hazy, suggesting a subconscious effort to shield

herself from the overwhelming pain. However, repressed emotions can resurface in unexpected

ways. Liesel nightmares and moments of intense grief could be interpreted as repressed

memories bubbling to the surface. Repression, in Liesel's case and in psychology in general, is

like an unconscious form of hiding pain. It's a defense mechanism where the mind pushes down

unpleasant thoughts, memories, and emotions into the unconscious. This can be a helpful tool in

the short term, especially when dealing with overwhelming trauma. Liesel often withdraws into

herself, especially after experiencing significant trauma. For instance, after her mother's

heartbreaking goodbye, she became mute for a period. This silence signifies her repressing the

pain of separation and the confusion she felt. Similarly, when Max Vandenburg fells ill, Liesel

struggles to express her fear and worry, opting for silence instead of confronting her emotions.

"Liesel Meminger… knelt beside him [Rudy]. Her face was a mask. No tears came. They were

frozen somewhere deep, locked away like a fistful of winter berries." (116)The metaphor of

"frozen berries" shows Liesel's emotions. It suggests her feelings were present but hidden

beneath the surface. This imagery hints at the repression Liesel might be experiencing to cope

with the loss.

Displacement is the anxiety or negative emotions associated with a threat are redirected

towards a safer target. Liesel's act of stealing books can be seen as a displacement of her

anxieties. The stolen books became a source of comfort and escape, displacing her focus from

the harsh realities around her. Liesel's rich imagination, where she creates stories and nicknames

for people, can be seen as a way to displace her anxieties. By focusing on her imaginary world,

she temporarily escapes the harsh realities of her situation. An interesting example of
 Sobina 18

displacement is Liesel's act of reading aloud to Max and the others in the basement during air

raids. The terror of the bombing is undeniable, yet by focusing on the story and offering comfort

to others, Liesel displaces her own fear.Liesel's use of displacement as a defense mechanism

highlights her struggle to cope with the traumas she faces. While it offers a temporary escape, it's

crucial to acknowledge its limitations.

2.2 Unconscious Motivations Driving Resilience:

Freud placed a strong emphasis on childhood experiences shaping the unconscious. These

experiences could unconsciously influence how someone develops resilience. Liesel motivations

for surviving might not always be conscious .She explored resilience in the face of unimaginable

trauma. Stealing books becomes source for Liesel because stealing allowed her to escape from

her harsh reality and find solace in stories. This unconscious motivation to find comfort in words

fueled her determination to keep reading and learning. Her brother was dead. Her stomach

rumbled with the graceless, selfish clamour of the living. Her initial act of saving herself from

grief can be seen through these lines." The words themselves were like shadows dancing across a

wall, whispers on the wind...Liesel Meminger couldn't resist words."(75) . Liesel's act of

stealing books can be seen as a rebellion against the limitations imposed on her. The act itself

might instill an unconscious belief in her own agency and defiance. This belief, even if not fully

formed, can contributed to her resilience.

Liesel formed a deep bond with Hans, her foster father. His love and acceptance provide a

sense of security and belonging to Liesel grief. In a world filled with uncertainty and fear, Hans

provides Liesel with a sense of safety and security. His kindness and warmth create a haven for

her, allowing her to feel loved and accepted. This secure foundation is essential for her to build
 Sobina 19

resilience.‖ Liesel Meminger, The Book Thief, would sit up in bed and listen to the accordion.

The music, more than anything, was what made her feel safe. It was the sound of Hans

Hubermann exhale, the slow and steady reassurance that, even in an avalanche of nightmares,

someone down below was still awake.‖(344)These lines show Liesel and Hans bonding,

particularly when they were spent time together at home in the evenings. This unconscious desire

to maintain that connection might push her to keep going even in dark times.

Another unconscious motivation which leads to her drove resilience was Rudy's loyalty ,

their friendship, even after Rudy's death, might serve as an unconscious motivator to live a life

worthy of his memory.""Liesel…pointed a grubby finger. ‗See here? The Shoulder Shrug of

Atlas.‘Rudy…made a face. ‗Atlas? Who‘s that? Some kinda sausage-seller?‘Liesel giggled…She

leaned in and began to read.‖ (40)These lines reflects their shared love for the world within

books. Even though Rudy could not read himself, his curiosity and Liesel's willingness to share

created a special bond between them.one can explore Liesel's ability to cope with adversity

through a Freudian lens, focusing on unconscious motivations.

2.3 Symbolism and Imagery Representing Trauma

Markus Zusak used a powerful narrative style to show Liesel Meminger‘s resilience in the face

of trauma. Different symbolic elements and recurring imagery portray the depth of her

experiences such as Liesel's act of stealing books represents her attempt to reduce grief from a

world under influence of war. Each stolen book became a stolen moment of comfort; a refuge

from the harsh.The first book Liesel stole was particularly symbolic. It deals with death, a

constant presence in her life. Yet, by taking this book, Liesel confronted death and tried to

understand it. The act became a way to process her grief over her brother's death realities around

her. The act of stealing itself signifies her defence against a world that has taken so much away.
 Sobina 20

"Sometimes, when Liesel stole, she felt like a single star, plummeting through the blackness,

landing right in the palm of her hand."(370) This quote uses a metaphor to portray the thrill and

sense of empowerment Liesel felt when she steals a book.

Liesel's recurring nightmares, often featuring her brother's funeral procession, represent

the deep emotional scars left by trauma. Her creation of the monstrous "Word Shaker" in her

nightmares embodies the fear and powerlessness she felt. The pervasive grayness of war-torn

Germany reflects the bleakness of Liesel's world. However, moments of hope and innocence are

often depicted with the color white.

For instance, when Hans taught her to write, the white paper became a canvas for a

brighter future. The Hubermanns' basement, where Liesel hide stolen books, served as a physical

manifestation of her buried emotions. It was a safe space where she could confront her trauma

through reading and writing. "The Hubermanns' basement was where Liesel Meminger found

safety in words and solace in stories, amidst the chaos of a world torn apart by war." This quote

captures the significance of the basement as a refuge and a sanctuary where Liesel's love for

books blossomed, offering her a sense of peace and escape from the harsh realities of the outside

world. Liesel act of stealing symbolized a love for reading. Reading changed her outlook on life, it

helped her grew as a character.

Fire is a symbol of her passion for reading.Fire stands in stark contrast to Liesel's love of

words and stories. Words offer a form of permanence and connection, whereas fire brings about

swift and absolute destruction. Fire symbolizes how quickly an end can come. Fire arose when the

bombs landed on Himmel street, the Hubermanns street. The Hubermanns' and Liesel‘s neighbors

all died from the bombing. The basement symbolized a safe haven. Max Vandenburg felt for most
 Sobina 21

parts safe while he was in the basement. Max put the Hubermann in great risk by him living in

their basement. If the Nazi‘s found Max living in the basement, all the Hubermann and Liesel

would be severely punished."First the colors. The whites were blinding. They were snow, they

were bones. Then the yellows, the sickly yellows of turning bruises and dandelions gone to seed.

The grays. Ash. And then, the low hum of the first flames."(30)

Another symbol that represents this theme is the Nazi‘s flag. The Nazi‘s flag symbolizes

control and domination. The Nazi‘s were in total control at this time in history. If you did things

they did not like or approve of you would be punished. The Hubermann could not find their flag,

for Hitler‘s birthday. They were scared that if they did not find and put up the flag the government

would think there opposing them. An example is Death stated, ―Earlier, there had been a minor

calamity. The Hubermann couldn‘t find their flag‖(Zusak 103).

The burning of books by the Nazis represents the destruction of knowledge and culture,

mirroring the destruction of Liesel's innocence."Liesel watched, a small shivering thing on the

fringes of the crowd. The flames were high now, licking the bottoms of the twilight sky. They

danced and pulsed, a frightening yellow ballet‖.(212)Here, the words "shivering thing" and

"frightening" effectively convey Liesel's fear as she observed the flames consuming the books.

Examination of how Freudian psychoanalysis enhances understanding of the symbolic

representations of trauma in the narrative and their impact on Liesel's psyche can be shown

through a lot of other acts incident which symbolizes Liesel struggles and her moral journey .

Her development from a powerless girl to a more mature, empowered young woman is

symbolized by her relationship to books.A bit later, she struggles to read in front of the class and

is mocked by Ludwig Schmeikl, and the incident again leaves her feeling powerless.At the end
 Sobina 22

of the story, however, it‘s her book that in an indirect way saved her life, since she was in the

basement working on it when the bombs fell on Himmel Street.

These symbolic elements, give deeper understanding of Liesel's internal struggles. The

stolen books offer a glimmer of hope, but the constant reminders of trauma – the nightmares, the

Grey world, and the dismissive shrug – paint a picture of a young girl grappling with a harsh

reality. The use of fire highlights the transformative power of words and defiance in the face of

oppression, offering a glimpse of potential healing and growth.

2.4 Understanding Liesel's Psychological and Moral Development

(Kedra Cherry,2023) discussed human development as WellAccording to Freud's

psychoanalytic theory, human development is divided into stages: the oral stage, anal stage,

phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage. Each stage influences personality development.

Liesel Psychological and moral growth of Liesel can be analyzed using this framework. For

example, Liesel's experiences the loss and trauma could be linked to the phallic stage. This stage

is characterized by the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls, where they

develop unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and view the same-sex parent as a rival.

Liesel's bond with Hans, her foster father, could reflect elements of the Electra complex, where

she seeked emotional closeness and support from a father figure. Her interactions with Rosa, her

foster mother, might also involve dynamics influenced by the phallic stage, as Liesel navigated

feelings of rivalry or jealousy within their relationship. "In Liesel's heart, the girl was beginning

to understand the complexities of love and loyalty, navigating the delicate balance between her

feelings for Hans and Rosa, realizing that family is not just about blood but about the bonds of
 Sobina 23

trust and care that transcend mere relations."(204) These lines show Liesel's moral development

as she grapples with her relationships with Hans showing .

Throughout the novel Liesel psychological development can easily be examined using

pleasure principles given by Freud id, ego, superego. Liesel's id could be seen in her initial

stealing of books. This behavior might stem from her basic need for comfort and security, driven

by her traumatic experiences and desire for escapism through reading. Liesel's id is obvious in

her impulsive actions, such as stealing books, driven by her need for comfort and escape from

the harsh realities of her life. Liesel's id pushed her to satisfy her emotional needs through

reading and forming connections with words. Stealing of"The Gravedigger's Handbook" at her

brother's burial reflects her instinctual desires and emotional responses,showing the influence of

the id on her behavior."In that moment, she felt the pull of her id, the raw and instinctual urge to

possess something that offered solace and connection in a world filled with loss and pain."(281)

Liesel's ego is evident in her ability to face challenging situations with courage and

consideration for others. When she decided to share her stolen books with Max, showing

empathy and compassion despite her own desires to keep them for herself."In that moment,

Liesel's ego emerged as a guiding force, balancing her own desires with the needs and emotions

of those around her, showcasing her capacity for empathy and selflessness."(357)This shows

how she managed her inner conflicts and external pressures, striving to find a balance between

her personal needs and the expectations of society. This aspect of her character development

adds depth and complexity to her journey throughout the story.

Liesel's superego is seen in her acts of kindness and empathy towards others. For

instance, her friendship with Max, the Jewish man hiding in her basement, demonstrates her
 Sobina 24

acceptence to moral values of compassion and humanity, even when it goes against societal

norms at the time.the concept of the superego can be understood through the character of Hans

Hubermann he consistently demonstrates a strong sense of morality, compassion, and

responsibility throughout the novel. His actions, such as sheltering Max Vandenburg despite the

risks, embody the moral standards and societal values that guide his behavior."Sometimes I think

my papa is an accordion. When he looks at me and smiles and breathes, I hear the notes." (289)

Hans Hubermann serves as a moral compass in the story, influencing the actions and decisions

of those around him. Liesel's character embodies elements of Freud's psychoanalytic theory,

providing a deeper understanding of her psychological and moral development such as her acts

of kindness and courage, could be viewed through Freud's superego, the part of the mind that

internalizes societal values and norms.

2.5 Psychological Responses to Trauma

Liesel's psychological responses to trauma might explain her anxiety, grief, and survivor guilt f

related to factors she experienced such as Loss and Separation,nightmares, terror,uncertainty

,powerlessness and repressed memories.In order to reduce anxiety the protagonist used defence

mechanism such as displacement and repression . Liesel's grief over losing her family could lead

to fixation at the stage where that bond was formed, hindering her ability to fully move on.

Freud's theory emphasizes the unconscious mind. Liesel might harbor unconscious guilt for

surviving while others perished. This guilt could manifest as self-punishment or difficulty

enjoying life."She felt awful. The guilt, a familiar lump in her throat, tightened unbearably. How

could she have taken the money? How could she have stolen from him?" (Zusak, 39). This quote

comes after Liesel steals some of Rosa's laundry money to buy postage for the letters she writes
 Sobina 25

to her mother. The "familiar lump" indicates a recurring feeling of guilt, suggesting this isn't the

first time. Liesel's actions have caused her internal conflict.

Freudian psychoanalysis enhances understanding of Liesel's unconscious conflicts and

emotional responses to trauma, shaping her psychological development.Liesel experienced a

series of traumatic events - losing her family, witnessing death, and Nazi persecution. These

events might be too overwhelming for her young mind to fully process. According to Freud, such

experiences can be repressed and pushed into the unconscious, where they continue to influence

her thoughts and behaviors. Despite the harsh realities she faced, Liesel still exhibited a strong

moral compass. This suggests a well-developed superego, the part of the psyche that represents

internalized societal values and morals. The guilt she experienced after stealing from Rosa is an

example of this superego in action.―She hated Rudy Steiner sometimes. Sometimes she hated

him with a vehemence that surprised her. But mostly, she…thought about his laugh, the way it

could fill a room. Mostly, she thought about how many cigarettes he must have smoked to cough

like that.‖ ( 544)―.This quote shows her acknowledgement of right and wrong.

2.6 Unconscious Factors Influencing Moral Development

Unconscious factors play a significant role in shaping our moral development and

decision-making, emotional responses and internalized norms. These influences can operate

beneath the surface, our actions and judgments in proper ways. These unconscious factors are

crucial for developing or understanding of morality and making conscious choices that attaches

individual with values and norms. When it comes to Liesel, her upbringing, experiences, and

interactions with others could all contribute to these unconscious influences. For instance, her

family environment, societal norms, and personal traumas may have instilled certain values in

her that guided her ethical choices without her even realizing it.
 Sobina 26

Internalized values seen through various instances, show how they guided her actions.

For example, her compassion and sympathy is evident when she befriended Max, the Jewish man

her family sheltered she formed a strong bond with Max, showing commitment to humanity and

kindness."She turned to him, her voice a small, dangerous thing. 'Someday, I'm going to write a

story about you. Max Vandenburg. The man who climbed into our window. I'll write all about

you.'"(330)This quote shows Liesel's determination to preserve Max's story, a story the Nazis

would want to be forgotten. It highlights the power of words to defy oppression and create a

lasting record of humanity in the face of war. Moreover, Liesel's love for books and storytelling

not only serves as a source of comfort but also becomes a form of resistance against the

oppressive regime. Through her passion for words, Liesel finds solace, strength, and a means to

connect with others, highlighting the power of literature in shaping her values and influencing

her ethical decisions.This shows how Liesel's internalized values of compassion, empathy, and

the importance of words guide her actions and shape her character . when Death, the narrator,

describes Liesel as she reads in the bomb shelter during air raids: "I have hated words and I have

loved them, and I hope I have made them right."(86) This quote reflects Liesel's deep connection

to words, highlighting how her internalized values, shaped by her love for books and storytelling,

influence her perception of the world and her desire to use words for good.

Unresolved conflicts in literature are situations or issues within a story that remain

unsettled or unresolved by the end of the narrative. These conflicts can add depth and complexity

to the story, leaving readers with questions or open-ended interpretations. Liesel's internal

struggle with loss, grief, and the impact of war on her life are unresolved conflicts which

included her past experiences or emotions that she hadn't fully processed could impact her
 Sobina 27

decision-making. These unresolved issues might lead her to act in ways to cope with hidden

conflicts, even if she's not consciously aware of them.

The lingering emotional turmoil Liesel experiences throughout the story, especially

regarding her losses and the devastation of war, remains unresolved by the end of the novel. This

unresolved conflict adds depth to Liesel's character and leaves readers contemplating the long-

lasting effects of trauma and grief, emphasizing the harsh realities of war and its aftermath.

Another unresolved conflict is Liesel's ongoing struggle with the loss of her loved ones,

particularly her brother and her biological family. Finding a new home with the Hubermann,

Liesel continued to deal with the trauma of her past and the uncertainties of the future, creating a

sense of unresolved tension and emotional turmoil that runs the narrative. These internal

conflicts reflect the lasting impact of war and loss on Liesel's character, and show resilience

adversity in the novel.

Ghanti,2024sugested that according to Freudian psychoanalysis provides insights into

Liesel's unconscious motivations that drive her moral choices and actions in response to trauma.

Freudian theory suggests that unconscious desires, fears, and conflicts influence human

behavior(Akhilesh Ghanti,2024). In Liesel's case, her traumatic experiences, such as the loss of

her family and the impact of war, could manifest in her unconscious mind, shaping her moral

compass and actions.It might reveal how her repressed emotions and unresolved traumas from

her past influence her behaviors, such as her deep connection to words and storytelling as coping

mechanisms."The only thing worse than a boy who hates you: a boy that loves you"(225). this

shows the complexities of relationships and emotions, shedding light on Liesel's internal
 Sobina 28

struggles and the unconscious motivations that drive her actions and moral choices in

response to trauma.

Her unconscious motivations could stem from a desire for security, love, and a sense of

control in a chaotic world. By delving into Liesel's unconscious mind through a Freudian lens,

the complex interplay between her past experiences, emotions, and the moral decisions she

makes throughout the novel can be better understood.

 Sobina 29

Chapter 3: Coping strategies used by Protagonist to deal with trauma

3.1 Investigating Liesel's Coping Mechanisms

Liesel‘s life was marked by significant trauma, including the loss of her brother, the

abandonment by her mother, and the constant threat of violence in Nazi Germany. In response to

these overwhelming experiences, Liesel turned to books as a means of coping. Her initial act of

stealing "The Gravedigger's Handbook" was not just an act of rebellion but also a desperate

attempt to hold onto something tangible from her brother's funeral, signifying her need for a

connection to her lost family. Liesel experienced a significant amount of trauma throughout her

young life. In order to cope up with these traumatic events in her life she used certain

mechanisms including her use of reading as a form of escapism and emotional processing,

Reading may serve as a defense mechanism, allowing Liesel to temporarily escape from

her traumatic reality or to process her emotions indirectly. Liesel's engagement with literature

may symbolize her unconscious desires for understanding, meaning, and connection in the face

of adversity. Her coping mechanism can be analyzed through the lens of Freudian

psychoanalysis, particularly focusing on her reading as means of escapism and emotional

processing. Freud works on defense mechanisms, the unconscious mind, and the pursuit of

meaning provide a framework for understanding her psychological strategies. "Liesel

Meminger clutched the book to her chest as the bombs fell. Maybe it was the story that did it, or

maybe it was the steady, stroking rhythm of Hans Hubermanns' voice, but something about the

words kept her anchored. Even when the room tilted, and the ceiling danced a jig, Liesel felt a

strange sense of calm." (528) she found solace in the words being read to her by Hans during a
 Sobina 30

bombing raid. The book and the story acted as a shield, offering her a sense of security during a

terrifying experience. Liesel's immersion in books can be viewed as a source of comfort, a

specific type of defense mechanism that allows her to distance herself from the harsh realities of

her life. The act of Liesel to engage other‘s in narrative was basically a mental refuge where

she could find solace from her traumatic experience."Max looked at her, his eyes full. 'Can you

read to me?' Liesel felt a curious tightening in her chest. It wasn't fear. It was something else.

Maybe…responsibility. Maybe…hope." (536)

The environment in Nazi‘s Germany was filled with constant fear, loss, and violence.

Liesel's habitual reading allowed her to mentally escape from these stressors. When she reads,

she could momentarily forget about the bombings, the persecution, and the personal losses she

had endured."She knelt in the damp grass. Her heart hammered. Not from the act of stealing,

necessarily, but from the weight of the book in her hand. Words. So many of them. Neatly

arranged on a page. Promised stories." (37)These lines show the significance of stealing books

which can be risky, is a testament to how important stories are for her. This escape is not merely

a distraction but a necessary psychological reprieve that enabled her to preserve her sanity in an

otherwise unbearable reality. Freud theorized that fantasy served as a means for individuals to

fulfill unmet desires and needs. For Liesel, reading allowed her to construct a fantasy world

where the chaos of her external environment was suspended. ―Liesel shuffled back a step, and

then another. The words were collapsing in on her, building a roof above her. They were bricks

and mortar, these words, and Liesel was walking inside a house built entirely of stories." (78)

This fantasy world provided her with scenarios in which problems are solvable, justice prevails,

and comfort is attainable, thereby offering a stark contrast to her lived experience.Reading also

facilitates an indirect way for Liesel to process her emotions. According to Bailey,2023, indirect
 Sobina 31

processing of traumatic events can occur through displacement, where emotional energy is

transferred from one object or activity to another. For Liesel, the stories she reads allowed her to

confront and work through her feelings in a symbolic manner. The challenges faced by the

characters in her books often mirror her own struggles, enabling her to explore her fears and

hopes without directly confronting her trauma.

Freud's concept of identification suggests that individuals cope with stress by identifying with

characters who have similar emotions or circumstances. Liesel identified with the characters

who face adversity and triumph, such as the protagonists in "The Shoulder Shrug" or "The

Whistler." This identification provides a cathartic release of pent-up emotions and reinforces her

resilience by seeing her own struggles reflected and addressed in the narratives."The words

marched across the page, a small army conquering the blankness. Liesel felt a familiar prickle at

the back of her eyes. Maybe it was the story itself, or maybe it was the beauty of the words

themselves." (238). The words didn't just inform her, they evoked strong feelings, making her

experience the narrative on a deeper level.

Liesel's reading signifies her longing for meaning. Freud suggested that individuals are driven by

a need to find purpose and significance in their lives. For Liesel, books were not just stories but

lifelines that imbued her existence with meaning. They became symbols of resistance, hope, and

resilience, helping her to construct a narrative of her own life that is marked with significance

despite the surrounding chaos. Through reading, Liesel was engaged in an existential search for

meaning Literature also fulfilled Liesel's unconscious desire for connection. The characters in

her books became companions and confidants, offering her a sense of belonging and

understanding that she often missed in her real-life interactions , sharing books with others, such
 Sobina 32

as her foster father Hans and her friend Max, strengthens her bonds with them, creating a shared

space of empathy and solidarity."Max looked at her, his eyes full. 'Can you read to me?' Liesel

felt a curious tightening in her chest. It wasn't fear. It was something else.

Maybe…responsibility. Maybe…hope." (316)

3.2 Liesel's Unconscious Desires

Liesel‘s life was shaped by profound loss and instability, creating a deep-seated need for

understanding, meaning, and connection. These needs are powerfully symbolized through her

engagement with literature.Imagine,‘ I said, finally breaking the silence. ‗Imagine stealing

something right back from them.‘… We laughed, a sound that felt so good. We were partners.‖

Liesel shares her stolen book with Rudy, solidifying their friendship. Stealing books represents

defiance against Nazi censorship, creating a sense of shared purpose and rebellion.―‗Read,‘ he

said softly. ‗Read to me.‘… I climbed onto the bed and settled myself beside him. The book,

open on his lap, looked inviting. It was like stealing. It felt like home.‖ (402)Here, Liesel finds

comfort and connection with Hans through shared reading. It becomes a safe space for them to

bond despite the harsh realities outside.

Liesel‘s relentless pursuit of books signifies her unconscious quest for understanding.

The chaotic and violent world around her was often incomprehensible, filled with inexplicable

suffering and loss. When she visited the mayor's house with her foster father, Hans Hubermann,

for the first time. She was captivated by the sight of so many books in the Mayor‘s library and

felt an irresistible urge to take one. Despite the initial hesitation and internal conflict, Liesel

surreptitiously pockets "The Shoulder Shrug," a book she later treasured and read repeatedly.
 Sobina 33

This moment highlights Liesel's complex relationship with books and her subconscious

longing for knowledge, comfort, and escape from the harsh realities of her life. Through this

incident, Liesel's unconscious desire for connection, growth, and resilience through literature

becomes palpably evident.Through reading, Liesel seeked to make sense of the human condition,

the nature of good and evil, and the reasons behind the injustices she witnessed. Literature

provided her with narratives that explored these themes, offering her insights that helped her

navigate her own experiences.

Berg(2018) discussed Freud‘s theory of Intellectualization suggests that individuals cope

with trauma by seeking to understand it logically. Liesel‘s intellectual curiosity drove her to

explore complex themes and moral questions through the books she read. This quest for

knowledge helped her to process her experiences in a more structured and comprehensible

way."Like most misery, it started with apparent happiness." (1) It foreshadows a shift in Liesel

life. While things might seem peaceful on the surface, the quote suggests that happiness is

fleeting and something bad is looming. This prepares the reader for the potential challenges

Liesel will face. Liesel's initial attraction can be seen to the books she encounters, which

eventually leads to her stealing them. It captures the complex emotions as she faces with her

unconscious desires and the consequences of her actions reducing her anxiety and providing her

with a sense of control over her environment.

Writing served as a powerful coping mechanism by providing her with a means to

process her emotions, express her thoughts, and make sense of the world around her. Through

writing, Liesel found a way to externalize her inner turmoil, fears, and hopes, which were

cathartic and therapeutic. Liesel's journal entries and the book she created for Max not only

serve as outlets for her feelings but also allowed her to preserve memories, reflect on her
 Sobina 34

experiences, and assert her own voice in a world where she often felt voiceless. Writing enabled

Liesel to reclaim agency over her narrative, shaping her story and finding empowerment in

storytelling. when Liesel reflects on the power of words and writing, stating, "The words were on

their way, and when they arrived, she would hold them in her hands like clouds, and she would

ring them out like the rain." (550)Moreover, the act of writing offered Liesel a form of control

and creativity, giving her a sense of purpose and a way to construct meaning amid chaos and

loss. By engaging in writing, Liesel explore her inner world, grapple with her past, and envision

a future beyond her current circumstances. It became a tool for self-discovery, healing, and

resilience in the face of adversity.

Freud emphasized the importance of social bonds in human development and emotional well-

being. Liesel‘s relationships were strengthened through the shared experience of reading. She

used building relationships as a coping mechanism to navigate the challenges she faced.

Throughout the novel, Liesel formed deep connections with various characters such as her foster

parents, Rudy Steiner, Max Vandenberg, and even the mayor's wife, Ilsa Hermann. These

relationships served as pillars of support and comfort for Liesel during tumultuous times.Liesel's

bond with her foster parents, Hans and Rosa Hubermann, provided her with a sense of family

and stability in the midst of war and loss. Hans, in particular, becomes a source of love and

encouragement for her, offering her solace through his kind and gentle nature. Liesel's friendship

with Rudy Steiner also played a significant role in her coping mechanism. Rudy's loyalty, humor,

and companionship bring lightness and joy to Liesel's life, helping her find moments of respite

from the harsh realities of the world around her. Liesel's relationship with Max Vandenburg, the

Jewish man hidden in her basement, showcased her capacity for empathy and compassion.

Through her interactions with Max, Liesel learned about resilience, courage, and the power of
 Sobina 35

storytelling, which ultimately shaped her own coping strategies and outlook on life. Liesel's

ability to forge meaningful connections with others demonstrates how building relationships can

serve as a vital coping mechanism in times of adversity, providing her with strength, support, and

a sense of belonging amidst the chaos of war and loss., "I am haunted by humans." , narrated by

Death in the story, emphasizes the lasting impact that human connections and relationships can

have on individuals. It reflects how the memories, emotions, and experiences shared with others

can linger and shape one's coping strategies and understanding of the world.

Freudian psychoanalysis delves into the unconscious mind, revealing the hidden motivations

and desires that drive human behavior. The narratives she often reflect her inner conflicts and

aspirations, offering her a way to explore and resolve these issues symbolically. For example, the

book "The Standover Man," written by Max, served as a symbol of their shared struggles and

mutual support, fulfilling Liesel‘s need for connection and understanding. Liesel's creative

pursuits, like painting over pages of Mein Kampf to create new stories with Max, demonstrate

her ability to find beauty and meaning in the midst of darkness. By performing acts of kindness,

such as sharing her stolen books with others or comforting those in need, Liesel not only helped

herself cope but also bring light and compassion to those around her. This process helped her to

reduce anxiety and gain a sense of control over her environment Liesel‘s emotional turmoil was

sublimated through her engagement with literature. Instead of acting out her emotions

destructively, she channeled them into reading and later writing, transforming her negative

emotions into a positive and meaningful activity. This sublimation not only helped her to cope

with her trauma but also contributed to her personal growth and resilience.. The therapeutic

effect of storytelling, a concept related to Freud‘s theories, is evident in Liesel‘s engagement

with literature. By immersing herself in stories that reflected her own struggles and aspirations,
 Sobina 36

Liesel engaged in a form of narrative therapy, using literature to process and make sense of her

experiences.
 Sobina 37

Conclusion
Liesel‘s evolution from a young girl who initially struggles with loss and loneliness to a

courageous and compassionate individual demonstrates the profound impact of relationships and

experiences on personal growth. Through the books , she evolved from a powerless character to

a powerful character who deeply empathized with the voiceless.

She was mascot of the resilience of the human spirit, the healing nature of connection, and

the importance of empathy and understanding in overcoming adversity. Her character

development underscores the themes of love, loyalty, and the enduring strength found in the

bonds we form with others. Her story teaches that even in the darkest of times, kindness,

connection, and the ability to find solace in words and stories can help us endure and overcome

challenges.

Liesel's life exemplifies the strength that can be found in relationships, the transformative

nature of personal growth, and the enduring impact of love and humanity, even in the midst of

tragedy and loss. From her story one can learn that even in the darkest of times, kindness,

connection, and the ability to find solace in words and stories can help us endure and overcome

challenges. . Liesel's journey illustrates the resilience of the human spirit in the face of loss and

hardship, emphasizing the importance of kindness, compassion, and the enduring impact of small

acts of courage and love.

Her life filled with traumatic experiences but still she use Literatureas a source of comfort

and solace during challenging times. Through books and storytelling, she found a refuge from

the harsh realities of her world, allowing her to escape into different worlds and perspectives.

The act of reading and sharing stories not only provides her with a sense of escapism but also

helped her to connect with others on a deeper level, fostering empathy and understanding.
 Sobina 38

Liesel's relationship with literature gives lesson of transformative power of words and

storytelling. Books become a means for Liesel to process her emotions, find courage, and make

sense of the world around her. Literature can have profound impact on individuals, offering

comfort, inspiration, and a sense of connection that transcends boundaries. Liesel's story

emphasizes the healing and transformative nature of literature, showcasing how words have the

ability to uplift, empower, and provide solace in times of adversity. Liesel's development in The

Book Thief offers a rich academic exploration of character growth and resilience. Throughout the

novel, Liesel undergoes significant emotional and psychological changes that reflect her

experiences and interactions Liesel with others. Liesel's development in The Book Thief holds

significant academic value as it provides a rich study of character growth, resilience, and the

impact of environment on individual development.

By examining Liesel's evolution throughout the novel, one can analyze trauma, coping

mechanisms, and the transformative nature of storytelling in shaping one understands of the

world. This study focused on the protagonist. For further research on this novel the trauma of all

the characters and their resilience in face of adversity can also be analyzed. Story telling as

coping mechanism can also be studied.

 Sobina 39

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