Formula Sheet
(Topic 3) Population Mean
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
X 1 f M f
N
X(N)
N
[ M ( N )]
(Topic 3) Population Standard Deviation
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
f M
2 2
(X ) f
[( M ) 2 ( )]
N N N
(Topic 4) Normal Distribution
x
z
(Topic 5) Sample Mean (Point Estimate for μ)
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
X 1 f M
X (n)
f
x
n
x
n
[ M ( n )]
(Topic 5) Sample Standard Deviation (Point Estimate for σ)
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
f M x
2
(x x)
2
f
s s [( M x ) 2 ( )]
n 1 n 1 n 1
(Topic 5) Sample size ( n ) for estimating the population mean
𝑧𝜎 2 𝑧𝑠 2
𝑛=( ) 𝑜𝑟 ( )
𝐸 𝐸
(Topic 5) Confidence Interval for the Population mean
Population Standard Deviation
UNKOWN
𝑠
𝑥̄ ± 𝑡
√𝑛
Degree of freedom : n–1
(Topic 6) Sampling Distribution - One-Sample Test
Population Standard Deviation
UNKOWN
Estimated STEM
x x x
t
ˆ x s
n
Degree of freedom : n-1
(Topic 7) Sampling Distribution - Two-Sample Test
Independent samples
Population Standard Deviation
UNKOWN
Unequal Variances
( x1 x 2 ) ( x1 xx ) (X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t
ˆ ( x x ) s12 s 22
x 2
( )
n1 n2
Equal Variances
( x1 x 2 ) ( x1 x2 ) (X1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t ~
( x1 x2 ) (n1 1) s12 (n2 1) s 22 1 1
( )
n1 n 2 2 n1 n2
Degree of freedom : df = n n 2
1 2
(Topic 7) Dependent samples - Paired t test
d - d
t
Sd
n
Degree of freedom : n-1
(Topic 8) Correlation and Simple Linear Regression
Simple linear regression equation ŷ = a + b x
Coefficient of correlation r=
X X Y Y
n 1 s x s y
SSR
Coefficient of determination r2
SST
(Topic 9) Test for Independent - 2 distribution
( f f ) 2
2 0 e
f e
Degree of freedom : (column – 1) x (row – 1)
