W

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K
K

E>F J
K J

KK

E5VF

EF

K
K

ErepeatersF
K

W J

W J

W J

J
K J

E
F
WK
J

W
J

J
J

E F

WK

W
Sampling

F
KE

KW

KKW

KW

--

W J
ESampling Theorem or Shannon TheoremF
2fmfs fm
K

(base band signal)

E JFfs 2fm

fsW

fm

Ts
E JFTsZ1/fs

WW
E

1/2fm E

K E

(aliasing error)
Nyquist Ffm
fs min= fN = 2fm
(-)

Efrequency

TN = 1 / 2fm

ENyquist frequencyF fN W

KTN

P(t)V(t)
E-)

K JKEsampled signalFVs(t)
Vs(t) = V(t) * P(t)

--

()

()
V(f)

V(t)

- fm

fm

(a)

(a )

P(f)

P(t) = a0+ an cos 2 nfs t

-

Ts 2Ts

2fs 3fs
fs

(b/)

(b)

VS(f) = a0V(f) + an V(f nfs)

VS(t) = V(t) P(t)

= V(t) a0 + an V(t) cos(2 nfst)

-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm 2fs

/

(c)

(c )

3fs

W-

--

sampleF (gating)

K JKE hold

KW

fmfmV(t)V(f)

W J

(-)

(-)

P(t)

P(t) = a
0+ an cos 2 n fs t

VS(t) = S(t) P(t)

= a0V(t) + an V(t) cos(2 nfst)

cos(2 nfst)V(t)

Wnnfscos(2 nfst)
(-)

VS(f) = a0V(f) + an V(f nfs)

EFW

F J

a0V(t)a0Ebase band signal oranalog signal

K J

fs 2fm E
--

0 V(t) E

V(f)FfsTs
E

fsTs

EV(f)F
fs 2fmK
K

EAliasingF J

EF
J

fs < 2fm

KEAliasing errorsFK

KEFW

--

Elow pass filter LPFF E

KEanti-aliasing filterF

fmaxEcut off frequency fcut offF E

(-)

fcut off fmax

tp

fs
E JF

N = fs tp = tp / Ts

ETypes of samplingFW J

EIdeal samplingFWW J J

KEunit weighted pulsesF

KKEPAMF

--

V(f)

V (t)

f
-fm

fm

P( f ) =

-fs
3fs

1
T

( f nfs)

(t ) =

(t nTs )

n =

f
2fs

fs

Ts

Vs(t) = V(t) P(t)

1
Vs ( f ) = V ( f nfs )
T

-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm .

W J

ENatural samplingF J J

K JK

--

W5 J

EFETFW E
E

K E

Eflat-top samplingF J J

KE JF

sample F

KE7 JFKEand hold circuit

--

V(f)
V(t)

t
-fm

fm
P(f) =

Sa(f ) ( f nfs)
P(t)

X
a0V ( f ) + anV ( f )

Vs( f ) =

n
V ( f nfs )
T

Sa

n =

= 0V(f) +

Vs(t)=P(t) * V(t)

n V(f-nfs)
-

+3fs
-fs

-fm

fm

fs

W6 J

--

W7 J

EFETF E
E

K E

CEsampleFEFETF E
KEholdF

K J

- -

W8 J
J

Ebase bandFPAM E

FKfs

E J

sin c( x) = sin x E
x

Kx

W E

E JF

K1

cut off FK1

KEfrequency fcut off

- -

WPAM

PCM
TDM

fs = V(t)

K = 40s5KHz

EFEF
KK1 = 1.0K1 = 0.5EF
K 25 KHz EF


J

K8KHzV(t)

EF

EF

J

JV(t)
K6KHz

WF
K

- -

J
K4 kHz dcV(t)
K

EF
EF

J
KE10000 HzF

K4KHzEguard band

J
Kfm fs- fmfmfs=9KHz

J
K0.25ms 500 Hz
K18KHz

- -

J
K2 KHz1 KHz

K0.1ms
K35KHz

J
(TDM of PAM signals)
W
KK
KEsequentiallyF

W J

TsE>F E

KKKK E

EF E

K E
- -

W J J

W E

EF

KV2(t)V1(t) J

W J

KETsF
K

EF

signal

E>FKsignal #4#1

EcommutatorF
KEdecommutatorF

11 J

- -

:-

EF

Esampling theoremF

(fN = 2fm).

EF

J EF

= Ts/7

KK

K EF

K J

- -

W J

EF
K

Tframe

EF

fs = fN= 2fm

N B

0.5

k =

Ts

Kk W J
- -

fmk

EF

W
(-)

fs = 2fm,

1
2fm ,

Ts =

E
F

Tframe =

1
2fm

E
F

(-)

Tframe
k

(-) B =

0.5

0.5
Tframe
k

0.5
Ts/k

E
F

0.5k
Ts

0.5k
1/2fm = 0.5 k (2fm) = k X fm

BT = k fm
(-)

for the ration B =

BT = 2k fm.

= EF
KX

- -

W
fs = 2fm J

E JFBT = L X fm

L = number of spaces + sync + data pulses

fs > 2fm
E JFBT = L x

Fs
2

W J
PAM
KBW = 1 kHz

- -

PAMW J
W J

J
Fs = 1.25 fN

E
E
K

W E

(Multiplexing of dissimilar channels)

K
KEsub and super commutationF

- -

Efixed rateF

K
K16 kHz15.5 kHz8 kHz

80 kHz J

40 kHz J
10 kHz J

1250 Hz J
625 Hz J

K J

W J

- -

K E

10 kHz J

40 kHz J

40 kHz J

880 kHz J

40 kHz J

10 kHz

1250 Hz J

K16625 Hz J

1250 Hz

K0.1 ms
625625 Hz
K0.2 ms

- -

W J
2 PAM/TDM
KK

KE>F

KkHz

K J
Kfs = 1.5 fNEF

W J
Kfs = 2fN J



- -

(Pulse Analog Modulation)

W J J

EpositionFEduration or widthFEamplitudeF

(Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)

EF

KSTs(t)
Pulse height = V Vs
t

KV

(Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)

EF

KSTs(t)
Pulse width = Vs

tVs

(Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)

STs(t) E
Pulse position = td Vs

tVs

K td

K J
- -

K J

WE

WE

K o

J J

(Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)E

EF

KSTs(t)

E
(Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)
(Pulse Duration Modulation: PDM)
- -

STs(t) EF

K J

K J

STs(t)=1 E

STs(t)=2 E
STs(t)=1

K E
J

W
K

- -

(Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)

STs(t) EF
K

KEF

K o
W

JK J
WK

S1(t)PAM K

S2(t)Eramp generatorF K

S3(t) S2(t) S1(t) K

S3(t) = S2(t) + S1(t)

S3(t) K

Vcc (comparator)Esaw toothF K

. S4(t) PWM S3(t) > Vref

ES5(t))EdifferentiatorF K
KS6(t)PPM

- -

K J

- -

K J

- -

J
(Demodulation of PAM and PWM and PPM)
W J J

ELPFF E

KPAM J

EinstantaneousF E

Eshaped transfer characteristicsF

EequalizerF

KPAM J
E

K PAM PAM

J J

EintegratorF PAM PWM

Esample pointFEintegrationF
K

- -

K J
W

KPAM E
J J

PWMPPM
KPAM PWM

PWM

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4T

PPM

t
PAM

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4T

KPAMPPMPWM J

- -

W
Digital modulation

KKEF

K
K

KW

- -

EFW

J J
W

EF K

- -

W
W

W J J

Band F K

Ecut frequency fmF Epass filter

fsfN fs K

EPCMFEPAMF K

ECode WordFESampleFEEncoderF
KEF

- -

FW K
Equantization levels

EFE JF K
Equantization intervalF

n2n

E28Fn=8
K

W K

EFEF
ECode WordF

J J

NM

( J2).M = 2N

WNM
(2-2).N = Log2M = 3.32 Log10M

M=Enormalized PCMF

N = log2256= log228=8 bit
W

K{
128 = 27 = 2NEN=7F

K
- -

N=100N

W J

KELow Pass Filter LPFF

J J

EPCMF

PAM FEAnalog signalF

KEsignal

Kfm

fN=2fm

- -

fs=fN=2fm
Rb = Nfs = 2Nfm

BT = Rb = 2NfmW

W J

fm=4 KHZ, n=8

J J

ED/A converterF

Equantization intervalF

+V-V
V

V2

WN
(2-5) =

2V
volts
2N

2v
V
=
/2 = n
2 2n
2

volts

(2-6)NQ= V2/22N

watts

- -

( N)

V2
SQ
= V 2 2 N
NQ
2

(2-7)..

= 2 2 N

(S N )

= 22N

EcharacteristicFENon linear amplifierF

K

KW

- -

J J

EF

W J

EF

EF
EF

LEF
PS/QN J

N=10 bitSNR= 22N J

40dBEF
- -

J J

(2-8)

V0 = V0 max

Vi

ln1 +
Vimax

ln(1 + )

for Vi 0

Vi
V0

Vimax

V0max

EF Ecompression parameterF

Vr

Vi max
V0 max

(1 + )
forVr 0
V =
(2-9).. ie

- -

Vie
LF

KEcodec: coder/decoder

WA law (Europe) codec

1 + lg Ax
sign
V0 = V0 max
1 + lg A

1/A < X <1.(2-10)

Ax

V0 max
1 + lg A

0 < X < 1/A..(2-11)

A = 87.6

W J

Vimax =8V, V0max = 5V, =255
8v4v2v

J J

ML
M

{ J
J

- -

KEnormalized valuesF
W

actual I/P analog voltage

full - scale voltage of A/D converter
Vi
X (t) =
, where Vfs = 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ....
V fs

normalizes I/P analog voltage =

actual out put normalized value full scale voltage

analog voltage = of digital word of D/A converter

Vo = X (t ) V fs

KL

WL

{{Eunipolar encodingF
J{Ebipolar encodingF

KH{

- -

7/8=0.875
6/8=0.75
5/8=0.625
4/8=0.5
3/8=0.375
2/8=0.25
1/8=0.125
0
-1/8=-0.125
-2/8=-0.25
-3/8=-0.375
-4/8=-0.5
-5/8=-0.625
-6/8=-0.75
-7/8=-0.875
-8/8=-1

15/16=0.9375
14/16=0.875
13/16=0.8125
12/16=0.75
11/16=0.6875
10/16=0.625
9/16=0.5625
8/16=0.5
7/16=0.4375
6/16=0.375
5/16=0.3125
4/16=0.25
3/16=0.1875
2/16=0.125
1/16=0.0625
0

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
0111
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000

W J
K

the range of

J J J

EF
the normalized signal X (t ) is

0 X < 1

J N = 2 4 = 16

WE{F{{

- -

EXnF

016 = 0

8
= 0.5
16

15 = 0.9375
16

0000

0 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 0 21 + 0 2 0
1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 0 21 + 0 2 0

1000
{
LSBKKKKMSB

=8

1111

1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 1 21 + 1 2 0 = 15

E JFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Xu =

1
2N

EFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Vu = u

Vfs =

V fs
2N

KVfs
W
E JFKKKKKKKKKK Xu (max) = 1 - u = 1 -

1
2N

{ J

FMSB=0 J
E

- -

FE J
E1/161.47/162/161.67/16

1.67/16FE J
E1/16

W J
- -

EF

u
1
1
= N
= N +1 = 2 ( N +1)
2
2 2 2
E JFKKKKKKKKK
Where : Eu = the peak unipolar normalized error.

Eu =

J
E JFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK lu = Eu Vfs =

V fs
2

n +1

= 2 ( n +1) . Vfs

W J

u EF
Vu EF

Xu(max)EF
Vu(max)EF
EuEF
lu EF

J J J

1 X < 1 +1 -1

K J

- -

Xb

8
= 1
8

FXbE

0000

1000

K
1111

7
= 0.875
8

W J

E1 LSBF ( X b )
E JF X b =

n 1

V fs

N 1

= 2 n +1

Vb
E JF Vb = X b V fs =

= 2 N +1V fs

E JF X b (max) = 1 X b = 1 2 N +1

- -

E JFW

E JF

M
= 2 N 1
2

E JF

M
1 = 2 N 1 1
2

MSB

MSBEF
E

1 010 2
8 8
JF complement aries

0 010 6 8
8
MSB

0001 7
8 8

8
1
1001
8

b
J b =

X b
= 2 N
2

J l b = Eb V fs = 2 N V fs

- -

W
K

J J

Wdc

E+V-VF
0V

-V +V
EF

dcW

Wduty cycle
- -

NRZ
RZ

EBPRZFK

BPRBPNRZUPRZUPNRZ

BPRZ-AMI

BPRZ-AMIKEF
K

- -

+V/2
0V

EF

J J
(Non Return to Zero Level: NRZ-L) E

EHIGHFW
ELOWFW

F(Non Return to Zero Mark: NRZ-M) E

Edifferential Coding

W
K

- -

(Non Return to Zero Space: NRZ-S) E

W0

K J

(Unipolar Return to Zero: UPRZ)W E

W

W
W

KNRZ J
- -

W E
(Bipolar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
(Polar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
W

0V J
0V J

0V J

0V J

E-V0V +VF

KW

W E
(Return to Zero-Alternate Mark Inversion: RZ-AMI)
W

0V J

0V J

ELOWFW
W

K
- -

K J

KNRZ J
W E
Biphase- Level (BI L) or Manchester II code

W
J
J

KNRZ J

K J

W E
Biphase- Mark (BI M) or Manchester I code

W
J
J

- -

KNRZ J

K J

W E
Biphase- Space (BI S) code
W

W
J

KNRZ J

K J

W
E
Delay modulation (DM) or miller code
W

K J

KNRZ J
- -

DC

+V/2

3fb/2

UPNRZ

3O

3fP/2

BPNRZ

+V/4

fb

UPPZ

3O V

fb

BPRZ

3O V

3fb/2

BPRZ-AMI

W J

- -

NRZ L E

NRZ M E

NRZ S E

URZ E

BPRZPRZ E

BRZ AMI E

BI-L E

BI M E

BI S E

- -

DM

- -

PCM/TDM

EF W
EFK

J J

E
KEPAM/TDMF

KWE

KfN
Fs = fn = 2 f m

F
E

JE
E

JF

Eframe timeF

Tf = TN =

1
2 fm

W J

- -

Eword timeF
E JF

T= Tf
2K fm

Ebit durationF
E JF

T
N

2K N fm

:
K

J J

EUS 24 Channel SystemF

EUS 24 Channel SystemFWEF J J J

KECode WordsFE

K241

EFEF
K

- -

1 KKKKKKKKK
F EF
E

ZHZW

K24
s

1

8000

K
KEFrame Alignment Word: FAWF

TI FAW

ESuperframeFEF

ETI MultiplexerF K
EsFEFPCM

K K

W
K

K
KKKK

TI FAW K
K

- -

K
EFK

K
Kx

W J

EBandwidth = Bit rate ZF

125sfs=8kHz

ZCH

Tb =

Rb =

125s
0.647668 s
193

1
193
=
= 1.544
Tb
125s
- -

Mbit / s

=
B

1
= 1.544 MHz
0.64766

W J

E32 Channel SystemFWEF J J J

ECode WordsF E
K

K31

EFEF

EF
K

1 KKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKK

EF

ZHZW
K
s

1

8000

Synchronization F

KEand signaling
- -

FPCM K
EsFE

K K
W
K

K
KKKK

EBandwidth = Bit rate ZF

125sfs=8kHz

ZC

Tb =

Rb =

125s
0.488s
256

1
256
=
= 2
Tb
125s

Mbit / s

=
B

1
= 2 MHz
0.488

- -

W J

W J

KL J

- -

EDelta Modulation: DMF

W
K

K
KLL

ELinear Delta Modulation: DMF J J

W J

x(t) Edifferential circuitFE

K e(t) z(t)

e(t) = x(t) z(t)

Q(t)Esignal quantizerFE

K e(t) e(t)

- -

e(t) E+1Fe(t)E
K e(t) E+1F

KEstep sizeF E
J

W J
W

W
Estep sizeF J
fs J

- -

Eslope overloadF J

KEgranular noiseF J
Esignal to noise ratio S/NF\

Eslope overloadFW J

Egranular noiseFW J

ES/NFLW J

- -

Eadaptive delta modulationF J J

E
Estair case functionF

W E

J
KK

J J J
W E

EintegratorF

KEvariable gain amplifierF

W E

ESong algorithmF J

- -

ESong algorithmFW J

Edamped oscillationF

ESpace shuttle algorithmF J

K
K

KK

ESpace shuttle algorithmFW J

- -

W
Band Pass Modulation (BPM)

FW
KEFE
W

(ASK)(Amplitude shift keying) J

(FSK)(Frequency shift keying) J
(PSK)(Phase Shift keying) J

KW

W
K

- -

(Baud rate)(bit rate)1-3

(ASK,FSK,PSK)

KEF

W(Binary modulation) J

(bit)

Rb = Rs
N

M= 2
2
N = logM = log 2 =1

(1-3)
W

FWRb
Ebit /sec

FWRs
KEW

KWM

EFWN

W(Quadrature modulation) J

WEF
Rs = Rb/2
N

M= 2
= 22 = 4
N= log2 M = log 4 = 2

- -

(2-3)

WEF J

WEF(N)
Rs = Rb/N = Rb/log2 M
N

M = 2
N = log 2 M

(3-3)

W(ASK) 2-3

(Ac cos wst)(Ac sin wct)

WEFEF

FEASK)

(1-3)(AM.DSBTC)
+V
1
1

000
0

-V

E1-3F

(NRZ-L) Vm(t)E

Vc (t)= Ac cos 2 fct

W(ASK)E

VASK(t)

= [AVm(t)] cos 2 fct

= [Ftv] Cos 2 fct
= A[1V/A] Cos 2 fct
= A[1m] cost 2 fct
(ASK)

VASK(t) = A [1m] cos 2fct

(4-3 )

(m)W
- -

(2-3)

EASKFE2-3F

(Efficiency) (ASK)

m = 1

E2AVF

(ASKF(ASK)

(3-3)

(ASK)E3-3F

- -

EASKFEASKF

(Envelope detector)

(DSB-SC)

(ON-OFF KEYING) (OOK)

(modulating signal)EunipolarFE

Vm (t) ={ +1 V
logic 1
or

{ 0V
logic 0
OOK E
Vook(t) =Vm (t) *Vc (t)
=Vm * Ac cos wct
= { Ac*cos wct
for logic (1)
{
for logic (0)

(5-3)

(5-3)

( 4-3)

- -

(OOK ) (4-3)
(OOKF(OOK)

EF(Balanced Modulators)
EOOKF(5-3)

EOOKFE5-3F

- -

(OOK Detection)
W

(coherent detection)E

(synchronous detection)

(reference carrier)

(phase & frequency mismatch distortion)

E6-3F
(synchronous detection) ( AMDSB-SC)

EOOKF(6-3)

(Non Coherent Detection)E

(Asynchronous detection)

(7-3)(Envelope detector)

EFE7-3F
- -

W
EdiodeFE

Etime constant of chargeF

Eforward resistanceF

Ereverse biasedF

ERF

TZR*C

binary FE

(comparator)restoration)

EOOK BandwidthFEOOKF

EpcmFVm(t)E
(ones followed by zeros)

Tm = 2Tb

fm = 1/Tm =1/2Tb = Rb/2

)Vm(t)(Fc)(OOK)E

EFcFE8c-3F

EFcFEFmF

- -

EOOKFE8-3F
ERbFEdata rateFEFmFE8c-3F
Rb=1/Tb =1/(Tm/2) =2Fm

EFcFE

(BandwidthF
BT= Rb = 2Fm

WE3-3F

(6-3)

W1-3
(200 Kbit/sec)ENRZ-PCMF
EASKF

- -

EFW
Performance: ( bit error rate & symbol error rate )

(PB) (Probability of bit error)(BER)

(Probability of symbol error)

(PE)
FE
E

W(SER)(BER)E
(BASK,BFSK,BPSK) J

(1 bit)(symbol)

KEF
PB = PEBER = SERW

(QASK,QFSK,QPSK) J

PB = 1/2 PEBER = 1/2 SER(2 bit)

(ASK,FSK,PSK) J

(N)(N)
W
PB = PE / N = PE / log2M
EF:(M)

KKKKKKKPB = PE/ 4 WN= log2 16 = 4 M = 16 (16-PSK)

F(BER)E
K

FFE

W(Es / No)(SER)(Eb / No) (BER)E

=Eb,Es

(W/HZ)=No

- -

(BASK)

(Performance of binary BASK)

(Coherent detection) : E

PB=PE= 1/2 erfc

= 1/2 erfc(

=1/2 erfc (
A 2 Tb / 8 No )

Eb / 2 No

C / 4N

)
(7-3)

(Non Coherent detection): (

PB = PE =

( Eb / 2 No)

= 1/2 e

(C / 4 N )

( A2Tb / 8 No)
e
= 1/2
(8-3)

EF(bit)Eb = (E1+Eo) /

(9-3)

E1=C*Tb = A2 Tb/2

(OOKF(BASK)(9-3)

Eo = 0
- -

K
:

Eb = E1+E2/2= C Tb /2 = A2*Tb/4
C1=C= A2/2

Co = 0

(A Peak amplitude of the received carrier (v))EAF

No = N/BT= N/Rb = KT (W/HZ)

N= KT*BT (W)

23

K =(1.38*10 JK)
T= ( TA+TR)

(K)

TA:

EFW(TA)
TR=T1+T2/a1 =T3/a1+a2+.
EF
T1,T2,T3,..

G1,G2,G2,.

C/N

WEBERFEBASK)

- -

EBERFE10-3F

W2-3

(10MHZ) (OOK)E10 Kbit/sF

(5*10(-5) W/HZ) (10 (-2)V)

(BER)

3-3

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

EFEFsF

Ebase bandFEFEFmF
KEpolarF

F
EFCF

WFSK

WEFSKFE
VFSK (t) = (Ac cos { 2 (fc + VM(t)) f ) t }
(9-3)
(FSKF -VFSK :
(Volts)

-A

(HZ)EF JFc

(HZ)(Vm (t)) Jf
- -

( ) JVm (t)

Logic (1) = +1 , Logic (0) = -1

W(9-3)E
(a) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 (fc + f) t ] = A cos 2 fmt .
(3-10)
for a logic 1 , Vm (t) = +1
(b) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 (fc - f) t ]= A cos 2 fst
for a logic 0 , Vm (t) = -1
W

(Logic 1)(Logic 0)E

WEF

Fm=Fc+FELogic 1F

Fs = Fc-F ELogic 0F

(Fc)(Fm &Fs) E
(Fc F)

: (FSK)

( VCO) E EFSK) (

( Voltage Controlled Oscillator)

(VCO) (12-3)

:(VCO)(
KEVoltageF

(FSK)

EVCOF(Vm(t) = 1)E

EF,FsF

- -

:(FSK)

EFSK)E13-3F

(sec) JTm

(HZ)(Vm (t)) JFm

(Rb= 2Fm) (bit/sec)EbitsF JRb

(Mark Frequency) JFm

ESpace Frequency F JFs

WEFSKFEBaud rateFERbFEbitsF

EFSKFE

KE

WE

W(Rb)Ebit rate)

W(Baud rate or symbol rate)

(Fs)(Fm)(9-3)E
K

Bit rate =Symbol rate (Baud rate)

Rb (bit/sec) = Rs ( Symbol/sec) = Baud rate ( baud)
- -

(FSK Bandwidth)W(FSK)

EFSKF(BT)E

Fm = Rb/2

(3-11)(FM)
BT = 2 (f + fm)
(11-3)
(F =Fm-Fs/2) W

(Fc) :

EFW

(-) (11-3) (Fm F)E

BT = 2 f + 2 fm = fm fS + Rb

(12-3)

(FSK) (BT)

EFSKFE14-3F

(sin x/x)(Pulsed sinusoidal waves)

(12-3)(FSK)

W(Rb)(Fm)
Rb = 2Fm

- -

(14-3)
K

:3-3

E200 K bit / secFENRZ-LFEPCMF

K(150KHZ)(FSKF

J
K(Fs)( Fm)

(Logic 1) J

(Logic 0)

(Pulsed RF Signal) J
(base band)

K J

J
K(Binary restoration)

- -

W(FSK)E
FSK Coherent detection

EFSKFE15-3F

WELogic 1F J
Vr(t) = Acos wm(t)
(13-3)
W J
Vc(t) = 2A cos(2) wmt = A( 1+ cos 2wmt)
(14-3)
E14-3) K
(differential amp.)

: (15-3)
Vo (t) = Gv Vd(t) = A*Gv =
positive constant (15-3)
ELogic 1F

ELogic 0F K
K

- -

W(Performance)
WE

BER = PB = erfc

Eb

2 No

= erfc

PcTb

2 No

= erfc

A Tb

4 No

(3-16)

Eb = PC Tb
PC =
No =

A2
2
PN
BT
W

(EbF

EPcF

ENoF
E

BER = PB = exp (

-Eb
2NO
= erfc

(3-17)

A2Tb

2
No

(bits)

(PB)E16-3F

- -

PB =

F (

-Eb
2NO

) =F(C/N)

(FSK) (16-3)
: 4-3

(FSK)W( BER)

(1KHZ,2KHZ):(0.4 V)(2sec)(bit)
(10(-12) w/HZ)

(BER)(13-3)
4-3
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

WE

K( ASK) J

K(FSK) J

- -

(Binary PSK)PSKE
E

(Quadrature PSK) PSKE

KE

(-PSK) ( PSK)PSKE

EFEMFF
K

(18-3)

EF JNb

EF JM
W5-3
KKM= 2

EPSKF

(Binary PSK)

(BPSK) (17-3)
- -

(PCM)U (t) J
KE-90F

EF(i)(Ui ) J
W

(19-3 )

(volts) JV

Ui ={+1 for logic (1)

{-1 for logic (0)

JUi

W (19-3)

-E / 2 Flogic (1) J
HE / 2 Flogic (0) J

W(19-3) J

E20-3F

- -

WEBPSKF

(BPSK)
EF

(BPSK) (18-3)

: (
Vc (t)=Vsin wct

(BPSK) (19-3)

- -

:V BPSK(t) (

VBPSK(t)

BW=2fm=Rb

f
fc-fm
fc+fm

EVBPSKFE20-3F

EFE

V BPSK(t) = sin 2 Fmt*sin2 fct

= 1/2[ cos 2 (fc-fm)- 1/2 cos2 (fc+fm)t ]

W
B= (fc+fm) (fc+fm)=2fm=Rb
BT = RbW

EF

W
B= 2(f+fm)=2fm+2f
2f=0
W

B= 2fm = Rb

- -

(BPSK)

WEBPSK)E

(OOK)E21-3F
K(OOK)

ui= Binary

Balanced
Modultor

Bw=Rs
Ui V sin wct

BPF

Ui V sinct
VBPSK(t)

data
VSinct
Reference

Carrier
oscillator

(BPSK)(21-3)

W(BPSK)E

(Ui)

(balanced modulator)
K

- -

Vd(t)=2uiVsinwct

input signal Balanced

VBPSK(t)=
detector
VUisinct
2 sinct

Vo=VUi={+v Logic 1
{-v logic 0
L Vo=V
PF

Carrier
oscillator

(BPSK)E22-3F

W J

W J

W(LPF)

-
K

- -

: (Performance)

PB = PE = 1/2 erfc (
= 1/2 erfc (

EB / NO )

c * Tb / No )

(21-3)

= 1/2 erfc (

v 2 Tb / 2 No )

(BER)(Eb/No PB)
(22-3)

E23-3F

- -

: (QPSK)
Quadrature phase shift keying

(QPSK)E
K

(BPSK) (QPSK) E
:

VQPSK = UiVcosct + UQVsinct

(-3)

(I)(BPSK) J

(Q)(BPSK) J

W(V QPSK) J

UQV

VQPSK=V

VQPSK =

UIV

(UiV)2 + (UQV)2 =

- -

2v2

=V 2

(23-3)

W(47-3)(46-3)E

= coscoswet + sinsinwet
= cos(ct- )
W

cos(ct ) 2 VQPSK = V

-
= tan-1 UQ
UI

(24-3)

( / 4 , 3 / 4 , 5 / 4 , 7 / 4)

(UI,UQ)( 1-3)
VQPSK (eq. 72)

Vcosct+vsinct

vcosct+vsinct

VQPSK (eq. 74)

K(QPSK)EF
Phasor

v 2 cos(ct- /4)

=45

t
Transmitted
s
bite
UI

UQ

-1

-1

-1

-1

=135
v 2 cos(ct-3 /4)
=225

-vcosct-vsinct

v 2 cos(ct-5 /4)

-vcosct-vsinct

v 2 cos(ct-7 /4)

=315

E1-3F
- -

W(PSK)(Rs)E

Rs =

Rb
symbols/s
N

JRb

JN

M = 2N symbols

2
rad
M
E

C = B log2 M

W
JB

W(S/N)
((PCM))
WE
W(BER)E
(Thermal noise)
K
W(S/N)E
(PCM)
P =

360
M

- -

(BER)W J
W(Quantization noise) J

(S/N)Q = 22N = M2

K JM

K JN

ASK,FSK,PSK

RF

mixer

( /N)
or

IF

detector

PCM

*
P

D/A

LPF
(S/N)

Eb
No

(PCM)
W

- -

: 6-3
200fw (200x10-15W).
(300K)

K(425K)

(PCM)
W(2Mbit/sec)EbitF

(PSK)E

(ASK)E

(ASK)E
( QPSK) E

- -

1. Ashok Ambardar, Analog and Digital Signal Processing, Thomson Learning Inc, 1999.

2. John B. Anderson, Digital Transmission Engineering, Prentice Hall, 1999.

3. A.B.Carlson, Communication Systems McGraw-Hill, 1992.

4. Simon Haykin: Communication Systems, 4th Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2001.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen: Signals and Systems, John Willey & Sons, Inc, 1999.
Simon Haykins, Digital Communication, John Wiley, 2001.
B.P.Lathi, Analog and Digital Communication Systems, PHI, 1992.
Douglas K. Lindner, Signals and Systems, McGraw-Hill International, 1999.

9. John Pearson : Basic Communication Theory, Prentice Hall, 2000

10. J. Proakis: Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, 1995.
11. J. Proakis and M. Salehi: Contemporary Communication Systems Using
MATLAB, Bookware Companion Series, PWS Publishing, 1998.
12. Proakis, Digital Communication, McGraw-Hill, 1992.
13. Martin Roben: Analog and Digital Communication Systems, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998
14. K.Sam Shanmugam: Digital and Analog Communication Systems, John Wiley, 1985.
15. Bernard Sklar: Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
16. Taub & Schilling: Principles of Communication, McGraw-Hill Publication, 1990.

17. Wayne Tomasi: Advanced Electronic Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, 2001
18. Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson: Introduction to Digital Communication,
2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2001.

19. Roger E. Zeimer et al.: Signals and Systems, Continuous and Discrete, McMillan, 2nd Edition,
1990.

- -

............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
.................................................................................... W
.................................................................................. W J
................................................................................... EAliasingF J
.............................................................ETypes of samplingFW J
.............................................................. J
.................................. J
........................................................................ J
..................... J
............................................................................. W
.......................................................................
.........................................................................................
..................................... PCM/TDM
.........................................................................................
......................................................................... W
.......................................(Baud rate)(bit rate)1-3
................................................................. W(ASK)2-3
........................................................................... 3-3
........................................................................... 4-3
.....................................................................................................

- -

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS