Radar Signal Processing

OFDM Radar

Radar Signal Processing

Golay Pairs and Frequency Multiplexing

OFDM is the future technology in communications. Fundamental challenge in enabling OFDM radar is that multiplexing in frequency leads to range-dependent phase terms which destroy a lot of the intended benet. This is particularly true for complementary waveforms (which are orthogonal at all lags). Employ non-linear signal processing to enable complementary behavior to be achieved by codes which are separated in frequency.

Radar Signal Processing

Golay Pairs and Frequency Multiplexing

Let (p1 , p2 ) be a Golay pair corresponding to coded waveforms
L1

si (t) =
=0

pi ( )u(t T ),

i = 1, 2.

Frequency multiplexing: Transmit s1 (t) and s2 (t) simultaneously via frequency separation s(t) = (s1 (t) + s2 (t)ejb t )ejc t Received signal: y (t) = a(t d) s = as1 (t d)ejc (td) + as2 (t d)ej(c +b )(td)

Radar Signal Processing

Golay Pairs and Frequency Multiplexing

Down-modulate and lowpass lter: y1 (t) y2 (t) = = as1 (t d)ejc d as2 (t d)ej(c +b )d

Cross-correlate with transmit signals and sum:

Rs1 y1 ( ) Rs2 y2 ( ) Rs1 y1 ( ) + Rs2 y2 ( ) = = = aejc d Rs1 ( d) aej(c +b )d Rs2 ( d) aejc d (Rs1 ( d) + Rs2 ( d)ejb d )

Complementary property is destroyed because of the range dependent phase shift.

Radar Signal Processing

Equal and Opposite Osets

How to solve this problem? Equal and opposite osets! If s2 (t) had been frequency modulated by b in the negative direction then the down-modulated signal would be y2b (t) = as2 (t d)ej(c b ) Then,
2 Rs2 y2 ( ) Rs2 y2b ( ) = a2 ej2c d Rs2 ( d)

Oset phase term cancels out. Gives square of the autocorrelation. Recovers autocorrelation up to a sign.

Radar Signal Processing

Modied Golay Pairs

Design a pair of sequences (p, q) such that
2 2 Rp (k) + Rq (k) = (k)

At least one of the squared autocorrelations must be negative at some values of k. Possible only if the sequence has imaginary components. Autocorrelation of Golay Pairs:
Rp1 (k) = Rp2 (k), k = 0
2 2 Rp1 (k) = Rp2 (k), k = 0

Rp1 (2k) = Rp2 (2k) = 0, k = 0

Rp1 (k) + Rp2 (k) = 2L(k)

Radar Signal Processing

Modied Golay Pairs

Let p1 ( ) and p2 ( ) be a Golay pair with Rp1 (2k) = Rp2 (2k) = 0, Dene q2 ( ) = p2 ( )ej 2 Rq2 (k) = Rp2 (k)ej 2 k Modied Golay pair (p1 , q2 ):
2 2 Rq2 (k) = Rp2 (k)ejk

k.

2 Rp1 (k) k odd = 0 k = 0 even 2 Rp1 (k) k=0

2 2 Rq2 (k) + Rp1 (k) = 2L2 (k)

Radar Signal Processing

Modied Golay Pairs

2 2 Rq2 (k) = Rp2 (k)ejk

2 Rp1 (k) = 0 2 Rp1 (k)

k odd 2 2 k = 0 even Rq2 (k) + Rp1 (k) = 2L2 (k) k=0

Radar Signal Processing

Modied Golay Pairs for Radar

Modied Golay pair (p1 , q2 ) is used to modulate a pulse:
L1 L1

s1 (t) =
=0

p1 ( )u(t T ) and s2 (t) =

=0

q2 ( )u(t T )

First waveform is transmitted at carrier frequency. Second waveform is transmitted twice, oset equally above and below the carrier. Received signal:
y1 (t) y2a (t) y2b (t) = aejc d s1 (t ) = = aej(c +b )d s2 (t ) aej(c b )d s2 (t )

Receiver signal processing:

2 ( ) = Rs1 y1 ( ) + Rs2 y2a ( ) Rs2 y2b ( )

Radar Signal Processing

Varying the Oset Frequency

Frank pulse train

Modied Golay pulse train

Modied Golay pulse train after varying oset

A weak target in presence of ve strong scatterers Frank and modied Golay pulse trains (left and middle) both suppress the sidelobes, but not enough. Changing the oset frequency (right) brings out the target.

Radar Signal Processing

References

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S. J. Searle, S. D. Howard, and W. Moran, On formation of composite ambiguity functions with frequency separated Golay coded pulses, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., to appear 2009. R. Calderbank, S. D. Hoawrd, and W. Moran, Waveform diversity in radar signal processing: A focus on the use and control of degrees of freedom, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 32-41, Jan. 2009. S. J. Searle and S. D. Howard, A novel nonlinear technique for sidelobe suppression in radar, Proc. International Conference on Radar Systems, Edinburgh, UK, Oct. 2007. S. Searle and S. Howard, A novel polyphase code for sidelobe suppression, Proc. Int. Waveform Diversity and Design Conf., Pisa, Italy, Jun. 4-8, 2007.

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Radar Signal Processing