the g r o u n d l o c a t i o n .

T h e 7004 a l u m i n u m a l l o y w e l d
g r a i n s t r u c t u r e in F i g . 6 i s c o n s i s t e n t with p e r i p h e r -
a l l y r e a r w a r d s flow s u p p l y i n g m o s t of the s o l i d i f i c a -
2000
tion f r o n t , h e n c e p r o d u c i n g b a n d s of e q u i a x e d g r a i n s
e a c h s i d e of the w e ld , T h e c e n t r a l s e c t i o n of the weld I. AtR DRUM

i s c o l u m n a r , c o n s i s t e n t with the p o o l ' s t a i l b e i n g sup- 2. CUP FOR FILLPNG MANOMETER

3, WATER S E A L
p l i e d with l i q u i d f r o m u n d e r the a r c . T h e s e two flows
4- MANOMETER
m e r g e and flow d o w n w a r d s , d u r i n g which t i m e the r e -
5. P E L L E T ,
m a i n i n g n u c l e i a r e m e l t e d . H e n c e the b o t t o m s u r f a c e b' S P E C I M E N HOLDER
of the weld was a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y c o l u m n a r . 7' N O Z Z L E
In s u m m a r y , it has b e e n shown that g r a i n s t r u c t u r e s e. MERCURY SEAL

in 7004 a l u m i n u m a l l o y w e l d s a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y
s y m m e t r i c a l , and depend on the fluid flow p a t t e r n .
F l o w p a t t e r n s which p r o v i d e a r e l a t i v e l y cold supply
of liquid to a fusion b o u n d a r y p r o d u c e e q u i a x e d g r a i n s
t h e r e , w h e r e a s c o l u m n a r g r a i n s r e s u l t if the liquid i s
s u p e r h e a t e d by p a s s i n g c l o s e to the w e l d i n g a r c s h o r t l y
b e f o r e m o v i n g to the f u s i o n b o u n d a r y . T h e flow p a t -
t e r n s , and h e n c e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e s , a r e s e n s i t i v e to
both the g r o u n d l o c a t i o n and the p o s i t i o n of the weld
c e n t e r l i n e within the s h e e t a b o v e a c e r t a i n w e l d i n g ____-__ i
s p e e d and c u r r e n t .
T h e 7004 s h e e t was p r o v i d e d by the A l u m i n u m C o m -
pany of C a n a d a . S t e v e W o o d a l l helped to r o l l it to a
s u i t a b l e t h i c k n e s s . T h e w o r k was s u p p o r t e d f i n a n c i a l l y Fig. 1--Set up for measuring permeability of iron ore pellet.
by the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l of C a n a d a .

1. H. Nakagawaet al: Trans..lap. Weld. Soa, 1972, vol. 3, pp. 54-63.

2. W. H. S. Lawsonand H. W. Kerr: Weld Re& lnt., 1976,vol. 6(5), pp. 63-77. Table I. Permeability and Apparent Density of Noamundi (India) Iron Ore Pellets
3. Ibid., vol. 6(0, pp. 1-17. Containing Various Amounts of CaO and Bentonite and Fired at 1100~

Apparent
Pellet Permeability Density g/cc
Permeability Measurement of A 16 3.50
Individual Iron Ore Pellet B 20 3.17
C 21 3.23
D 15 3.42
S. B. SARKAR E 12 3.89

T h e b u r d e n p e r m e a b i l i t y in i r o n m a k i n g has d r aw n
much a t t e n t i o n of r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s and d e s i g n e r s in in F i g . 1, w e r e m a d e out of i r o n o r e p e l l e t s by g r i n d -
r e c e n t y e a r s . P e r m e a b i l i t y of the p e l l e t i t s e l f is a l s o ing t h o se on e m e r y p a p e r . T h e top and b o t t o m s u r -
i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e it d e t e r m i n e s flow of g a s e s t h r o u g h f a c e s of the p e l l e t w e r e left untouched b e c a u s e g r i n d -
a p e l l e t or o r e p a r t i c l e d u r i n g r e d u c t i o n . An idea about ing of t h e s e s u r f a c e s might c a u s e chocking of the fine
the a m o u n t of p o r e s of a p e l l e t can be obtained in- p o r e s . Th e s p e c i m e n was then pushed inside the
d i r e c t l y by the a p p a r e n t d e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s . P o r o - s p e c i m e n h o l d e r and the p e r i p h e r y of the s p e c i m e n
s i m e t e r m e a s u r e m e n t s on the o t h e r hand would indi- was s e a l e d off by a c h e m i c a l a d h e s i v e .
cate the a m o u n t of open p o r e s in the p e l l e t o r i r o n o r e Th e p e r m e a b i l i t y of the p e l l e t was then c a l c u l a t e d
particle. Permeability of a pellet represents that f r o m the following f o r m u l a :
fraction of the open pores that are interconnected and
continuous. The pores act as passages for the trans- VH
port of reducing gas and product of reduction. Hence Permeability - pAt [11
permeability measurements can be utilized in under-
standing reduction characteristics of iron ore pellets. where,
The author has successfully used a sand permeability
V = 2000 cu c m of a i r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h the s p e c i -
meter, with little modification, for measuring permea-
bility of an iron ore pellet. m en
The apparatus consists of a sand permeability meter H = Height of the s p e c i m e n
used in sand laboratory, with a special type of speci- p = P r e s s u r e = 10 g / c m z
A = C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a of the s p e c i m e n
men holder for iron ore pellets (Fig. 1). Cylindrical
t = T i m e , s, f o r 2000 cu c m a i r to p a s s through
specimens of 1 cm diam and 1.5 cm height, as shown
the s p e c i m e n .
S. B. SARKAR is Lecturer, Metallurgical Engineering Department,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India. T h e table g i v e s p e r m e a b i l i t y and a p p a r e n t d e n s i t y data
Manuscript submitted June 17, 1976. of five d i f f e r e n t i r o n o r e p e l l e t s .

ISSN 0360-2141178[0612-0316500.75/0
316-VOLUME 9B, JUNE 1978 9 1978 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALSAND METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
THE METALLURGICALSOCIETYOF AIME