INNER PRODUCT SPACES AND HILBERT SPACES

FRAME 1: In a normed vector space, we can add vectors and multiply vectors by scalars. Moreover, the norm generalizes the concept of the length of a vector. Last meeting, Tchim introduced the definition of dot product. The dot product actually satisfies some properties such as linearity in the first factor, symmetry and positive definiteness. So, what is still missing in a general normed space is an analogue of this dot product and a condition for orthogonality (or perpendicularity), that is, the dot product of two elements is zero. Hence, the question arises Can we generalize dot product and orthogonality ? In fact, this can be done and this leads to inner product spaces and Hilbert spaces. FRAME 2:
1.) An inner product space is a vector space with an additional structure called an inner product. This additional structure associates each pair of vectors in the space with a scalar quantity known as the inner product of the vectors. 2.) This inner product actually generalizes the dot product of vectors which is defined in three dimensional spaces. 3.) An inner product naturally induces an associated norm, thus an inner product space is also a normed vector space. The inner product also provide the means of defining orthogonality between vectors (zero inner product). 4.) The completion of a normed vector space is called the Banach space. In this case, the completion of an inner product space with respect to the metric defined on that space is called the Hilbert space. FRAME 3: ( DEFINITION) Formally, given a vector space X, an inner product on X is a mapping of X x X into the scalar field K of X, that is, we have a map <.,.>: XxX to K Which satisfies the properties (IP1) to (IP4). Properties 1 and 2 imply that the inner product is linear in the first factor. Property 3 means that inner product satisfies conjugate symmetry. Property 4 means that inner product is positive definite. We will actually use these properties later to further find the other properties of inner product.

FRAME 4(DEFINITION) An inner product space is a vector space with an inner product defined on it. This is also called a pre- Hilbert space since since
its completion with respect to the metric induced by the inner product, becomes a Hilbert space. That is, a complete inner product space is a Hilbert Space.

FRAME 4(REMARKS) 1.) Clearly, (1) follows from (IP1) and (IP2).

2.) Clearly (1) shows that inner product is linear in the first factor. (3) Shows that inner product is Conjugate linear in the second factor.

FRAME 6(OBSERVATION) From these properties, it can be clearly seen that an inner product defines a norm given by

And a metric given by Hence, inner product spaces are normed spaces, and Hilbert spaces are Banach spaces.

FRAME 7(REMARK)

By this, we can conclude that if a norm does not satisfy the parallelogram equality, then this norm cannot be obtained from an inner product. At the first place, we use the norm given by to prove the equality.

Hence, we may thus say that not all normed spaces are inner product spaces. Such spaces exist, as we shall see later. In short, if we are to disprove that a given space is an inner product space, we only need to find a pair of elements of the space which does not satisfy the parallelogram equality.

FRAME 8 (ORTHOGONALITY) Before we consider examples, let us define the concept of orthogonality. FRAME 9 (EUCLIDEAN SPACE)