ek=kd vkSj foek

vè;k; ek=d vkSj foek

01 (Unit & Dimension)

™ HkkSfrdh (Physics)µmQtkZ rFkk nzO; ds chp vkilh laca/ dk (iii) M K S

vè;;u HkkSfrdh dgykrk gSA
Second µle;
E = mc 2 8
 [c = Speed = 3 × 10 ] Kilogram µnzO;eku
iz'u% 1 kg inkFkZ esa mQtkZ Kkr djsaµ Metre µyackbZ

E = mc2 bls Hkh fefVªd i¼fr dgrs gSaA

= 1 × ( 3 × 108)2 (iv) varjkZ"Vªh; i¼fr (System of International)– ;g MKS
dk gh foLr`r :i gSµ
= 9 × 1016 Joule
™ HkkSfrd foKku ekiu dk vè;;u gksrk gSA ™ lu~ 1971 esa Úkal dh jktèkkuh isfjl esa eki rkSy foHkkx ds
varjkZ"Vªh; vfèkos'ku esa S.I. i¼fr dks ekU;rk feyhA
fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf'k dks O;Dr djus ds fy, ek=kd rFkk
ifjek.k nksukas dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ™ S.I. iz.kkyh ds vk/kj ij 7 ewY; jkf'k;k¡ gSaA ftuds fy, 7
40kg ewy ek=kd gSaA 'ks"k ek=kd bUgha ewy ek=kdksa ls cus gksrs gSaA
mu 'ks"k ek=kdksa dks O;qRiUu ek=kd dgrs gSaA
ek=kd
ifjek.k
S.I. ek=kd
™ HkkSfrd jkf'k ds ekiu ds fy, pkj iz.kkyh izfl¼ gSaµ
ekiu i¼fr
1- ewy ek=kd (Basic 2- lEiwjd ek=kd (Sup-
unit) bldh la[;k 7 plementry Unit) bldh
FPS CGS MKS S.I.
gksrh gSA la[;k 2 gksrh gSA
i¼fr i¼fr i¼fr i¼fr
1. ewy ek=kd (Basic unit)
(i) F P S
ewy jkf'k ewy ek=kd ladsr foek
Second µle; yackbZ (Length) Metre m [L]
Pound µnzO;eku nzO;eku (Mass) Kilogram Kg [M]
Foot µyackbZ
le; (Time) Second s [T]
bls fczfV'k i¼fr dgrs gSaA rkieku (Temperature) Kelvin k [k]
(ii) C G S /kjk (Current) Ampere A [A]

Second µle; T;ksfr rhozrk (Luminous Candela Cd [C]

Pound µnzO;eku intensity)
Centimetre µyackbZ
inkFkZ dh ek=kk (Amount of mole mol N
bls Úsap ;k fefVªd i¼fr dgrs gSaA Substance)

HkkSfrd foKku 1
ek=kd vkSj foek
uksV uke ek=kd ladsr
lery dks.k (Plane angle) radian rad
lHkh iz.kkyh esa le; dk ek=kd lsosQ.M (s) gksrk gSA
Bksl dks.k (Solid angle) Steradian Sr
Remark :– jsfM;u rFkk LVsjsfM;u iwjd ek=kd gSA jsfM;u dks
dks.k esa ekirs gSa rFkk LVsjsfM;u dks ?ku esa ekirs ™ O;qRiUu ek=kd (Derived Unit)µ;s nks ;k nks ls vfèkd ewy
gSaA ek=kdksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA

Ø-la- uke lw=k ek=kd foek

2 2
1- {ks=kiQy (Area) yú × pkSú m× m = m [L ]
3
2- vk;ru (Volume) yú × pkSú × mQ¡ú m×m×m=m [L3]
3- pky (Speed) njwh M = ms −1 [LT–1]
le; s

4- osx (Velocity) [LT1]

foLFkkiu@njwh M = ms −1
le; s

5- Roj.k (Acceleration) [LT–2]

oxs ms −1
−1 −1
le; = ms
= s ms −2
s
6- cy (Force) nzO;eku × Roj.k kg × ms–2 = kg ms–2 = N [MLT–2]

7- laosx (Momentum) (nzO;eku × osx) kgms–1 or N – S [MLT–1]

8- vkosx (Impulse) cy × le; kgms–2 × s = kg ms–1 [MLT–1]
9- nkc ( Pressure) kgms −2 [MLT–0 T–2]
cy = kgms −2 m −2
{ks = kiQy m× m
= kg m −1 s −2

10- i`"B ruko (Surface tension) cy kgm s −2 [MT–2] ;k [ML0T–2]

= kgs −2
yEckbZ m
11- ?kuRo (Density)
kg
[ML–3] ;k [ML–3T–0]
nOz;eku
vk;ru m3
12- dks.kh; osx (Angular Velocity) j[skh; osx ms −1
[T–1] ;k [M0L0 T–1]
f=kT;k m
2 –2
13 dk;Z (Work) cy × foLFkkiu kgms–2 × m = kgm2s–2 = J [ML T ]

14- xfrt mQtkZ (Kinetic Energy) 1/2 mv2 kg m2/sec2 = kgm2s–2 = J [ML2T–2]

15- cy vk?kw.kZ (Torque) cy × ?kw.kZu v{k ls yEcor~ nwjh U;wVu & ehVj [ML2T–2]
16- dks.kh; foLFkkiu pki jsfM;u foekghu jkf'k =
f=kT;k 0 0 0
[M L T ]

17- 'kfDr (Power) dk;Z@le; twy@lsosQ.M ;k okV [ML2T–3]

18- xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;rkad cy × (nwjh)2 @ nzO;eku2 U;wVu eh-2 @ fdxzk2 [M–1L3T–2]
(Gravitational Constant)

HkkSfrd foKku 2
ek=kd vkSj foek
19- xq#Roh; foHko (Gravitational dk;Z@nzO;eku twy @ fdxzk [L2T–2]
Constant)
20 ;ax xq.kkad (Young's Modulus) vuqnSè;Z izfrcy@vuqnSè;Z foÑfr U;wVu @ eh2 [ML–1T–2]
21- osx izo.krk (Velocity grediant) osx@nwjh izfr lsosQ.M [T–1]
22- ';kurk xq.kkad (Coefficient of cy@({ks=kiQy × osx izo.krk) U;wVu × losQs.M [ML–1T–1]
Viscosity) (ehVj)2
23- Iykad fu;rkad (Planks Constant) ÅtkZ @ vko`fÙk twy × lsd.M [ML2T–1]

24- èkkfjrk (Capacity) vkos'k@foHkokUrj iQSjkMs [M–1L–2T4A2]

25- pkydrk (Conductance) 1 vkse–1 [M–1L–2T3A2]
ifzrjkès k
26- /kjk ?kuRo (Current Density) fo|qr èkkjk @ {ks=kiQy ,fEi;j @ ehVj2 [M0L–2T0I1]
27- ÝyDl (Flux) φ= B × A oscj [ML2T–2I–1]

28- izfrjks/drk (Resistivity) ρ = RA / l vkse ehVj [ML3T–3A–2]

29- xqIr mQ"ek (Latent Heat) Å"eh; ÅtkZ × nzO;eku twy @ fdxzk [L2T–2]
30- dks.kh; laosx (Angular tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ × dks.kh; osx fdxzk eh2 @ lsosQ.M [ML2T–1]
Momentum) (I) (w)
2 2 [ML2]
31- tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ (Moment of nzO;eku × (ifjHkze.k f=kT;k) fdxzk- eh
Interia)
32- Hkkj (Weight) nzO;eku × xq#Roh; Roj.k kgms–2 [MLT–2]

Remarks:- ut +
S= 1/2at2
™ dk;Z] mQtkZ] cyk?kw.kZ ds foek leku gksrh gSA ms–1 × s
=m ms–2 × s2
2- ek=kd foek =m
=m
=
™ vkosx] laosx dh foek leku gksrh gSA = LT–1 T
= [L] = [L]
= [L]
™ dks.kh;] laosx rFkk Iykad fu;rkad dh foek leku gksrh gSA
™ nkc] izfrcy] izR;kLFkk dh foek leku gksrh gSA ™ nl dh fofHkUu ?kkrksa ds iwoZyXu ,oa muds ladsr
(Prefixes and Symbols for Various Powers of 10)µ
™ vkisf{kd ?kuRo] vkisf{kd vknzZrk] ?k"kZ.k xq.kkad] vko/Zu
{kerk] fod`fr ek=kdghu rFkk foekghu jkf'k gSA cM+k
milxZ ladsr nl dh ?kkr
™ iznhfIr dh bdkbZ& yDl (Prefix) (Symbol) (Power of 10)
™ iznhfIr iqat dh bdkbZ& Y;wesuA Msdk (deca) da 101
™ le:irk dk fl¼kr (Principle of Homogenity)µ gSDVks (hecto) h 102
le:irk ds fl¼kar ds vuqlkj izR;sd in dk ek=kd vkSj fdyks (kilo) k 103
foek leku gksrk gSA esxk (mega) M 106
EXAMPLE :- xhxk (giga) G 109

V= u+ at Vsjk (tera) T 1012

1- ek=kd foek ms–1 ms–1 ms–2 × s = ms–1 isVk (Peta) P 1015
[LT-1] [LT–1] [LT–1] ,Dlk (exa) E 1018
HkkSfrd foKku 3
ek=kd vkSj foek
NksVk 1 xt 3 iQhV
milxZ ladsr nl dh ?kkr (Power of 10)
(Prefix) (Symbol) 1 pSu 22 xt
d µ1
Mslh (deci) 10
1 iQyk±x 10 pSu
lsUVh (centi) c 10µ2
feyh (mili) m 10µ3 1 ehy (1-6 km) 8 iQyk±x
–6
ekbØks (micro) m 10
uSuks (nano) n 10–9 1 leqnzh ehy (NM) 1.852 km

fidks (pico) p 10µ12

isQEVks (femto) f 10µ15 1 iSQne 6 fit

,sVks (atto) a 10µ18 1 Feet 12 inch

[kxksyh; nwfj;ksa dk ekiu 1 inch 2.54 cm.

1. izdk'k o"kZ (Light Year)µizdk'k }kjk fuokZr~ esa ,d o"kZ esa 1 cSjy 159 yh-
r; dh x;h dqy nwjh ,d izdk'k o"kZ dgykrh gSA
1 xSyu 3-8 yh-
1 izdk'k o"kZ = 9.467 × 1015 eh-
vukSipkfjd :i ls [kxksyh; nwjh dks O;Dr djus ds fy, 1 oSQjsV 0.2 gm
izdk'k o"kZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
2. ikjlsd (Parsec)µ;g nwjh ekius dh lcls cM+h bdkbZ ekuh 1 vkSal 28.35 gm.
tkrh gSA
1 ikjlsd = 3.08 × 1016 eh- 1 ikm.M 453.6 gm.

1 ikjlsd = 3.26 izdk'k o"kZ 1kg 1000 gm.

3. [kxksyh; bdkbZ (Astronomical Unit)µ;g Hkh nwjh dk
ek=kd gSA i`Foh vkSj lw;Z ds chp dh ekè; nwjh [kxksyh; Remarks :–
bdkbZ dgykrh gSA
™ 1 year = 13 pUnzekl rFkk 1 fnu
1 [kxksyh; ek=kd = 1.496 × 1011 ehVj

uksV ™ 1 pUnzekl (Lunar Month) = 4 lIrkg = 28 fnu

yEckbZ dk lcls cM+k ek=kd ikjlsd gSA ™ 1 lkS;Z fnol = 24 ?kaVk
100 ehVj
gsDVs;j 100 ehVj ™ 1 dkWfLed o"kZ = 22.5 djksM+ o"kZ

44 ehVj ™ 1 ikm.M = 16 vkSal = 0.4536kg

oh?kk 44 ehVj
™ 1 pUnz'ks[kj lhek = 1.4 × lw;Z dk nzO;eku = 2.8 × 1030kg
110 ehVj 27
™ 1 ijek.kq nzO;eku = 1.66 × 10– kg
,dM+ 44 ehVj
™ 1 eSd = 343 ehVj@lsosQ.M (èofu dh xfr)
1m2 = 10.7 feet2

HkkSfrd foKku 4
lfn'k rFkk vfn'k jkf'k

vè;k; lfn'k rFkk vfn'k jkf'k

2 (Vector & Scaler Quantity)

™ vfn'k jkf'k (Scalar Quantity)µos jkf'k ftuesa dsoy ™ lekarj prqHkqZt dk fu;e (Law of Parallelogram)µ;fn
ifjek.k gksrk gS fdUrq fn'kk ugha gksrh gS mUgsa vfn'k jkf'k;k¡ dksbZ nks lfn'k A vkSj B ,d nwljs ls q dks.k ij gksa rks mlds
dgrs gSaA ifj.kkeh dk ifjek.kµ
tSlsµnzO;eku] le;] nkc] mQtkZ] {ks=kiQy] vk;ru yEckbZ]
→
èkkjk bR;kfnA B
) ;g lkèkkj.k chtxf.kr ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djrh gSaA →
R
q
uksV
→
/kjk dh fn'kk gksrh gS fdUrq og lfn'k ds ;ksx dk fu;e A
dk ikyu ugha djrh gSA
R= A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ
™ lfn'k jkf'k (Vector Quantity)µos jkf'k;k¡ ftudk ifjek.k
ds lkFk fn'kk Hkh gks] mls lfn'k jkf'k dgrs gSaA 1. 10 N dk cy mÙkj fn'kk esa rFkk 5N dk ,d cy iwjc fn'kk
tSlsµfoLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] cy] laosx] vkosx] fo|qr {ks=k esa dk;Z djrk gSA buds chp dk ifj.kkeh cy Kkr djsaA
dh rhozrk] pqEcdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk] Hkkj bR;kfnA 10 N

Trick :– o @ c @ .k

™ foLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] laosx] vkosx] fo|qr /zqo] rhozrk

5N
™ ?k"kZ.k] vk?kw.kZ] xq#Rokd"kZ.k
R= A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ
™ vioknµnkc] ?kuRo] nzO;eku] fo|qr /kjk] foHkoA
™ ;g lkèkkj.k chtxf.kr ds fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha djrh R
= 102 + 52 + 2 × 10 × 5cos90
gSA
™ lfn'kksa dk fu:i.k (Representation of a Vector)µlfn'kksa = 100 + 25 + 100=
×0 125 + 0
dks fu:fir djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf'k ds mQij
= 125
= 25 × 5 = 5 5
rhj ds fpUg (®) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tgk¡ rhj dk
ekFkk mldh fn'kk dks crkrk gS rFkk mldh yEckbZ mlds Remark :– tc q= 180° gksxk rks ifj.kkeh vf/dre
ifjek.k dks crkrk gSA gksxkA
→
A A Rmax = A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ
lfn'k vfn'k 2 2
= A + B + 2ABcos 0°
™ lfn'kksa ds tksM+ dk fu;e (Law of Addition of Vectorsµ = A 2 + B2 + 2AB × 1
lfn'k jkf'k dks tksM+us ds fy, f=kHkqt fu;e ;k lekukUrj
( A + B)
2
prqHkqZt osQ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gSaA = A 2 + B2 + 2AB =

HkkSfrd foKku 5
lfn'k rFkk vfn'k jkf'k
R max
= (A + B) 3. nks leku cy dk ifj.kkeh nksuksa cyksa ds ;ksx ds
cjkcj gS muds chp dk dks.k Kkr djsaA
Rmin = A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos180 Sol. A = B = x (ekuk)

= A 2 + B2 + 2AB × −1 cos180 = −1 R = A+B

= = = x + x = 2x
A 2 + B2 − 2AB ( A − B)
2

R = A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ
R min
= (A − B)

2x = x 2 + x 2 + 2x 2 cos θ
™ Range = Min → Max
2x = 2x 2 + 2x 2 cos θ
Minimum ls de rFkk Maximum ls T;knk eku laHko ugha
2x = 2x 2 (1 + cos θ )
gSA
1. 10N rFkk 5 N ds nks cy dk ifj.kkeh dHkh Hkh ugha Squaring Both side
gksxkA
4x2 = 2x2 (1 + cos q)
(a) 8N
(b) 15 N 2 = 1 + cos q
(c) 12 N 1 = cos q
(d) 3 N (Min Range ls de gSA)
cos 0 = cos q
Sol.
Min = A – B Max = A + B θ =0
= 10 – 5 = 10 + 5
= 5 = 15 lfn'kksa dk xqq.kuiQy (Multiplication of Vector)
Range = 5 → 15 (a) lfn'kksa dk vfn'k xq.kuiQy (Scalar Product of
2. nks cy ftudk eku leku gS ;fn budk ifj.kkeh Hkh Vectors)µ lfn'kksa ds vfn'k xq.kuiQy dks Dot ( . ) ls
leku gks tk, rks buds chp dk dks.k Kkr djsaA lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
Sol. A = B = R (ekuk) ekuk R = x ) ;fn dksbZ nks lfn'k A vkSj B ,d nwljs ls q dks.k ij
R = 2 2
A + B + 2ABcos θ gksa] rks mudk vfn'k xq.kuiQy dot product
 
x = x 2 + x 2 + 2 × x × x cos θ A • B ABcos θ
=

) lfn'kksa dk vfn'k xq.kuiQy ,d vfn'k jkf'k gksrk

x x= = 2x 2 + 2x 2 cos θ
gSA
(b) lfn'kksa dk lfn'k xq.kuiQy (Vector Product of
x = 2x 2 (1 + cos θ )
Vectors)µ lfn'kksa ds lfn'k xq.kuiQy dks Cross (×) ls
Squaring Both Side lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
x2 = 2x2 (1 + cos q) ) ;fn dksbZ nks lfn'k A vkSj B ,d nwljs ls q dks.k ij
1 1 gks rks mudk lfn'k xq.kuiQyµ
1 cos θ Þ
=+ − 1= cos θ
2 2 → →
B ABsin θ gksrk gSA
A×=
1
− = cos θ Þ cos q = cos120
2 ) lfn'kksa dk lfn'k xq.kuiQy ,d lfn'k jkf'k gksrk
q = 120 gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 6
lfn'k rFkk vfn'k jkf'k
1. 20N rFkk 5N ds nks cy 30 va'k ds dks.k ij dk;Z ^ ^
6. ;fn cy 12 i gks rFkk foLFkkiu 20 j gks rks dk;Z
dj jgs gSa buds lfn'k rFkk vfn'k xq.ku Kkr djsaA
crk,aA
lfn'k xq.ku = A × B (Sin q) vfn'k xq.ku = A .B
(cos q) Sol. W = f .s
Sol. 2 × 5 sin 30 20 × 5 cos 30  ^   ^ 
 12i  ×  20 j

  
1 1    
20 × 5 × 20 × 5 ×
2 2 [ i rFkk j ds chp q = 90º, cos 90º = 0] = 0
50 50 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
7. ;fn cy 5 i + 6 j+ 7k gks rFkk foLFkkiu 3 i + 4 j+ 5k
2. nks lfn'k ds lfn'k xq.ku rFkk vfn'k xq.ku vkil esa gks rks dk;Z Kkr djsaA
cjkcj gSaA  ^ ^ ^  ^ ^ ^ 
Sol. A × B = A.B Sol.  5i + 6 j+ 7 k   3i + 4 j+ 5k  =15 + 24 +35 = 74
  
  
A.B sin q = A.B cos q ^
8. cy ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS ;fn nzO;eku 3 i rFkk Roj.k
sin θ ^
= 1 12 i gks rks cy Kkr djsaA
cos θ
cy = m × a
tan q = 1 θ =45
3. nks lfn'k dk lfn'k xq.ku muds vfn'k xq.ku ls 3  ^  ^
Sol.  3i  ×  12i 
xq.kk gS] dks.k Kkr djsaµ    
   
Sol. lfn'k xq.ku = vfn'k xq.ku × 3
 [ i rFkk j ds chp q = 0º, sin 0º = 0] = 0
A × B = A.B3 → → → → → → → →
9. ;fn A = 5 i + 6 j+ 7k gksa vkSj B = 7 i + 8 j+ 9k gks
A.B.sin
= θ A.Bcos θ × 3
sin θ
rks A vkSj B dk vfn'k xq.kuiQy D;k gksxk\
= 3 Sol.
cos θ
→ → → →
A = 5 i + 6 j+ 7 k
tan=
θ 3=
θ 60
→ → → →
B = 7 i + 8 j+ 9 k
4. cy rFkk foLFkkiu dk vfn'k xq.ku dk;Z gksrk gS ;fn
→ →
cy 60° va'k ij 40N dk yxs rks 2M foLFkkiu ij A . B = 35 + 48 + 63 = 146
dk;Z crk,¡A
™ lfn'k dk fo;kstu (Dissociation of Vector)µtc nks
Sol. W = f × s cos q (×) lfn'k dk ifj.kkeh fn;k gks rks x– v{k] y– v{k ij eku Kkr
W = f.s cos q () djus ds fy,
1
40××22××
= 40 × 2 cos 60 == 40 = 40 J x v{k ds fy, R cos q
2
5. cy æO;eku rFkk Roj.k dk lfn'k xq.ku gksrk gSA ;fn y v{k ds fy, R sin q
40kg dh oLrq rFkk 30° ds dks.k ij dk;Z dj jgs Y
8m/s2 ds Roj.k }kjk mRiUu cy Kkr djsaA
^i R
Sol. f = m × a sin q R Sin q
^j
= 40 × 8 × sin 30º
1 ^k X
= 40 × 8 × = 160 N
2 R cos q

HkkSfrd foKku 7
lfn'k rFkk vfn'k jkf'k
10. 50N dk ,d cy 30 va'k ds dks.k ij dk;Z dj jgk Max = A + B = 17
gSA x rFkk y ij ifj.kkeh Kkr djsaA Min = A – B = – 7 û
Sol. B–A = 7 ü

Y ) bdkbZ lfn'k (Unit Vector ) = bdkbZ lfn'k fn'kk dks

50 N
fn[kkrs gSaA
R Sin q ^
x v{k = i
^
y v{k = j
30º
X ^
R cos q z v{k = k
X v{k = R cos q Y v{k = R sin q ™ bdkbZ lfn'k dk ifj.kkeh (Resultant of Unit Vector)
50 cos 30 50 sin 30

3 1 12. ,d oLrq dk osx 12 ^i + 5 ^j gS rks ifj.kkeh Kkr

50 50 ×
2 2
djsaA
25 3N = 25N Sol. R = A 2 + B2

11. 80 m/s ds osx ls xfr'khy ,d oLrq 45 va'k ds dks.k = 122 + 52= 144 + 25= 169= 13 bdkbZ
ij xfr'khy gS rks x rFkk y v{k dk eku Kkr djsaA
^ ^ ^
Sol. 13. ,d oLrq dk 10 i + 5 j + 3k gS rks ifj.kkeh Kkr
Y
djsaA
80 m/s
R Sin q Sol. R = A 2 + B2 + C 2

45º = 102 + 52 + 32
X
R cos q
X v{k = R cos q Y v{k = R sin q = 100 + 25 + 9
80 × cos 45 80 × sin 45
1 1
80 ×
80 × = 134 bdkbZ
2 2
1 1
uksV
2 × 40 × 2 × 40 ×
2 2 lfn'k × lfn'k = lfn'k
40 2 N 40 2 N
Ex:- cy × cyvk?kw.kZ = cy vk?kw.kZ
vfn'k × vfn'k × vfn'k
Remarks : nks fHkUu&fHkUu lfn'k dk ifj.kkeh dHkh Hkh 'kwU;
Ex:- pky × nwjh = le;
ugha gks ldrk vkSj u gh Í.kkRedA
A = 5N
lfn'k × vfn'k = lfn'k
Ex:- cy ¾ Roj.k × nzO;eku
B = 12 N

HkkSfrd foKku 8
xfr ,oa osx

vè;k; xfr ,oa osx

3 (Motion & Velocity)

™ ;fn fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfr vU; oLrqvksa dh vis{kk le; ds foLFkkiu (Displacement)
lkFk cnyrh gks] rks ml oLrq dks xfr esa dgk tkrk gSA
™ U;wure nwjh dks foLFkkiu dgrs gSaA
xfr ds izdkj (Types of Motion)
) foLFkkiu ¶lfn'k¸ jkf'k gS A
xfr;k¡ dbZ izdkj dh gksrh gSaµ ) foLFkkiu dk S.I. ek=kd ¶ehVj¸ gksrk gSA
(a) o`Ùkh; xfr (Circular Motion):–blesa oLrq o`Ùk ij pyrh ) nwjh vkSj foLFkkiu dk vuqikr ges'kk 1 ls cM+k ;k cjkcj
gSA
gksrk gSA nwjh
tSls&lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj i`Foh dh xfr vkfnA ≥1
foLFkkiu
(b) jSf[kd xfr (Linear Motion):–blesa oLrq lhèkh ;k oØ
js[kk ij pyrh gSA ) ;fn fdlh oLrq dk foLFkkiu 'kwU; gS] rks cy }kjk ml
tSls&canwd ls NksM+h xbZ xksyh] <kyw ij fups ljdrk gqvk oLrq ij fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gksrk gSA
ckyd vkfnA 1. uhps fn;s x;s fp=k esa nwjh vkSj foLFkkiu dk eku D;k
nwjh gksxk\
4m 5m

3m 5m
4m
3m
A B
foLFkkiu Sol- nwjh = 4 + 3 + 4 + 3 = 14m
U;wure nwjh = foLFkkiu (Displacement)
foLFkkiu = 5 + 5 = 10m
2. ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij 3½ pDdj
(c) nksyuh xfr (Oscillatory Motion):– blesa oLrq ,d yxkrh gS rks O;fDr }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh vkSj foLFkkiu
fuf'pr fcanq ds vkxs&ihNs (;k Åij&uhps) pyrh gSA D;k gksxk] ;fn o`Ùkkdkj iFk dh f=kT;k 10m gks\
tSls&>wys dh xfr] nhokj ?kM+h ds isaMqye dh xfr Sol. foLFkkiu = 10 + 10 = 20 m
vkfnA nwjh = 2pr × (3½)
10 cm
(d) vkorZ xfr (Periodic Motion):– blesa oLrq viuh xfr 22 7
= 2× × 10 × = 220m
dks le; ds fuf'pr varjkyksa ij nqgjkrh gSA 7 2
tSls&>wys dh xfr] flykbZ e'khu ds lwbZ dh xfr vkfnA 3.;fn fdlh oLrq dks 5m dh maQpkbZ rd iQsadk tkrk gS
nwjh (Distance) vkSj og oLrq iqu% iwokZoLFkk esa vk tkrh gS] rks nwjh
vkSj foLFkkiu dk vuqikr D;k gksxk\
™ fdlh [kkl le; esa pys x;s iFk dh dqy yackbZ dks nwjh Sol. foLFkkiu = 0
dgrs gSaA nwjh = 10m
) nwjh ,d ¶vfn'k¸ jkf'k gSA njwh 10
= = ∞ or 10 : 0
) nwjh dk S.I. ek=kd ¶ehVj¸ gksrk gSA foLFkkiu 0

HkkSfrd foKku 9
xfr ,oa osx
4. ,d fi.M }kjk 23 ehVj f=kT;k rFkk 144-51 ehVj uhps tkus ij mQij tkus ij (a = – g)
ifjfèk okys o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij ,d pDdj yxkrk gS rks ¯
nwjh vkSj foLFkkiu D;k gksxk\ (a = + g)
Sol. v = u + gt

1 2
S = ut + gt
2
23m v2 = u2 + 2gs

u + g ( 2n − 1)
fi.M }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh = o`Ùkkdkj iFk dh ifjfèk Sn = 2
= 144-51 ehVj
t oka lsosQ.M esa
,d pDdj yxkus ds ckn fi.M dk foLFkkiu = fcUnq A ls
1. ,d oLrq dk izkjafHkd osx rFkk Roj.k Øe'k% 6 m/s rFkk
fcUnq A rd dh nwjh = 0 ('kwU;)
2m/s2 gS fdrus le; ckn bldk osx 20m/s gks tk;sxk\
™ nwjh rFkk foLFkkiu esa vUrj (Difference between Distance
Sol. V = u + at
and Displacement)µ
V = 20m/s, u = 6 m/s, a=2
nwjh foLFkkiu 20 = 6 + 2t
1- nwjh dsoy ifjek.k dks 1- foLFkkiu ifjek.k rFkk 2t = 14, 2t = 7
O;Dr djrk gSA fn'kk nksuksa dks O;Dr djrk 2. ,d oLrq dks mQij dh vksj iQsadk tkrk gS og vius
gSA mPpre fcUnq ij fdrus lssosQ.M ckn igqap tk,xh] ;fn
2- nwjh lnSo /ukRed] 2- foLFkkiu /ukRed] izkjafHkd osx 50 m/s Fkk rks&
'kwU; gksrs gSA ½.kkRed rFkk 'kwU; Hkh gks Sol. V = u + gt
ldrk gSA V = u + (– g) t
3- ;g vfn'k jkf'k gSA 3- ;g lfn'k jkf'k gSA 0 = 50 + (– 10) × t
0 = 50 – 10t
Remarks :–
10t = 50
™ xfr dk izFke lehdj.k&
v = u + at 50
t = = 5 Sec.
;g lehdj.k osx vkSj le; dks crkrk gSA 10
tgk¡] v = vafre osx (final velocity) 3. ,d oLrq dks 70 m/s ds osx ls mQij iQsadk tkrk gS tc
u = izkjafHkd osx (Initial velocity) og ykSVdj i`Foh ij vk,xh rks Vdjkus ls Bhd igys
a = Roj.k (Acceleration) mldk osx D;k gksxk\
t = le;karjky (Time Period) Sol. v = 0
™ xfr dk f}rh; lehdj.k& v = u + gt u = 0
s = ut + 1 at 2  s = foLFkkiu (Displacement) v = u + ( – g) t v = u + gt
2
0 = 70 + ( – 10) × t = 10 ×7
;g lehdj.k foLFkkiu] le; dks crkrk gSA 0 = 70 – 10t = 70 m/s
™ xfr dk r`rh; lehdj.k& 10 t = 70, t = 7
v2 = u2 + 2as
uksV
;g lehdj.k foLFkkiu] osx dks crkrk gSA
fdlh oLrq dks mQèokZ/j iQsadus ij og fdruh nsj gok esa
uksV
jgsxkA
uhps tkus ij g dk eku c<+rk gS rFkk mQij tkus ij g dk
V = u + gt
eku ?kVrk gSA V = u + (–g)t

HkkSfrd foKku 10
xfr ,oa osx
O = u – gt 8. 10 m/s ds osx ls ,d iRFkj dks mQij dh vksj iQsadk
tkrk gS] 5 lsds.M esa og fdruh mQapkbZ ij igqap
u = gt tk,xhA
1 2
u Sol. ut + gt
t = 2
g
H = ut + 1 (– g) t2
2
4. ,d oLrq dks 82 m/s ds osx ls mQij dh vksj iQsadk
H = 10 × 5 + 1 × (–10) × (5)2
tkrk gS og fdrus le; ckn vius vf/dre mQapkbZ 2
1
ij igqap tk,xh\ H = 50 – × 10 × 25
2
Sol. = u 82 H = 50 – 125
t = = 8.2 sec.
g 10
H = – 75 m
5. ,d fi.M fojkekoLFkk ls 2 eh/ls2 ds ,d leku Roj.k
ls pyuk 'kq: djrk gS 2 lsds.M esa fiaM }kjk r; nwjh 9. ,d dkj dh pky 20 m/s gSA bls jksdus ds fy, bl
gksxh ij 10/s2 dk eUnu yxk;k tkrk gSA ;g fdruh nwjh
(a) 2 ehñ
pydj :d tk,xhA
Sol. V2 = u2 + 2 as
(b) 8 ehñ
0 = (20)2 + 2 × (–10) × s
(c) 4 ehñ
0 = 400 – 20s
(d) 1 ehñ
20s = 400
Sol.
1 2 s = 20 m
u = 0 at s = ut +
2 10. 20 m/s ds osx ls ,d oLrq dks mQij dh vksj iQsadk
1
a = 2m/s2 s = 0+ ×2×2×2 tkrk gS og vf/dre fdruh maQpkbZ rd tk,xhA
t = 2 sec s = 4m
2
Sol. V2 = u2 + 2gh
s = ?
6. fLFkj voLFkk ls 'kq: gksus ds ckn ,d uko ,d lhèkh V2 = u2 + 2( – g)h
js[kk esa fu;r nj ls 3 ms–2 ds Roj.k ls 8 lsosQ.M rd 0 = (20)2 + 2(–10)h
xfr djrh gSA bl le; ds nkSjku uko }kjk r; dh x;h
dqy nwjh Kkr dhft,A 0 = 400 – 20h
(a) 96 ms
20h = 400
(b) 96 ms–1
400
(c) 96 m h =
(d) 96 ms2 20
1 2  h = 20 m
Sol. s = ut at { u = 0, a = 3 m/s2, t = 8 sec}
2 11. ,d jsyxkM+h 72 km/h dh xfr ls py jgh gSA bls 200
eh dh nwjh ij jksduk gSA vko';d eanu gksxk\
1 (a) 1 m@s2
= 0+ × 3 × 64
2 (b) 2 m/s2
(c) 10 m@s2
= 96 m
(d) 20 m/s2
7. ,d iRFkj dks ehukj ls uhps fxjus esa 10 lsosQ.M yxrs 5
Sol. u = 72 × = 20 m/s
gSaA ehukj dh mQapkbZ Kkr djsaA 18
Sol. H = ut + ½at2 v = 0

H = 0 + ½ × 10 × 10 × 10 = H = 500m s = 200 m

HkkSfrd foKku 11
xfr ,oa osx
v2 = u2 + 2as 4. ;fn ,d cl viuh çkjafHkd fLFkfr ls 10 lsosQ.M esas
a = ? 144 fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr rd leku :i ls Rofjr gksrh
gS] rks ;g fdruh nwjh r; djsxh\
Þ 0 = (20)2 + 2 × a × 200
(a) 200 ehVj
Þ 400 = 400a (b) 280 ehVj
(c) 800 ehVj
a = 1 m/s2
(d) 400 ehVj  Ans. (a)
12. fojke ls pyuk izkjaHk dh ,d oLrq dk Roj.k 5m/s2 5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lehdj.k foLFkkiu le;
gSA mlds }kjk 9osa lsds.M esa pyh xbZ nwjh crk,a rFkk lacaèk dks n'kkZrk gS\
9 lsosQ.M esa pyh xbZ nwjh dk vuqikr crk,aA 1 2
2 (a) s = ut + at
Sol. S = ut + ½at 2
a
u + ( 2t − 1) 0 + 1 × 5 × 92 (b) 2as = v2 – u2
2 2 (c) v = u + at
(d) v = u – at  Ans. (a)
5 6. fdlh oLrq dk fu;r Roj.k 10 m/s gS rFkk çkjafHkd
2
0 + ( 2 × 9 − 1) 1 × 5 × 81 osx 100 m/sec gSA fdrus le; ckn bldk osx nksxquk
2 2
gks tk,xk\
85 (a) 10 sec
5 85 2 = 17: 81 (b) 20 sec
× 17 =
2 2 5 × 81 (c) 15 sec
2 (d) 12.5 sec  Ans. (a)
7. ,d xksys dks ,d Hkou dh Nr ls NksM+us ij i`Foh dh
oLrqfu"B iz'u lrg rd fxjus esa 4 sec ysrk gSA Hkou dh maQpkbZ gSµ
1. fdlh oLrq dk fu;r Roj.k 10m/s2 gSA rFkk izkjafHkd (a) 9-8 m
osx 100m/s gSA fdrus le; ckn bldk osx nksxquk gks (b) 19-6 m
tk,xk\ (c) 39-2 m
(a) 11 sec (d) 78-4 m  Ans. (d)
(b) 10 sec
(c) 15 sec pky (Speed)
(d) 20 sec  Ans. (b)
™ ,dkad le; esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks pky dgrs gSaA
2. vafre Hkkx esa 'kq: gksus okyh ,d cl 1 ms leku –2

Roj.k ds lkFk 2 feuV ds fy, pyrh gSA cl }kjk njwh

pky =
çkIr xfr Kkr djsaA le;
(a) 120 ms–2
) bldk S.I ek=kd = m/s gksrk gSA
(b) 120 ms–1
) ;g ,d ^vfn'k* jkf'k gSA
(c) 120 ms1
(d) 120 ms2  Ans. (b)
™ pky rFkk osx esa vUrj (Differences between Speed and
Velocity)µ
3. ,d oLrq fLFkj fLFkfr ls vkjaHk gksdj 4 ehVj çfr oxZ
lsosQ.M ds fujarj Roj.k ls LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA 8 osx (Velocity)
lsosQ.M ds ckn] bldh xfr fdruh gksxh\
(a) 16 ehVj çfr lsosQ.M
™ ,dkad le; esa r; fd, x, foLFkkiu dks osx dgrs gSaA
(b) 8 ehVj çfr lsosQ.M foLFkkiu
(c) 32 ehVj çfr lsosQ.M
osx =
le;
(d) 4 ehVj çfr lsosQ.M  Ans. (c) ) bldk S.I. ek=kd m/s gksrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 12
xfr ,oa osx
™ ;g ,d ¶lfn'k¸ jkf'k gSA 2π 2π 2π 2π π
=
ω = = = =
5 t 60 60 × 60 3600 1800 jsfM;u@ls-
km / h 
→m / s ×

18 3. ?kM+h ds ?k.Vs okyk lqbZ dk dks.kh; pky Kkr djsa&
18
m / s

→km / h × 2π 2π 2π π
5 =
ω = = = jsfM;u@ls-
t 12 12 × 60 × 60 21600
osx (Velocity)
4. fdlh ?kM+h ds fy, lsds.M okyh lwbZ rFkk feuV okyh
lwbZ dk vuqikr Kkr djsa&
izkjafHkd osx vafre osx
(Intial Velocity) (Final Velocity) π
lossQ.M 30
(u) (v) = = 60 :1
feuV π
fojke ls pyus ij u=0 :dus ;k czsd yxkus ij v=0 1800

pky osx 5. fdlh ?kM+h ds fy, feuV okyh lwbZ rFkk ?k.Vs okyh
1- pky esa dsoy ifjek.k 1- osx esa ifjek.k ds lkFk&lkFk lwbZ dh dks.kh; pky dk vuqikr Kkr djsa&
gksrk gS fn'kk ughaA fn'kk Hkh gksrh gSA (lfn'k
π
(vfn'k jkf'k) jkf'k) feuV okys lwbZ dh dks.kh; pky =
1800
2- fdlh oLrq dh pky 2- fdlh oLrq ds osx dk
ml oLrq ds ifjek.k ds ifjek.k ml oLrq dh pky π
?k.Vs okys lwbZ dh dks.kh; pky =
cjkcj ;k mlls Hkh ls vf/d ugha gks ldrk 21600
vf/d gks ldrh gSA gSA π
3- fdlh oLrq }kjk ,dkad 3- fdlh oLrq }kjk ,dkad feuV 1800= 12
= 12 :1
vuqikr= =
π
le; esa r; dh x;h le; esa r; fd, x, ?kaVk 1
nwjh dks ml oLrq dh foLFkkiu dks ml oLrq dk 21600
pky dgrs gSaA osx dgrs gSaA js[kh; osx rFkk dks.kh; osx esa lEcU/ v = rω
™ dks.kh; osxµfdlh o`Ùkh; iFk ij q dks.k ?kweus esa yxk le;
dks.kh; osx dgykrk gS vFkkZr~ q dks.k ds nj dks dks.kh; osx 1. ,d ?kM+h dh lsosQ.M okyh lwbZ dh yEckbZ 10 ehVj gSA
dgrs gSaA rks dks.kh; pky rFkk js[kh; pky Kkr djsaA
θ 2π 2π π
ω= = = red / sec
t t 60 30

360 π π
w = = rω= 10 ×
m / sec
t 30 3

2π xzkiQ (GRAPH)
ω=
t
1. ?kM+h dh lsosQ.M okyh lwbZ dh dks.kh; Kkr djsa&
1. foLFkkiu osx = leku
2π 2π π
=
ω = =
t 60 30

2. ?kM+h dh feuV okyh lwbZ dh dks.kh; pky Kkr djsa le;

HkkSfrd foKku 13
xfr ,oa osx

Roj.k
2- foLFkkiu osx = c<+ jgk gS
1.
osx Roj.k = leku

le;
le;
Roj.k
3- foLFkkiu osx = ?kV jgk gS
osx Roj.k = c<+ jgk gS
2.
le;
le;
A B

4. foLFkkiu fojkek voLFkk 3. osx Roj.k
Roj.k = ?kV jgk gS
le;
le;

B 4. osx osx = leku

5. foLFkkiu A
vlaHko
Roj.k = 'kwU;

le;
le;

(4) (5) 5.
(3) (1) osx vlEHko xzkiQ
foLFkkiu (2)
le;
le; (4) (5)
(3) (1)
1- osx leku (2)
osx
2- osx c<+ jgk gSA
3- osx ?kV jgk gSA
4- fojkek voLFkk le;
5- vlaHko 1- Roj.k = leku
uksV 2- Roj.k c<+ jgk gSA
3- Roj.k ?kV jgk gS
foLFkkiu&le; xzkiQ ls] osx Kkr djrs gSaA 4- osx le;] Roj.k ¾ 'kqY;
5- vlaHko
HkkSfrd foKku 14
xfr ,oa osx
uksV ) +Ve Roj.k osx dks c<+krk gSA
osx&le; xzkiQ ls Roj.k Kkr djrs gSaA ) Roj.k lnSo osx esa ifjorZu ykrk gSA
1. eanu (Retardation)
40 ™ oSlk Roj.k tks izfr lsosQ.M osx dks ?kVkrk gS mls eanu dgrs
30 gSaA eanu dk eku ges'kk Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
osx

20
10 1. ,d dkj dh pky 5 lsosQ.M esa 42 m/s ls c<+dj 77
m/s gks tkrh gS rks Roj.k Kkr djsaA
5 10 15
le; v−u 77 − 42 35
Sol. a= = a= = = 7m / sec 2
t 5 5
15 sec esa r; dh xbZ nwjh D;k gksxh\ 2. ,d LowQVh dh pky 9 lsosQ.M esa 92 m/s ls ?kVdj 11
Sol. 15 sec esa nwjh = 15 × 40 = 600m Ans. m/s jg tkrh gS rks Roj.k ;k eUnu Kkr djsaA
Sol. v − u 11 − 92
= a =
t 9
2.
30
−81
osx

20 = = −9m / s 2 or 9m / sec 2 (eanu)

10 9
3. ,d dkj ftldh pky 60 m/s Fkh] ftls czsd yxkdj
5 10 15 5 lsosQ.M esa jksd fn;k tkrk gS rks Roj.k@eUnu Kkr
le; djsaA
Sol. u = 60 v−u
3. rks 10 sec esa r; dh xbZ nwjh D;k gksxh\ a=
t
1
Sol. 10 sec esa r; dh xbZ nwjh = × 5 × 20 + 5 × 20 v = 0
2 0 − 60
a=
= 50 + 100 5
= 150 m Ans. t = 5 −60
a=
5
uksV
a = ? a = – 12 m/s2 or 12 m/s2 (eanu)
osx le; xzkiQ esa nwjh fudkyus ds fy, {ks=kiQy fudkyrs Remark :– uhps ;kmQij dj jgh oLrq esa Roj.k g (9-8 m/
gSaA s2) ds cjkcj gksrk
gSA
) tc oLrq uhps fxj jgh gksrh gS rks + ve
Roj.k (Acceleration) ) tc oLrq mQij tk jgh gksrh gS rks –ve
™ osx esa ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k dgrs gSaA 4. ehukj ls fxj jgk ,d iRFkj dk osx 5 lsosQ.M ds ckn
D;k gksxk\
oxs eas ifjoruZ v−u v−0
Roj.k = Sol. =
g = 9.8
=
le; t 5
v = 49.0 m/s = 49 m/s
v−u
a= 5. ,d oLrq dks 10 m/s ds osx ls mQij fd vksj iQsadrs
t
gSa 6 lsosQ.M ds ckn bldk osx D;k gksxk\
ms −1 v−u v − 10
) Roj.k dk S.I. ek=kd = = ms −2 g
Sol. = , − 10
= , – 60 = v – 10, v = 50 m/s
s t 6
) Roj.k dk foek = [LT–2] = [M0LT–2]

HkkSfrd foKku 15
iz{ksI; xfr

vè;k; iz{ksI; xfr

4 (Projectile Motion)

™ tc fdlh oLrq dks ,d ckj cy yxkdj q dks.k ij iQsad ijkl (Range) = R

fn;k tkrk gS rks ,slh xfr dks iz{ksI; xfr dgrs gSaA iz{ksI; dk
™ iz{ksI; ds nkSjku Hkwfe ij r; dh xbZ nwjh dks ijkl (Range)
iFk ijoy;kdkj gksrk gSA
dgrs gSaA bls R ls lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls&Hkkyk iQsadus ij Hkkys dh xfr] fdlh f[kykM+h }kjk iQsads
2
x;s xksyksa dh xfr] NDdk ekjus ij ckWy dh xfrA Range R = u sin 2θ
bls f}foeh; xfr (Two Dimentional Motion) Hkh dgrs gaSA g

uksV ;fn q = 45°

2
vxj dksbZ f'kdkjh isM+ ij cSBs fdlh canj ij xksyh pyk Rmax = u sin 2 × 45°
jgk gS vkSj xksyh ds pyrs gh canj dwn tkrk gS rks g
2
laHkkouk gS fd canj dks xksyh yx tk,xh] D;ksafd igys u sin 90°
Rmax =
xksyh dk iFk ljy js[kh; gksxk vkSj fiQj xksyh dk iFk g
iz{ksI; (ijoy;kdkj) gks tk,xkA u2
Rmax =
g
™ iz{ksI; xfr esa iz{ksI; }kjk ,d lkFk rFkk Lora=k :i ls nks
ljy js[kh; xfr;k¡ dh tkrh gSA uksV
y vxj fdlh oLrq dks {kSfrt ls 45° ds iz{ksI; dks.k ij
A ux = u cos q iQsadk tk, rks og fi.M vfèkdre laHko ijkl izkIr
Height

djsxkA
ux = u cos q
u uy = 0 Hmax
uy = u sin q uy= u sin q
1. {kSfrt ls fdlh oLrq dks iQssadus ij og vfèkd nwjh r;
q djrh gSA ;fn mldh izkjafHkd osx leku jgs rks mldk
O ux = u cos q Range (R) Bx dks.k fdruk gksxk\
Sol. 45°
q = iz{ksi.k dks.k (Projected Angle)
0 = iz{ksI; fcanq (Projectile Point)
2. ,d Hkkyk dks 60 m/sec ds osx ls 30° ds dks.k ij
iQsadk tkrk gSA og fdruh nwjh ij tkdj fxjsxkA
u = izkjafHkd osx (Intial Velocity)
g = xqjQRoh; Roj.k (Gravitation Acceleration) u 2 sin 2θ
Sol. R =
Hmax = egÙke m¡QpkbZ (Maximum Height) g
R = ijkl (Range) ( 60 )
2
× sin 2 × 30 3600 × sin 60
™ fcanq 0 ls fcanq B rd igq¡pus esa yxs le; dks mM~M;u dky = =
10 10
(T) dgrs gSaA
) x-v{k ®x –v{k ij ,d leku osx ls {kSfrt xfr djrs 3600 × 3 / 2
= = 180 3
gq, vkxs c<+rk gSA 10
) y– v{k ® y – v{k ij ,dleku Roj.k ls ÅèokZèkj xfr 45° ij Range vf/dre gks tkrk gSA blh dkj.k Hkkyk dks
djrs gq, uhps vkrk gSA 45º ds dks.k ij iQsadk tkrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 16
iz{ksI; xfr
3. ,d Hkkyk dks 12 m/sec dh osx ls 45° ds dks.k ij mM~M;u dky (Time of Flight) = T
iQsadk tkrk gSA Range Kkr djsaA
™ iz{ksI; xfr ds nkSjku dksbZ oLrq ftruh nsj gok esa jgrh gS]
2
Sol. R = u sin 2θ ml le; dks mM~M;u dky dgrs gSaA
g 2u sin θ
T=
122 × sin 2 × 45 144 × sin 90° g

= = =
10 10 1. ,d rksi ds xksyk dks 30° ds dks.k ij 60m dh osx
ls iQsadk tkrk gS rks fdruh nsj ckn og i`Foh ij
144 × 1
= = 14.4 fxjsxk\
10
2u sin θ 2 × 60 × sin 30° 120 × 1 / 2
Sol. T == = = 6
4. fdlh ok;q;ku ls dksbZ oLrq uhps fxjkus ij mldh xfr g 10 10
dSlh gksxh\
egÙke maQpkbZ (Maximum Height) = H
Sol. iz{ksI; xfr
5. vxj fdlh oLrq dks 30° ds dks.k ij 10 m/s ds osx ™ iz{ksi ds nkSjku oLrq fofHkUu mQapkbZ ij xfr djrh gSA bu lHkh
ls iz{ksfir fd;k tkrk gS] rks ijkl D;k gksxk\ esa tks lcls vf/d mQapkbZ gksrh gS mls gh egÙke mQapkbZ dgrs
gSaA
Sol. u = 10 m/s Hmax
Q = 30°

u 2 sin 2θ (10 ) × sin 2 × 30°

2

R = =
g 10 u 2 sin 2 θ
H max =
3 2g
100 ×
==
2 2. ,d oLrq dks 120 m/sec dh osx ls 30° ds dks.k ij
10 iQsadk tkrk gS rks og vf/dre fdruh mQapkbZ ij
= 5 3 tk,xk\
6. vfèkdre ÅapkbZ ij fdlh iz{ksI; dh xfr mldh Sol. u 2 sin 2 θ 120 × 120 × sin 2 30°
= H =
izkjafHkd xfr dh vkèkh gksrh gS rks mlds iz{ksi.k dk max
2g 2 × 10
dks.k gS
(a) 60° 120 × 120 × 1 / 4
= = 180
20
(b) 15°
(c) 30° ) H rFkk T esa laca/
(d) 45°
u 2 sin 2 θ
Sol. v =
u H =
2
2g

v = u cos q 2u sin θ
T =
g
4
= u cos q
2
u 2 sin 2 θ
1 H 2g
cos q = =
2 2u sin θ
T
q = 60° g

HkkSfrd foKku 17
iz{ksI; xfr
H u 2 sin 2 θ × g (yxHkx) gksxkµ
= (a) 30 ms–1
T 2g × 2u sin θ
(b) 42 ms–1
H u sin θ (c) 32 ms–1
= (d) 35 ms–1
T 4 2
u
Sol. (c) Rmax = = 100
p<+ku dky ;k mrjku dky (Time of Ascent / Descent) g
q = 45º
™ p<+us ;k mrjus esa yxs le; dks p<+ku ;k mrjku dky dgrs
u = ?
gSaA 2
u
u sin θ g
T=
g
u2
Trick :
u 2 sin 2 θ 10
H = u2 = 100 × 10
2g
2
u2 = 1000
u sin 2θ
R. =
g u = 10 10 = 32m / s
2u sin θ 3. iz{ksI; xfr esa vfèkdre ijkl o mM+ku le; ds oxZ
T. = 3Numerical Questions
g dk vuqikr gSµ
TYPE-01 (a) 10 : 49
1. ,d f[kykM+h xsan dks 50 ehú mQèokZèkj mQij dh vksj (b) 49 : 10
isaQd ldrk gS rks og fdruh vfèkdre {kSfrt nwjh rd (c) 98 : 10
iQsad ldrk gS\ (d) 10 : 98
(a) 150 ehú Sol. (b) vf/dre ijkl ds fy;s q = 45º
(b) 100 ehú
(c) 75 ehú u 2 sin 2θ
(d) N.O.T R max g
=
Sol. (b) Hmax = 50 cm T2 
 2u sin θ 
2

 
u2  g 
=qθ= 90º
= , R max
g

u 2 sin 2 θ u 2 sin 2θ
Hmax =
2g R max g
= 2 2
2 2
T2 4u sin θ
u sin 90º g2
2g

u2 u 2 sin 2 × 45º

g g
= 2 2
u2 4u sin × 45º
= 100m
g g2
2. ,d f[kykM+h ,d xsan dks vfèkdre 100 ehVj dh
{kSfrt nwjh rd iQsad ldrk gSA xsan dk iz{ksi.k osx

HkkSfrd foKku 18
iz{ksI; xfr
u 2 sin 90º Sol. (b) fn;k gS]
g vfèkdre
{kSfrt ijkl Rmax = 400
=
4u 2 sin 2 45º u2
Rmax =
g2 g
u2 ijkl egÙke gksus ij]
R max
g Rmax = ,
4
 1 2 Rmax = 4H, 400 = 4H
4 × u 2 ×  

 2 H = 100m
=
g2 TYPE-02

1. nks xsans {kSfrt ls 30° rFkk 60° fn'kkvksa esa ,d gh fcUnq
u2 g2 g ls iz{ksfir dh tkrh gSa rks nksuksa xsans ,d gh maQpkbZ rd
= × =
g 4 × u2 × 1 2 tkrh gS muds iz{ksi.k osxksa dk vuqikr gksxk\
2 (a) 3:2
9.8 49 (b) 3 :3
= = 4.9
= (c)
2 10 3 :5
(d)
4. ,d yM+dk ,d iRFkj dks vfèkdre 10m dh maQpkbZ (e) 3 :1
rd isaQd ldrk gSA yM+dk mlh iRFkj dks ftl Sol. (d) q2 = 60º, q1 = 30º
vfèkdre {kSfrt nwjh rd iQsad ldsxk] og gSµ
(a) 20 2m u12 sin 2 θ2
(b) 10m 2g 60º
H = 30º
(c) 10 2m u 2 sin 2 θ1
2

(d) 20m 2g
Sol. (d) ç{ksI; dh vf/dre mQapkbZ 2
 3 
u12 sin 2 60º 
q = 90º  
2g = u= 1
2
 2 
2 2
Hmax = u sin θ =
= 2 2 2
u 2 sin 2 30º u 2  1 
2g 
 2 
2g 
u sin 2 90º
2
Hmax = 3
2g 3
u1 2= = 3 :1
= = 1
u2 u2 1
Hmax = = 10 2
2g
u2 = 20 2. ,d xsan] ftldh xfrt mQtkZ E gS] {kSfrt ls 45° ds
u2
dks.k ij isaQdh tkrh gSA mM+ku ds mPpre ¯cnq ij
Rmax =
g
= 20 m bldh xfrt mQtkZ gksxhµ
(a) E
5. fdlh iz{ksI; dh vfèkdre {kSfrt ijkl 400m gSA E
blds }kjk izkIr vfèkdre maQpkbZ dk eku gksxk (b)
2
(a) 100 m
(b) 200 m
E
(c)
(c) 400 m 2
(d) 800 m (d) 0

HkkSfrd foKku 19
iz{ksI; xfr
Sol. (c) u cos q 4. {kSfrt ls 45° ij isaQdh xbZ ,d oLrq ds fy, vfèkdre
maQpkbZ (H) rFkk {kSfrt ijkl (R) ijLij lEcfUèkr
gksaxsµ
(a) R = 16H
(b) R = 8H
45º
(c) R = 4H
1 2 (d) R = 2H
E = mu
2 Sol. (c) q = 45°
2 2 2
E egÙke =
1
m(u cos θ ) 2 Hmax = u sin 45° = u
2 2g 4g
1  
  sin 45° = 1 
2
= m ( u cos 45º )
2  
 2 
1 
2 1 
2
= mu 
2  u 2 sin 90° u 2
 2 =
1 1 Rmax = g g
= × mu 2
2 2 R u 2 4g
= ×
1 E H g u2
= ×E=
2 2 R 4
=
3. tc oLrq bl izdkj iz{ksfir dh tkrh gS fd bldh H 1
vfèkdre {kSfrt ijkl R gksrh gSA ;fn oLrq }kjk R = 4H
vfèkdre mQapkbZ H gks] rc vuqikr R/H gSµ 5. nks oLrqvksa dks leku osx ls iz{ksfir fd;k tkrk gSA
(a) 4:1 ;fn ,d oLrq dks {kSfrt ls 30° ds dks.k ij rFkk vU;
(b) 2:1 dks {kSfrt ls 60° ds dks.k ij iz{ksfir fd;k tkrk gS]
(c) 3:1 rks mudh vfèkdre maQpkb;ksa dk vuqikr gksxkµ
(d) ½:6 (a) 3:1
u2
Sol. (a) Rmax =  ...(i) (b) 1:3
g
(c) 1:2
bl fLFkfr esa oLrq 45º ds dks.k ij iz{ksfir gksrh gS (d) 2:1
u 2 sin 2 θ

2 1 
2 Sol. (b)  Hmax =
u  2 2g
u 2 sin 2 45º  
Hmax = = q1 = 30º, q2 = 60º
2g 2g
1 u 2 sin 2 θ1
2 H1 =
u × 2
2g
2 = u2 × 1 × 1 = u  ...(ii)
2g 2 2g 4g u 2 sin 2 θ2
H2 =
2g
u2 H1 sin 2 30°
R g =
= 2
H 2 sin 2 60°
H u
4g u 2 sin 2 30º

H1 2g
R u 2 4g 4 = 2 2 = 1= /4 1
= × = ∴ H 2 u sin 60º 3 / 4 3 = 1: 3
H g u2 1
2g
HkkSfrd foKku 20
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ

vè;k; dk;Z] 'kfDr ,oa ÅtkZ

5 (Work, Power & Energy)

dk;Z (Work) (iii) tc

fdlh oLrq dks 90° ds dks.k ij foLFkkfir fd;k
tk, rks dk;Z 'kwU; gksxkA
™ dk;Z (Work)µcy rFkk foLFkkiu ds vfn'k xq.ku dks dk;Z
dgrs gSaA Ex :– dqyh

cy yxkdj fdlh oLrq dh fn'kk esa foLFkkiu djus dh fØ;k 1. ,d oLrq ij 10N dk cy yxkdj 30m foLFkkiu
dks dk;Z dgrs gSaA fd;k tkrk gS rks dk;Z D;k gksxk\
Sol. W = FS cosq
W = FScos
= 10 × 30 × cos 90°
™ dk;Z dk SI ek=kdµ = 300 × 1
kgm2
(i) N.m, (ii) ] (iii) Jule = 300 Nm (Jule)
S2
™ dk;Z dk foek [ML T ]
2 –2
2. ,d dkj ij 50N dk cy yxkdj 20m dk foLFkkiu
™ dk;Z dk CGS ek=kd = vxZ (Erg) 60° ds dks.k ij gksrk gSA dk;Z Kkr djsaA
7
) 1 Jule = 10 vxZ] 1 vxZ = 10–7 twy Sol. W = FS cosq

) 1 bysDVªkWu oksYV (ev) = 1.6 × 10–19 twy = 50 × 20 × cos 60°

) 1 dSyksjh = 4.184 twy 1
= 1000 ×
) W= FS cosθ , cosq = –1 ® +1 2
= 500 Jule (Nm)
) 1 okV ?k.Vk = 3600 twy = 3.6 esxk twy
6 3. vxj fdlh oLrq ij 20N dk cy {kSfrt ls 30° ds
) fdyksokV ?k.Vk = 3.6 × 10 twy
dks.k ij vkjksfir gksrk gS ij og oLrq {kSfrt esa 10m
) 1 fdyksokV ?k.Vk = 3.6 × 106 U;wVu ehVj foLFkkfir gksrh gS] rks fd;k x;k dk;Z D;k gksxk\
™ leku fn'kk esa fd;k x;k dk;Z èkukRed gksrk gSA Sol. W = FS cosq
™ foijhr fn'kk (?k"kZ.k ds fo:¼) esa fd;k x;k dk;Z Í.kkRed
= 20 × 10 cos30°
gksrk gSA
3
™ fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dk;Z 'kwU; gks tkrk gSµ = 200
2
(i) foLFkkiu 'kwU; gksus ij&
= 100 3
Ex :– ;fn oLrq vius LFkku ij :dh gS ;k oLrq
dks èkdsyus ij xfr ugha gks jgh gS rks dk;Z 'kwU; 4. vxj fdlh oLrq ij 5N dk cy vkjksfir gksrk gS vkSj
gksxkA og oLrq cy dh fn'kk esa 10m foLFkkfir gksrh gS rks
fd;k x;k dk;Z D;k gksxk\
(ii) ;fn oLrq vius izkjafHkd LFkku ij ykSV vk, rks mldk
foLFkkiu 'kwU; gks tk,xk ftl dkj.k dk;Z Hkh 'kwU; gks Sol. W = FS cosq
tk,xkA = 5 × 10 cos0°
Ex :– o`Ùkh; iFk ij] Åij ls uhps = 50 × 1 = 50 Jule

HkkSfrd foKku 21
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ
™ ÅapkbZ ;k lh<+h ij fd;k x;k dk;Zµ W tyw = okV
P= (W)
W = mgh t lsd.sM
5. 100 kg ikuh dks fdlh ikbi ds ekè;e ls 20m Åij 1 H.P = 746 watt.
ys tkuk gS rks blesa fdruk cy yxsxk\
Sol. W = mgh ) 1 watt = 1 twy@lsosQ.M = 0.239 dSyksjh@lsosQ.M
= 100 × 10 × 20 ) 1 fdyksokV ?k.Vk = 3.6 × 106 twy = 1.340 v'o 'kfDr
= 20,000 Jule ) 1 esxkokV = 10 yk[k (106 okV) = 1340.48 v'o
'kfDr
6. 60 kg dk lqjs'k 2m dh Åaph 15 lhf<+;ka p<+rk gS rks
fd;k x;k dk;Z crk,a& uksV
Sol. W = mgh
dk;Z djus dh {kerk ÅtkZ dgykrh gS rFkk dk;Z djus dh
= 60 × 10 × (2 × 15) nj 'kfDr dgykrh gSA
= 600 × 30 = 18,000 Jule 1. ,d eksVj 10 lsds.M ds vanj 800 Jule dk;Z dj nsrk
7. 80 kg dk ,d O;fDr 20 cm dh 40 lhf<+;ka p<+rk gS rks 'kfDr Kkr djsaA
gS rks fd;k x;k dk;Z crk,a& W
Sol. P = = 800 = 80 watt.
Sol. W = mgh t 10
 20 
= 80 × 10  × 40 2. fdlh dkj ij 20N dk cy yxkdj mls 30 ehVj nwj
 100  f[kldkus esa 5 lsds.M dk le; yxrk gS rks 'kfDr Kkr
= 80 × 10 × 8
djsaA
= 6400 J W
Sol. P =
8. ,d etnwj 10N cy yxkdj ,d oLrq dks 60m t
yEcor~ foLFkkfir djrk gS rks dk;Z D;k gksxk\ f.s 20 × 30
t = = 120 watt
Sol. W = FS cosq 5
3. ,d eksVj 1200kg ty dks 10m
ÅapkbZ rd [khapus esa
= 10 × 60 × cos90°
10 feuV yxrk gS rks e'khu dh 'kfDr Kkr djsa&
= 10 × 60 × 0 = 0 Sol. W
P=
t
Remark : - ;fn cy ds fn'kk esa foLFkkiu gksxk] rks
èkukRed foijhr fn'kk esa foLFkkiu gksxk rks dk;Z Í.kkRed P = mgh
t
;fn foLFkkiu gh ugha gksxk rks dk;Z 'kwU; gksxkA 1200 × 10 × 10 1200
Remark : - fd;k x;k dk;Z èkukRed] Í.kkRed rFkk 'kwU; = = = 200 watt
10 × 60 6
gks ldrk gSA
4. 90 kg dk ,d fo|kFkhZ 0-5 m ÅapkbZ okyh 60 lhf<+;ksa
'kfDr (Power) dks 5 feuV esa p<+ tkrk gS fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kfDr Kkr
™ 'kfDr (Power)µ,d lsosQ.M esa fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kfDr djsaA
W
dgykrk gSA bls P ls lwfpr djrs gSA Sol. P=
t
) 'kfDr ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA bldk eku le; ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA mgh 90 × 10 × 0.5 × 60
P = =
t = W t 5 × 60
W ty w 90 × 10 × 5 × 60
1= 'kfDr = = = 90 watt
t lsoQs.M 5 × 60 × 10

HkkSfrd foKku 22
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ
™ fl¼ djsa fdµ 8. 373m xgjs rkykc ls 360kg ikuh 30 feuV esa fudkyk
P = F×v
tkrk gSA eksVj iEi ds }kjk rks bl eksVj iEi dh 'kfDr
D;k gksxh\
W W
P = Sol. P =
t t

P = FS mgh
P =
t t
w
P = F× t P = F× v
360 × 10 × 373
=
1800
P = 'kfDr
W = dk;Z vFkok LFkkukarfjr mQtkZ = 746 Watt
t = le;
F = cy P = 1 H.P
V = osx ™ laosx (Momentum)µ nzO;eku rFkk osx ds xq.kuiQy dks
laosx dgrs gSaA blds ek=kd kg m/s gSA
5. ,d dkj ij 60N dk cy yxkus ij mldk osx 20
) dksbZ oLrq gok esa laosx ds dkj.k gh mM+rh gSA
m/s gks tkrk gS rks 'kfDr Kkr djsa&
) laosx lfn'k jkf'k gSA
Sol. P=F×v

= 60 × 10 P = m× v

= 600 Watt 1. 40 kg dh ,d oLrq 3m/s ds osx ls xfr'khy gSA bldk

laosx D;k gS\
6. ,d oLrq ij 40N cy yxkus ij mlesa 15 m/s dk osx
mRiUu gks tkrk gS rks 'kfDr Kkr djsa& Sol. p = m × v

Sol. P=F×v = 40 × 3 = 120

= 40 × 15 = 600 2. ,d oLrq ds osx dks ukS xq.kk dj nsus ij mldk laosx

D;k gksxk\
7. ,d eksVj dh {kerk 60% gS og 50 xgjs rkykc ls
600kg ty dks 5m esa [khap ldrk gS rks eksVj dh ewy Sol. P = mv  .... (i)
{kerk fdruh Fkh\ P' = m × 9 ×v
Sol. t = 5 × 60 sec, h = 50, g = 10, m = 600 kg., P = ?
P' = m × v × 9
w mgh
P = t =
t P' = P × 9
600 × 10 × 50 = 9 xquk
P =
5 × 60
3. ,d oLrq dk æO;eku pkj xquk rFkk osx ukS xq.kk djus
P = 1000 watt.
ij laosx D;k gksxk\
eksVj dh {kerk = 60% Sol. P = mv  .... (i)
ekuk eksVj dh {kerk = x
P' = 4 × m × 9 × v
x × 60% = 1000
P' = m × v × 36
60
x× = 1000
100 P' = P × 36
1000 × 100
x = = 1666.66 watt = 36 xquk
60

HkkSfrd foKku 23
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ
4. m æO;eku dh ,d oLrq v osx ls ,d nhokj ls Vdjkus 150 + 240 = 17 × v
ds ckn v osx ls gh ykSV vkrh gS laosx ifjorZu Kkr 17v = 390
dhft,A 390
v= = 22.9 m/s
Sol. 17
= 23 m/s
m V 4. 20 kg rksi ds xksys dks rks 60 N ds cy ls èkdsyk tkrk
gSA xksyk 80 m/s ds osx ls vkxs dh vksj xfr'khy gks
tkrk gS] rksi dh yEckbZ Kkr djsaA
–V Sol. rksi }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z = xksys dk laosx
W = P
f.s. = mv
laosx
ifjorZu = P 2 – P1
60 × S = 20 × 80
= –mv – mv
S = 20 × 8 = 160
= –2 mv 6 6
80
™ laosx laj{k.k (Momentum Conservation)µfdlh oLrq dk = = 26.60 = 27m
3
laosx lajf{kr jgrk gS vFkkZr~ fdlh xfr'khy oLrq dks fdlh
5. 15 gm dh xksyh dks 3N ds
cy ls ,d cUnwd
VDdj }kjk jksdsaxs] rks VDdj ls igys dk laosx VDdj ds ckn
èkdsyrh gS ftlls fd xksyh dh pky 1000 m/s gks
dk laosx cjkcj gksxkA
tkrh gS cUnwd dh yEckbZ D;k gksxh\
1. 1200 kg dk ,d ckj 60 m/s dh osx ls 200 kg ds
Sol. cUnwd }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z = xksyh dk laosx
LdwVh ij VDdj ekjrk gS rks LdwVh dh pky crk,&
15
3S = × 1000
Sol. VDdj ds igys laosx = VDdj ds ckn laosx 1000
P1 = P2 S = 5m

m1v1 = m2v2 ™ xfrt mQtkZ (k) rFkk laosx (p) esa lacaèk (Relation Between
Kinetic Energy (k) and Momentum (P)µ
1200 × 60 = 200 × v2
v2 = 360 m/s m V
2. 600 kg dk ,d rksi 40 kg ds ,d xksyk dks 400
m/s ds osx ls iQsadrk gS rks rksi fdruh xfr ls ihNs
P = mv
vk,xk\
1
Sol. 600 × v1 = 40 × 400 k = mv 2
2
600 × v1 = 16000 m ls xq.kk djus ij
1 2 2
160 80 km = m v
v1 = = = 27 m/s 2
6 3
1 m2 v2
3. 5 kg rFkk 12 kg ds nks xksys Øe'k% 30 m/s rFkk 20 k =
2 m
m/s ds osx ls xfr'khy gaS VDdj ds ckn ;s nksuksa
k k== 1 ( )
2
mv
vkil esa lV tkrs gSa] muds la;qDr osx Kkr djsaA
2 m
Sol. P1 + P2 = P
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)v p2
k=
5 × 30 + 12 × 20 = (5 + 12) × v 2m

HkkSfrd foKku 24
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ
1. 4 kg dh ,d oLrq dk laosx 8 kg m/s gS] xfrt ÅtkZ 1. 40 N dk cy 3 lsds.M ds fy, dke djrk gS] vkosx
Kkr djsaA Kkr djsaA
(8) Sol. vkosx = 40 × 3 = 120 NS
2
p2 64
Sol. k = = = = 8 m/sec
2m 2× 4 8 ™ vkosx rFkk laosx esa lacaèk (Relation Between Impulse
2. ;fn laosx esa 10% dh o`f¼ dh tk,] rks xfrt ÅtkZ and Momentum)µ
esa D;k izHkko iM+sxk\ vkosx = cy × le;
P2
Sol. KE =
2m = ma × le;
A×A
KE esa % ifjorZu = A + A ± ∆v
100 = m × ×t
t
10 × 10
= 10 + 10 + = m(v2 – v1)
100
= 21 % o`f¼ = (mv2 – mv1)
3. ;fn fdlh oLrq osQ laosx esa pkj xq.kk o`f¼ dj nh
tk,] rks xfrt mQtkZ fdruh gks tk,xh\ vkoxs = P2 – P1
Sol. P1 = (K.E)1
P2 = 4P1, (K.E)2 = ? vkoxs = loasx eas ifjoruZ
P = mv
Remark :– fØdsV dh ckWy jksdus ij vkosx ds dkj.k pksV
V = P yxrk gS] vr% vkosx dks de djus ds fy, laosx dks ?kVkuk
m
pkfg,A blh dkj.k f[kykM+h viuk gkFk fiNs [khaprk gS rkfd
K.E = 1 mv 2 osx ?kVus ls laosx ?kV tk, vkSj vkosx de gks tk,A
2
2. ,d oLrq dk laosx 60 kg m/s ls ?kVdj 48 kgm/s
1 P2
K.E. = m × jg tkrk gS] vkosx Kkr djsaA
2 m2 Sol. vkosx = P2 – P1
P2 = 60 – 48
K.E. =
2m = 12
2
K.E ∝ P
™ laosx rFkk cy esa lacaèk (Relation Between Momentum
K.E1 P12 and Force)µ
=
K.E 2 P22 P2 – P1
laosx
ifjorZu dk nj
t
=
K.E1 P2 mv 2 – mv1
= 2 1 2 =
K.E 2 4 × P1 t
m ( v 2 – v1 )
=
t
K.E2 = 16 K.E1

laosx
™ vkosx (Impulse)µ cgqr cM+k cy tc NksVs le; ds fy, ifjoruZ dk nj = cy
yxrk gS mls vkosx dgrs gSaA vkosx lfn'k jkf'k gSA 1. ,d Vªd dk laosx gSa 600 kg m/s ls c<+dj 900 kg
Ex :– >kiM+] ckWy ls yxk pksV] fiQly ds fxjus ij VqVh m/s gksus esa 2-5 min yxrs gaS rks Vªd ij fdruk cy
ilyh] ljdl esa ,d lkFk dbZ b±Vksas dks rksM+uk] vU; izdkj yxsxk\
dk >Vdk P – P1
Sol. laosx ifjorZu dh nj (cy) = 2
t
vkosx = cy × le;
= 900 − 600 300
= = 2N
ek=kd = Ns = kgms–2 × s = kgms–1 2.5 × 60 150

HkkSfrd foKku 25
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ
ÅtkZ (Energy) 3- jklk;fud ÅtkZ
™ ÅtkZ (Energy)µdk;Z djus dh {kerk dks ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA 4- izdk'k ÅtkZ
™ lHkh izdkj dh ÅtkZ vfn'k jkf'k gksrh gSA 5- èofu ÅtkZ
™ ÅtkZ dk SI ek=kd twy gksrk gSA 6- fo|qr ÅtkZ
™ CGS ek=kd vxZ gksrk gSA 7- fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
8- xfrt ÅtkZ
1Jule = 107 vxZ
™ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ (Potential Energy)µÅapkbZ ;k f[kapko ds
1vxZ = 10−7 Jule dkj.k vFkkZr~ vius fLFkfr ds dkj.k dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks
™ vkbaLVhu ds ÅtkZ laj{k.k ds vkèkkj fl¼kar ds vkèkkj ij fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA bls P.E ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
ÅtkZ dks u rks mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u rks u"V fd;k ) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ lafpr ÅtkZ gSA
tk ldrk gSA bls ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa cnyk tk ldrk ) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ fdlh ekud fLFkfr ds lkis{k gksrh gSA
gSA
Ex :– ckaèk] [khapk gqvk èkuq"k] Stage ij [kku lj] :dk
E = MC 2
gqvk ia[kk] Nr ds Åij Vadh] isM+ ij cSBk canj] mBk gqvk
gFkkSM+k] ?kM+h dh pkHkh] Lizhax] jcj] :dh xkM+h esa cSBk
tgk¡] O;fDrA
C = izdk'k dh pky (3 × 108 m/s)
P.E = mgh
1. 2 kg æO;eku ls fdruh mQtkZ fudysxh\
mg = fi.Mds xq#Ro cy] h = Å¡pkbZA
E = MC2 =2 × (3 × 108)2
= 2 × 9 × 1016
™ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ÅapkbZ ij fuHkZj djrh gS blh dkj.kµ
(i) ikuh dh Vadh dks Nr ds Åij j[kk tkrk gSA
= 18 × 1016 Jule (nzO;eku ÅtkZ)
™ ÅtkZ ifjorZu ds Lo:iµ (ii) vfèkd ÅapkbZ ls fxjus ij pksV vfèkd yxrh gSA
fLFkfrt ÅtkZ nzO;eku ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSaA blh
1- eksVj fo|qr ;kaf=kd
dkj.k Heavy duty okys gFkkSM+k dks cgqr Hkkjh cuk;k
2- Mk;useks ;kaf=kd fo|qr tkrk gSA
3- Microphone èofu fo|qr
2. 100m Å¡ps ,d feukj ls fxjs fdlh iRFkj ds ikl
4- Speaker fo|qr èofu fdruh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ gksxh] ;fn og iRFkj 40 kg dk
5- batu mQ"ek ;kaf=kd gks\
6- ?k"kZ.k ;kaf=kd mQ"eh; mQtkZ Sol. m = 40
7- eksecÙkh jklk;fud izdk'k $ mQ"ek
Bulb g = 10
8- fo|qr izdk'k
9- Fan fo|qr ;kaf=kd h = 100
10- izdk'k la'ys"k.k izdk'k jklk;fud p = mgh
11- osuk is'kh; mQtkZ ;kaf=kd
= 40 × 10 × 100
12- ghVj fo|qr mQ"ek
13- izsl fo|qr mQ"ek = 40,000 Jule.

™ ÅtkZ ds dbZ Lo:i gksrs gSaµ 3. 75 kg dk ,d O;fDr 71m Å¡ps dqrqcehukj ij p<+k
1- is'kh; ÅtkZ gqvk gSA mldh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ fdruh gksxh\
2- pqEcdh; ÅtkZ Sol. p = mgh = 75 × 10 × 71 = 53250

HkkSfrd foKku 26
dk;Z] 'kkfDr ,oa mQtkZ
™ xfrt ÅtkZ (Kinetic Energy)µ fdlh oLrq esa xfr ds 1 
k' = 81 ×  mv 
2
dkj.k dk;Z djus dh {kerk xfrt ÅtkZ dgykrh gSA
2 
fdlh Hkh xfr'khy O;fDr esa xfrt ÅtkZ gksrh gSA k' = 81k
3. ,d oLrq ds osx dks rhu xq.kk dj fn;k tkrk gS tcfd
1
K.E = mv 2 mlds æO;eku dks ikap xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS rks xfrt
2
ÅtkZ D;k gksxh\
Ex :– cgrk gqvk ty] pyrh gqbZ xkM+h] rSjrk gqvk uko] pyrk 1
gqvk ia[kk] pyrk gqvk rhjA Sol. k = mv 2
2

uksV 1
× m ×5× ( 3v )
2
k' =
y ;fn fi.M dk nzO;eku nksxquk dj fn;k tk, rks] fi.M 2
dh xfrt ÅtkZ Hkh nksxquh gks tk,xhA
k' = k × 45
y ;fn fi.M dk nzO;eku ?kVkdj vkèkk dj fn;k tk,]
rks mldh xfrt ÅtkZ Hkh vkèkh gks tk,xhA 4. ;fn 800kg ds dkj dh pky 60m/sec gS] rks dkj dh
y ;fn fdlh xfr'khy fi.M dk osx c<+kdj nksxquk dj xfrt ÅtkZ D;k gksxh\
fn;k tk,] rks mldh xfrt ÅtkZ pkj xquh gks tk,xhA
1
y ;fn fi.M dk osx ?kVkdj vkèkk dj fn;k tk,] rks Sol. KE = mv 2
2
mldh xfrt ÅtkZ ,d pkSFkkbZ (¼) jg tk,xhA
y xfrt ÅtkZ vkSj fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ds ;ksx dks ;kaf=kd =
1
× 800 × 60 × 60
ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA 2

1. ,d oLrq ds æO;eku dks 16 xquk djus ij xfrt ÅtkZ = 400 × 60 × 60

D;k gksxh\
1 = 1440000
Sol. k = mv 
2
...... (i) ™ ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ (Machenical Energy)µtc fLFkfrt ÅtkZ rFkk
2
xfrt ÅtkZ dks tksM+ nsrs gSa rks mls ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
k' = 1 × m ×16× v 2
2 ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa ;s nksuksa ÅtkZ gksrh gSA
1 
 2 Ex :– mM+rs
gokbZ tgkt] irax] rhj] pyrh xkM+h esa cSBk ;k=kh]
k' = 16 ×  mv 
2  pyrk gqvk ia[kkA
k' = 16k
Remark :– fdlh oLrq dks tc uhps fxjk;k tkrk gS rks
2. ,d oLrq ds osx dks ukS xquk djus ij mldh xfrt
ÅapkbZ ?kVus ds dkj.k mldh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ?kVus yxrh gS
ÅtkZ D;k gksxh\
fdUrq tSls&tSls og uhps vk,xk osx c<+us ds dkj.k mldh
1 xfrt ÅtkZ c<+ tk,xh vFkkZr~ dqy ÅtkZ (;kaf=kd ÅtkZ)
Sol. k = mv 2  ......... (i)
2 fu;r jgsxhA Vdjkus ls Bhd igys mldh fLFkfrt mQtkZ
k' = 1 × m × ( 9v )2 U;wure tcfd xfrt mQtkZ vf/dre gks tk,xhA fdUrq tehu
2
ls Vdjkus ds ckn nksuksa gh mQtkZ 'kwU; gks tk,xhA

HkkSfrd foKku 27
?k"kZ.k

vè;k; ?k"kZ.k
6 (Friction)

?k"kZ.k (Friction) ™ lihZ ?k"kZ.k (Sliding Friction)µ;g ry ds Åij f[klddj

(lM+ddj) xfr djrk gSA
™ ?k"kZ.k (Friction)µ;g xfr dk fojksèk djrk gS rFkk lnSo xfr
ds foijhr fn'kk esa gksrk gSA ?k"kZ.k cy ds fo:¼ fd;k x;k Ex :– uko] LdSfVaxA
dk;Z Í.kkRed gksrk gSA ?k"kZ.k cy {ks=kiQy ij fuHkZj ugha lihZ
djrk gS] cfYd ry dh izÑfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn ry
[kqjnqjk gksxk] rks ?k"kZ.k vfèkd yxsxkA cy o xfr dh fn'kk
) ?k"kZ.k cy ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA

?k"kZ.k

™ yksVuh ?k"kZ.k (Rolling Friction)µ fdlh oLrq esa ifg;k

LFkSfrd xfrd yxkdj Mxjk nsuk] yksVuh ?k"kZ.k dgykrk gSA ;g lcls
lihZ detksj gksrk gS vFkkZr~ xfr dk fojksèk lcls de djrk gS
yksVuh ftl dkj.k blls xfr T;knk gksrh gSA lihZ ?k"kZ.k dks yksVuh
™ LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k (Static Friction)µ:dh gqbZ oLrqvksa esa fLFkj ?k"kZ.k esa cnyus ds fy, os;fjax (f?kjuh) dk iz;ksx djrs
?k"kZ.k gksrk gSA ;g xfr dk lokZfèkd fojksèk djrk gS vkSj oLrq gSA
dks pyus ugha nsrk gSA Rolling Friction
Sliding Friction < Static Friction

Friction
Force

fLFkfrd > lihZ > yksVuhA

™ ?k"kZ.k dk de djus dh fofèk;k¡µ
™ xfrd ?k"kZ.k (Dynamic Friction)µxfreku oLrq ,oa laidZ 1. ry dks fpduk djds] c<+bZ }kjk jank ekjukA
lrg ds eè; yxus okys ?k"kZ.k cy dks xfrd ?k"kZ.k cy 2- fo'ks"k vkdkj nsdj
dgrs gSaA
™ lhekar ?k"kZ.k (Limiting Friction)µfdlh fLFkj oLrq dks
;fn cy yxk;k tk, rks fLFkj ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k og :dh jgrh
gSA fLFkj ?k"kZ.k dk og vfèkdre eku tks xfr esa vkus ls
jksdrk gS] lhekar ?k"kZ.k dgykrk gSA lhekar ?k"kZ.k esa FkksM+k&lk
Hkh o`f¼ djus ij oLrq xfr'khy gks tk,xhA 1- [khapus 2- yVdus
HkkSfrd foKku 28
?k"kZ.k
3- lihZ ?k"kZ.k dks yksVuh ?k"kZ.k esa cnydj ® ch;fjax] Fk a R
f?kjuhA ↑Fk =mk.R↑
4. Lusgd ;k (Lubricant) MkydjA ™ ?k"kZ.k xq.kkad (Friction Coefficient)µ blds }kjk fdlh oLrq
(i) Bksl Lusgd – xzsiQkbV pw.kZ] ikmMjA ij yxus okys ?k"kZ.k dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA
(ii) nzo Lusgd – eksfcy] xzhl] rsy] FkqdA
F∝R
™ izfrfØ;k cy (Reaction Force)µtc nks oLrq ,d nwljs ij
ikjLifjd izHkko Mkyrh gSa] rc igyh oLrq ds }kjk nwljh oLrq F=∝R
ij yxk, tkus cy dks fØ;k vkSj nwljh oLrq }kjk igyh oLrq F
m =
ij yxk, tkus cy dks izfrfØ;k cy dgrs gSaA R

R
bls µ (E;w) ls fn[kkrs gSaA E;w dk dksbZ Hkh foek rFkk
izfrfØ;k cy (Reaction) ek=kd ugha gksrk gSA ?k"kZ.k xq.kkad dk eku 0 ls 1 ds chp
W' = mg gksrk gSA ?k"kZ.k cy ds v/hu fd;k x;k dk;Z Í.kkRed gksrk
Woolen block
gSA
2. ,d oLrq lery ry ij 40 N dk cy yxk jgh gSA
;fn ?k"kZ.k xq.kkad 2 gks] rks izfrfØ;k cy Kkr djsa\
fØ;k cy (Action)
W = mg F
Sol. =
F R

™ ckyw ?k"kZ.k vkSj ciZQ ?k"kZ.k esa varjµ F 40

= = 20
µ 2
ckyw ?k"kZ.k ciZQ ?k"kZ.k
uksV
tc ge vius iSjksa ls jsr dks ciZQ dh fLFkfr esa] ciZQ rFkk
ihNs dh fn'kk esa nckrs gSa] rks gekjs ryoksa ds chp cgqr de ckyw ij pyuk blfy, dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd ml ij
jsr foLFkkfir gks tkrk gS] ?k"kZ.k gksus ds dkj.k ciZQ ij izfrfØ;k cy de gksrk gSA
iQyLo:i jsr ls izkIr izfr pyuk dfBu gksrk gSA blh ™ ciQZ ij pyuk blfy, dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd mlij
fØ;k cgqr de gksrh gS dkj.k dk¡Vs okys twrsa igurs gSaA ?k"kZ.k cy de gksrk gSA
(okLro esa] izfrfØ;k cy ds Note: ?k"kZ.k c<+kus ds fy, jsr ™ vuar ry ij ?k"kZ.k xq.kkadµ
{kSfrt ?kVd ds dkj.k gh ge dh iVjh ij ckyw fNM+drs gSaA
vkxs dh vksj py ikrs gSaA) m = tan q

1. ?k"kZ.k cy vfHkyac izfrfØ;k fdlds xq.kuiQy ds

cjkcj gksrk gS\
M

Sol.

R q
izfrfØ;k cy (Reaction)
W' = mg 3. 30° ds dks.k ij >qds ry ds fy, ds ?k"kZ.k xq.kkad
M F Kkr djsaA
A B Sol. m = tanq
Fk
fØ;k cy (Action)
= tan 30°
W = mg
1
F =
3
HkkSfrd foKku 29
?k"kZ.k
™ ?k"kZ.k okys ry ij :dus esa yxk;k x;k le; ;fn t gks ™ ?k"kZ.k okys ry ij oLrq dks jksdus ls igys pyh xbZ nwjh
rFkk mldk osx V gks rksµ ;fn S gks rFkk mldk osx V gks rksµ
V V2
T= S=
µg 2µg
4. fdlh ry ij ,d oLrq 150 m/s dh pky ls py jgh
5. 20 m/s dh pky ls ,d oLrq xfr'khy gS ;fn ry dk
gSA ;fn ?k"kZ.k xq.kkad 5 gks rks :dus esa fdruk le;
?k"kZ.k xq.kkad 2 gks rks oLrq fdruh nwj tkdj :dsxh\
yxsxk\
150 150
Sol. t = = = 3 sec. Sol. 400
5 × 10 50 = 10
2 × 2 × 10

HkkSfrd foKku 30
mÙkksyd

vè;k; mÙkksyd
7 (Lever)

™ lk/kj.k e'khu (Simple Machine)µog e'khu lkèkkj.k ™ bl izdkj ds mÙkksydksa esa ;kaf=kd ykHk 1 ls vfèkd] de ;k
e'khu dgykrh gS tks fcuk pqEcdh; vkSj fo|qrh; 'kfDr ls cjkcj dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSA
pyrh gSA lkèkkj.k e'khu esa 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr yxkuk gksrk gSA Ex :– dSaph] fiykl] lh&lkW] lkbZfdy dk czsd] usy dVj]
Ex :– mÙkksyd dhy fudkyus okyh gFkkSM+h] f?kjuh] pkikdyA
™ mÙkksyd (Lever)µmÙkksyd vkyEc] Hkkj (oLrq) rFkk vk;kl Fulcrum
(cy) ls cuk ,d lk/kj.k e'khu gS] tks gekjs dk;ks± dks
vklku cuk nsrh gSA
™ vkyEc (Fulcrum)µe'khu ftl LFkku ls ?kwerh gS mls Lord
Effort Load Effort
vkyEc ;k iQyØe dgrs gSaA bls F ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk Falcrum

gSA Effort
Load
vk;kl E Fulcrum Fulcrum

L Effort
Hkkj Load Effort Fulcrum
c
vkyE
™ Hkkj (Load)µe'khu ftl oLrq dks mBk jgk gksrk gS ml oLrq BRAKE LEVER
Load
dks Hkkj dgrs gSaA bls W ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
™ vk;kl (Effort)µftl LFkku ls cy yxk;k tkrk gS mls
vk;kl dgrs gSaA bls p ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA FULCURM Fulcrum
™ mÙkksyd ds izdkj (Types of Lever)µmÙkksyd rhu izdkj
ds gksrs gSaµ Loatd
Fulcrum
) mÙkksyd vkfdZfefMt ds fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA
Effort
Effort
™ izFke Js.kh dk mÙkksyd (First Class Lever)µblesa vkyEc
chp esa jgrk gSA
Distance from Effort Distance from Load
to Fulcrum to Fulcrum


Effort
Beam
Load
™ f}rh; Js.kh dk mÙkksyd (Second Class Lever)µblesa
oLrq dk Hkkj chp esa gksrk gSA
Fulcrum ) bl izdkj ds mÙkksydksa esa ;kaf=kd ykHk lnSo ,d ls
vfèkd gksrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 31
mÙkksyd
Force Fulcrum

Load Effort Effort

Fulcrum
Resistance

Ex :– uhacw fupksM+us dh e'khu] ljkSrk] dwM+k xkM+h] njoktk] Fulcrum

cksry [kksyus okyk e'khu vkfnA
Force
Applied Load Load
Here Godes
Here
Fulcrum
Load
Effort

Fulcrum
Effort

Load

Fulcrum Fulcrum
Effort Force Load
Load

Effort
™ r`rh; Js.kh dk mÙkksyd (Third Class Lever)µ blesa Fulcrum
vk;kl chp esa gksrk gSA blesa ;kaf=kd ykHk lnSo ,d ls de
gksrk gSA
TRICK :–
Force F L E

d
Loa
r`rh; Js.kh
f}rh; Js.kh chp esa
Fulcrum izFke Js.kh
Ex :– fpeVk] pkdw] gy] gkFk esa csypk] >kM+w] LVsiyj] oa'kh ™ vk;kl Hkqtk (Effort Arm)µ vkyEc ls vk;kl ds chp dh
vkfnA nwjh vk;kl Hkqtk dgykrh gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 32
 Effort Arm
(vk;kl Hkqtk)
Fulcrum

mÙkksyd
™ Hkkj Hkqtk (Load Arm)µvkyEc ls Hkkj ds chp dh nwjh
Hkkj vk;kl Hkt q k (FE)
Hkkj Hkqtk dgykrh gSA ;kaf=kd ykHk =
vk;kl =
Hkkj Hkqtk (FL)
Hkkj × Hkkj Hkqtk (FL) = vk;kl × vk;kl Hkqtk (FE)
Effort
Load
uksV

Effort Arm
tc ;kaf=kd ykHk vf/d gksxk] rc e'khu ljyrk ls dke
(vk;kl Hkqtk) djsxh] ;kaf=kd ykHk vf/d djus ds fy, vk;kl Hkqtk
Load Arm Fulcrum dks yEck j[kk tkrk gSA
(Hkkj Hkqtk)

HkkSfrd foKku 33
cy rFkk cy vk?kw.kZ

vè;k; cy rFkk cy vk?kw.kZ

8 (Force and Torque)

cy (Force) ™ U;wVu ds xfr laca/h rhu fu;e fn, Fksµ

™ cy fdlh oLrq dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu yk nsrk gS ;k ykus 1. U;wVu dk izFke fu;e (Newton's First Law)µbls xSysfy;ks
dk iz;kl djrk gSA cy ,d izdkj dk /Ddk ;k f[kapko dk ;k tM+Ro dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSaA izFke xfr fu;e crkrk
gSA gS fd oLrq rc rd fLFkj ;k lh/h js[kk esa ,d leku xfr
™ fdlh oLrq dks [khaprs le; vf/d cy dh izkfIr gks tkrh esa jgsxh] tc rd fd ml ij ckgjh cy dk;Z u djsaA
gSA 2. tM+Ro (Inertia)µoLrq dk og xq.k ftlds dkj.k oLrq
™ blh dkj.k fdlh oLrq dks /dsyus dh rqyuk esa [khapuk vius voLFkk ifjorZu dk fojks/ djsa] tM+Ro dgykrk gSA
vklku gksrk gSA tM+Ro nzO;eku ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
™ cy ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS ftldk SI ek=kd U;wVu gksrk gSA 3. tM+Ro a æO;ekuµtM+Ro oLrq ds nzO;eku rFkk f=kT;k ij
™ F dk S.I ek=kd ® = U;wVu fuHkZj djrk gSA
™ F dk C.G.S ek=kd ® gcms–2 = dyne
5 ™ tM+Ro vius voLFkk ifjorZu dk vf/d fojks/ djrk gSA
™ 1N ® 10 dyne
cy nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa (Two Types of Force)µ ™ tM+Ro nks izdkj dk gksrk gSµxfr dk tM+Ro rFkk fojke dk
tMRoA
1. larqfyr cy (Balance Force)µog cy tks cjkcj rFkk
foijhr gksrk gS rFkk bl cy ls xfr esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk 1. fojke dk tM+Ro (Inertia of Rest)µ;fn dksbZ oLrq :dh
ysfdu vfèkd gksus ij voLFkk cny tkrh gS] larqfyr cy gqbZ gS rks :dh gqbZ gh jgsxh] tc rd fd ml ij ckg~; cy
dgykrk gSA u yxk;k tk,A
Ex :–
2. vlarqfyr cy (Unbalance Force)µvlarqfyr cy og cy
gS tks vleku rFkk foijhr gksrk gS vkSj oLrq dks xfr iznku 1- njh] diM+k rFkk dEcy >kM+us ij /wy&d.k dk
djrk gSA fxjukA
dksbZ fi.M lrr~ pky ls pysxh bldk vFkZ gS fd dkssbZ cy 2- vpkud xkM+h dks pykus ij ;k=kh dk ihNs dh
dk;Z ugha dj jgk gSA vksj >qd tkukA
1. ,d ?kksM+k Vkaxs [khap jgk gS rks ?kksM+k vkxs c<+rk gSA 3- dk¡p esa iRFkj ekjus ls iwQV tkuk rFkk xksyh ekjus
fdlds dkj.kµ ls Nsn dk gksukA
(a) ?kksM+s }kjk Vkaxksa ij yxk;s x;s cy ds dkj.kA
4- Xykl ds mij j[ks card board ij j[kk flDdk
(b) Vkaxksa }kjk ?kksM+s ij yxk;s x;s cy ds dkj.kA
Xykl esa fxj tkrk gS] tc vpkud carb board
(c) ?kksM+s }kjk i`Foh ij yxk;s x;s cy ds dkj.kA
dks [khap fy;k tkrk gSA
(d) i`Foh }kjk ?kksM+s ds iSjksa ij yxk;s x;s cy ds
dkj.kA 5- isM+ fgykus ij iQy dks uhps fxjus esaA
™ xfr laca/h U;wVu ds fu;e (Newton's Law of Motion)µ
xfr dk tM+Ro (Inertia of Motion)
U;wVu us viuh xfr ds fu;eksa dks viuh fdrkc Principiya
esa fy[kk FkkA U;wVu ds xfr lacaèkh fu;e dk izdk'ku 1687 ™ dksbZ oLrq xfr'khy gS] rks xfr'khy gh jgsxh tc rd mls
bZ- esa gqvk FkkA jksdus ds fy, dksbZ cy u yxk;k tk,A
HkkSfrd foKku 34
cy rFkk cy vk?kw.kZ
Ex :– U;wVu dk rhljk fu;e (Newton's Third Law)
1- vpkud xkM+h ds #dus ls ;k=kh vkxs dh vksj ™ ;g laosx laj{k.k dks crkrk gS tksfd fØ;k izfrfØ;k ls gksrk
>qd tkrk gSA gSA blls cy dh izÑfr (xq.k) fØ;k izfrfØ;k (Action
2- rsth ls nkSM+rk gqvk /kod vpkud :drk gS reaction) Hkh dgrs gaSA blds vuqlkj izR;sd cy dh cjkcj
rks fxj tkrk gSA rFkk foijhr fn'kk esa izfrfØ;k yxrk gSA
3- yEch dwn ls igys ,FkyhV dqN nwjh nkSM+rk gSA ) U;wVu ds rhljs fu;e ls nks ckrsa Li"V gksrh gSaA
uksV ) cy ges'kk tksM+s esa gksxkA ;g dHkh vdsys ugha gksrk gSA
) fØ;k vkSj izfrfØ;k nksuksa vyx&vyx oLrq ij yxus
U;wVu ds izFke fu;e ls gesa cy dh ifjHkk"kk feyrh gSA
okyk cy gSA
U;wVu dk f}rh; fu;e Ex :–
(Newton's Second Law) 1- uko ls mrjus ij uko ihNs pyh tkrh gSA
™ ;g laosx ifjorZu ds nj dks crkrk gS vFkkZr~ cy dks iznf'kZr 2- cUnwd ls xksyh pykus ij >Vdk nsrk gSA
djrk gSA bl fu;e }kjk cy dk lehdj.k izkIr gksrk gSA 3- Rocket uhps dh vksj cy yxkrk gS ftl dkj.k
blds vuqlkj laosx ifjorZu dk nj cy ds lekuqikrh gksrk og mQij dh vksj tkrk gSA
gSµ
4- ,d efgyk dq,¡ ls ikuh [khap jgh gSA jLlh ds
F m P1 m P2 VwV tkus ds dkj.k pksV yx tkrh gSA
5- tehu ij pyrs le; tehu ij pksV djukA
loasx esa ifjoruZ
cy ∝ Note :–
le;
P2 − P1 1- ckyw ij pyuk dfBu gksrk gS D;ksafd ogk¡ izfrfØ;k
cy ∝ cy de yxrk gSA
t
mv 2 – mv1
2- U;wVu ds rhljs fu;e ls cy dh izÑfr dk irk
f∝ pyrk gSA
t
Trick :–
m ( v 2 – v1 )
f ∝ f = ma xfr ;k fojke dk fojks/ izFke fu;e
t
™ cM+s dhy dks vfèkd xgjkbZ rd èk¡lkus ds fy, gFkkSM+s ls pksV de@vf/d yxuk f}rh; fu;e
vfèkd pksV fd;k tkrk gSA pksV yxuk r`rh; fu;e
™ djkVs f[kykM+h b±V dks rksM+us ds fy, vfèkd pksV ekjrk gSA ™ vfHkdsUæh; cy (Centripetal Force)–o`Ùkh; xfr djkus ds
™ Vsful ds xsan dh rqyuk esa fØdsV dh xsan ls pksV vfèkd fy, vfHkdsUnzh; cy dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g ges'kk dsUnz
yxrh gSA dh vksj dk;Z djrk gS tcfd osx ckgj dh vksj dk;Z djrk
™ xn~ns dh rqyuk esa iQ'kZ ij pksV vfèkd yxrh gSA gSA
™ maQph ;k yach dwn esa tehu dks [kksndj gYdk dj fn;k tkrk ) xzgksa dks ?kweus ds fy, vfHkdsUnzh; cy xq#Rokd"kZ.k ls
gS rkfd pksV de yxsA feyrk gSA
uksV ) lM+d ij ?kqeko ds nkSjku vfHkdsUnzh; cy ?k"kZ.k ls feyrk
gSA
U;wVu ds nwljs fu;e ls gesa cy dk lw=k izkIr gksrk gSA Remark :–?kqeko ij ;fn xkM+h rst xfr ls tk,xh rks mlds
(F = ma) , m = nzO;eku] a = Roj.kA
vanj dk ifg;k mB tk,xkA blh dkj.k lM+d dks vanj dh
™ fdlh oLrq ij yxk cy oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj mlds Roj.k vksj >qdk fn;k tkrk gSA rkfd ifg;k mBs Hkh rks cjkcj gks
ds xq.kuiQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA tk, vkSj xkM+h ckgj dh vksj u fxjsA
HkkSfrd foKku 35
cy rFkk cy vk?kw.kZ
2 ) cy;qXe dk ifj.kkeh cy 'kwU; gksrk gSA
F = mv
r cy;Xqe = F × S
mr 2 ω2
F = m ( rω) =
2

r
= mrw2 Ex :– lkbZfdy dk gSaMy] iSMy] oekZ vkfn cy;qXe ij
r vkèkkfjr gSA
2 ™ æO;eku dsUæ ;k xq#Ro dsUæ (Centre of Mass) –og fcUnq
F = mrω tgka oLrq dk leLr Hkkj dk;Z djrk gS] nzO;eku dsUnz
1
1. 8 m yEcs ,d jLlh esa 400 kg dk HkSalk dks.kh; dgykrk gSA nzO;eku dsUnz chp esa rFkk uhps fdukjs gksuk
2
pkfg,A
pky ls ?kwe jgk gS [kw¡Vk ij fdruk vfHkdsUæh; cy
) blh dkj.k ihlk dh >qdh feukj fxjrh ugha gSA
yxk jgk gSA
) igkM+ ij p<+rk O;fDr vkxs dh vksj >qd tkrk gSA
 2
F = 8 × 400 ×  1  ) cl ds mQij fdlh O;fDRk dks [kM+k gksus ugha fn;k tkrk
 
 2
gSA
1
= 8 × 400 × ) Hkkjh lkeku fy;k gqvk O;fDr viuk gkFk nwljh vksj [kksy
4
= 800
nsrk gSA
) fdlh Hkh ehukj dks mQij dh vksj iryk dj fn;k tkrk
™ vidsUæh; cy (Centrifugal Force)– ;g ckgj dh vksj gSA
dk;Z djrk gSA ) Vªsu esa igys fupyk cFkZ Hkjk tkrk gSA
Ex :–okWf'kax e'khu] nwèk ls Øhe rFkk eD[ku fudkyus okyh ™ dks.kh; laosx (Angular Momentum)µfdlh oLrq dks
e'khuA ?kqekus ds fy, dks.kh; laosx dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
cy = ukfHkdh; > fo|qr > pqEcdh; > xq#Roh; cy dks.kh; laosx = L = mvr
cy vk?kw.kZ (Torque) V
™ cy rFkk cy vk?kw.kZ ds Hkqtk ds xq.kuiQy dks cy vk?kw.kZ
dgk tkrk gS ;g lfn'k jkf'k gSA
) bldk ek=kd U;wVu ehVj (Nm) gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx de O M
r
cy yxkdj fdlh oLrq dks ?kqekus ds fy, djrs gSaA
Ex :– njoktk] osuk] dksYgw] isapdl vkfnA
™ cy vk?kw.kZ vf/d djus ds fy, gh njoktk dk dCtk nwjh
) dks.kh; laosx rFkk Iykad fu;rkad dk chek leku gksrk
ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
gSA
cy vk?k.wkZ = τ = F × S ) cká cy vk?kw.kZ dh vuqifLFkfr esa dks.kh; laosx lajf{kr
™ cy vk?kw.kZ dks VkÅ (t) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA jgrk gS vFkkZr~ f=kT;k ?kVkus ij osx c<+ tk,xkA
1. ,d njoktk dks [kksyus ds fy, 120Nm cy vk?kw.kZ Ex :–
dh t:jr gSA ;fn bl ij 40N dk cy yxk;k tk, (i) xzg tc lw;Z ds djhc vkrs gSa rc f=kT;k ?kVus ls osx
rks njoktk vklkuh ls [kksyus ds fy, fdruk nwj dCtk c<+ tkrk gSA
yxkuk pkfg,\ (ii) jLlh esa tc iRFkj cka/ dj ?kqek;k tkrk gS vkSj
T = F×S vpkud jLlh dks vaxqfy;ksa ij yisV ysus ij osx c<+
120 = 40 × S tkrk gSA
S = 3m Ans. (iii) gkFk iQSykdj ?kwerk gqvk O;fDr ;fn gkFk fldksM+sxk]
™ cy;qXe (Couple) – tc fdlh vk?kw.kZ Hkqtk ds nksuksa vksj cy rks osx c<+ tk,xkA ('kfDreku)
yxk;k tk,] rks mls cy;qXe dgrs gSaA (iv) Nykax yxkrs le; O;fDr 'kjhj dks fldksM+ ysrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 36
xq#Rokd"kZ.k

vè;k; xq#Rokd"kZ.k
9 (Gravitational)

™ lalkj dh lHkh oLrq,a ,d&nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrh gaS] ftls 1. fdlh oLrq ds æO;eku dks pkj xquk dj fn;k tkrk gS
xq#Rokd"kZ.k dgrs gSaA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy lnSo vkd"kZ.k djrk rFkk muds chp ds nwjh dks nksxquk dj fn;k tkrk gSA
gS] dHkh izfrd"kZ.k ugha djrk gSA ;g lcls detksj cy gS muds chp yxus okys xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ij D;k izHkko
fdUrq bldk jsat (Range) lcls vfèkd gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk iM+sxk\
Gm1m2
[kkst U;wVu us fd;k FkkA F=
Sol. F =  .... (i)
R2
F ∝ m1m2 Gm1m2 × 4
F1 =
1 ( 2R )
2

F∝ 2
r 1 Gm1m2 × 4
F1F ==
4R2
m1m2
F = G. Gm1m2
r2
F1 =
R2
tgk¡ G= lkoZHkkSfed xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;rkad
F1 = f
2
–11 N .m
G = 6.67 × 10 ™ xq#Roh; Roj.k (Gravitational Acceleration)µi`Foh ftl
kg 2
Roj.k ls fdlh oLrq dks viuh vksj [khaprh gS mls xq#Roh;
) i`Foh dh rjiQ Lora=krkiwoZd fxj jgh fdlh oLrq ij
Roj.k dgrs gSa mldk eku cnyrk jgrk gSA
xq#Roh; Roj.k dk eku 9.8 m/s2 gksrk gSA
lkekU;r% g = 9.8 m/s2 gksrk gSA
Remark :–xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ,d laj{kh cy gSA
g = 980 cm/s2 gksrk gSA
) i`Foh ds xq#Ro ,oa pUnzek ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k ) pUnzek ij g dk eku 1.625m/s2 gksrk gSA
gh pUnzek ,d fuf'pr d{kk esa i`Foh dh ifjØek djrh
™ g rFkk G esa lacaèkµ
gSA
GM
) lw;Z] pUnzek ,oa i`Foh ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k dh var%fØ;k ds g= R
R2
dkj.k i`Foh ij fLFkr leqnzksa esa Tokj&HkkVk vkrs gSaA
M
™ laj{kh cy (Conservative Force)–og cy tks ekxZ ij fuHkZj tgka M = i`Foh dk nzO;eku
ugha djrk gS] laj{kh cy dgykrk gSA ;s O;qRØe oxZ ds fu;e i`Foh
dk ikyu djrs gSa vFkkZr~ buesa R2 dk Hkkx gksrk gSA R= i`Foh dk f=kT;k
) cM+s xzg dk æO;eku vfèkd gksus dk dkj.k mldk
q .q
Ex :– fo|qr cy (F) = 1 . 1 2 2 xq#Rokd"kZ.k vfèkd gksxkA
4π ∈o r
™ f=kT;k esa ifjorZu ls g ds eku esa izHkkoµ
(i) èkqzoksa ij f=kT;k ?kVus ls g dk eku c<+ tkrk gSA
m1m2
xq#Roh; cy (F) = G
(ii) fo"kqoÙk js[kk ij f=kT;k c<+us ls g dk eku ?kVrk gSA
R2
blh dkj.k jkWdsV dks NksM+us ds fy, fo"kqoÙk js[kh;
µo m1m2
pqEcdh; cy (F) = LFkku dks pquk tkrk gSA
4π r 2
HkkSfrd foKku 37
xq#Rokd"kZ.k
(iii) fo'o dh f=kT;k rFkk xq#Roh; Roj.k esa mYVk lacaèk Gm h
gksrk gSA lrg ij g =
R2
(iv) i`Foh dh f=kT;k esa ftruk izfr'kr ifjorZu gksrk gS g Gm
ds eku esa mldk nksxquk izfr'kr ifjorZu ns[kk tkrk gSA Å¡pkbZ ij g=
( R + h)
2
R
;g fu;e ikap izfr'kr rd gh ykxw gksrk gSA
1. ;fn i`Foh dh f=kT;k 3% c<+k fn;k tk,] rks g ij D;k
izHkko iM+sxk\
1. f=kT;k ds cjkcj ÅapkbZ ij g ds eku ij D;k izHkko
Sol. 3% × 2 = 6%
iM+rk gS\
2. ;fn f=kT;k dks rhu xquk dj fn;k tk,] rks g ds eku Gm
ij D;k izHkko iM+sxk\ Sol. g =  .... (i)
( R + h)
2

GM
Sol. g = 2  .... (i) Gm
R g'=
( R + R)
2

1 GM
g = Gm Gm
( 3R )
2
=g' =
( 2R ) 4R
2 2

GM
g1 =
9R2 Gm 1
g'
= × g'= g
GM R2 4 4
g1 = R 2 × 9

g1 = g
2. fdl ÅapkbZ ij tkus ls g dk eku pkSFkkbZ jg tk,xk]
9 ;fn i`Foh dh f=kT;k 6400km gks\
?kw.kZu xfrdk g ij izHkkoµ Gm
Sol. g = 2 µ lrg  .... (i)
™ èkzqoksa ij g ds eku ij ?kw.kZu xfr dk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA R
i`Foh rst ?kwes ;k èkheh] èkqzoksa ij g dk eku ,dleku jgrk Gm
g1 = µ mQapkbZ .... (ii)
gSA ( R + h)
2

™ fo"kqor js[kk ij g ds eku osQ ?kw.kZu dk mYVk izHkko ns[kk 1

g 1= g ×
tkrk gSA 4
™ ;fn i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu èkheh gks tk,] rks fo"kqor js[kk ij g dk Gm
leh- (i ) g R2
eku c<+ tk,xkA = 1=
leh- (ii ) g Gm
™ ;fn i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu rst gks tk, rks fo"kqor js[kk ij g dk
( R + h)
2

eku ?kV tk,xkA

g Gm ( R + h )
2
™ ;fn i`Foh 17 xq.kk rst ?kweus yxs] rks fo"kqor js[kk ij g dk = ×
eku 'kwU; gks tk,xk vkSj oLrq,a gok esa rSjus yxsaxhA g R2 Gm
4
èkzqo g = ?kw.kZu
( R + h)
2

4=
R2

fo"kqor js[kk ij  R + h
4 =  

g∝ 1  R 
?kw.kZu
6400 + h
2= = 6400 + h
⇒ 2 × 6400
6400
™ ÅapkbZ dk g ds eku ij izHkkoµi`Foh lrg ls Åij ;k
uhps tkus ij g ds eku esa deh vkrh gSA h = 6400

HkkSfrd foKku 38
xq#Rokd"kZ.k
™ xgjkbZ ij tkus ls g ds eku esa izHkkoµ ™ iyk;u osx rFkk d{kh; pky esa lacaèk (Relation Between
h Escape Velocity and Orbital Speed)µ
 R
h
g g  1 − 
= 1
iyk;u osx = 2gR
 R
Ve = 2 × gR
Ve = 2 × Vo
3. i`Foh ds dsUnz ij g dk eku Kkr djsaA
V = 2 Vo
 e
h
Sol. g ' g  1 − 
=
 R ™ Ñf=ke mixzg (Artificial Satellite)µekuo fufeZr os fi.M
tks xzg dk pDdj yxkrs gaS] Ñf=ke mixzg dgykrs gSA ;g nks
g  1 − R 
  izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
 R
g' = g (1–1) mixzg
g' = 1 × 0 g' = 0
Remark :– i`Foh ds dsUæ rFkk vUrfj{k esa g dk eku 'kwU;
èkzoh; (Polar) Hkw&LFkSfrd (Geo-Sincronor)
gks tkrk gS tcfd pUæek ij g dk eku i`Foh dk 1 6 gks Rocket = G.S.L.V
Rocket = P.S. L.V
tkrk gSA mQ¡pkbZ = 3600 km
mQ¡pkbZ = 600 – 900 km
™ d{kh; pky (Orbital Velocity)µog U;wure pky ftls izkIr d{kh; pky = 3.14 km/sec
d{kh; pky = 8km/sec
djus ds ckn dksbZ mixzg fdlh xzg dk ,d pDdj iwjk dj pDdj esa le; = 24
pDdj esa le; = 84
ys d{kh; pky dgykrh gSA ;g nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrh ?k.Vk (vkorZdky)
minutes (vkorZdky)
gSA mi;ksx = lapkj] fuxjkuh
mi;ksx = ekSle
V0 = gR
xzgksa ds xfr lacafèkr dsiyj dk fu;e (Kepler's Laws of
d{kh; pky esa xzg dh f=kT;k c<+us ls mldh pky c<+ tkrk Planetary Motion)
gS& (i) izFke fu;e&xzg lw;Z dk pDdj nh?kZ o`Ùkh; iFk ij yxkrs
Remark :– i`Foh ds lehi pDdj yxk jgs mixzg dk d{kh;
gaS vkSj lw;Z iQksdl ij fLFkr jgrk gSA
pky 8 km/s gksrk gSA
™ iyk;u osx (Escape Velocity)µog osx tks xq#Roh; lhek
dks NksM+dj ges'kk ds fy, pyk tk, mls iyk;u osx dgrs
Sun
gSaA
i`Foh
Scape velocity = Ve = 2 gR

) iyk;u osx nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA xzg dh f=kT;k (ii) f}rh; fu;e&fdlh Hkh xzg dk {ks=kh; pky leku gksrk gS
c<+kus ls iyk;u osx c<+ tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh xzg ,d leku le; esa leku {ks=kiQy dks
) i`Foh dk iyk;u osx 11.2 km/s gksrk gSA r; djrk gS ftl dkj.k tc og lw;Z ds djhc vkrk gS
) o`gLifr dk iyk;u osx 59.5 km/s gksrk gSA rc mldh pky c<+ tkr gSA
) pUnzek dk iyk;u osx 2.3 km/s gksrk gSA
) lw;Z dk iyk;u osx 615 km/s gksrk gSA
i`Foh i`Foh
) pUnzek ij de iyk;u osx ds dkj.k gh ogka dk
ok;qeaMy pUnzek dks NksM+dj pyk x;kA blh dkj.k ogka 1 month Sun 1 month
èofu mRiUu rks gksxh] fdUrq lqukbZ ugha nsxhA
) pUnzek ij de xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k pUnzek ij mrjus
i`Foh
i`Foh
okyk O;fDr vius lkFk Hkkjh otu fy;s jgrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 39
 xq#Rokd"kZ.k
dsIyj dk f}rh; fu;e dks.kh; laosx laj{k.k ds fu;e ij 1. 40 kg ds ,d oLrq dk Hkkj Kkr djsaA
vkèkkfjr gSA Sol. w = mg
(iii) rhljk fu;eµfdlh xzg ds vkorZdky dk oxZ mlds
= 40 × 10 = 400 N
v¼Znh?kZ v{k ds r`rh; ?kkr ds lekuqirh gksrk gSA
2. ,d oLrq dk Hkkj i`Foh ij 1800 N gSA pUæek ij
bldk Hkkj Kkr djsaA
Sun 2a i`Foh ij Hkkj 1
Sol. 1800 × = 300N
6 6

3. 90 Kg æO;eku okys ,d oLrq dk pUæek ij Hkkj Kkr

nh?kZ v{k&2a djsaA
v¼Z nh?kZ v{k – a Sol. W = mg
2 3
T ∝ a 90 × 10 = 900

Ex :– ,d xzg ds nh?kZo`Ùkh; iFk dk nh?kZ v{k 8 gS] i`Foh ij Hkkj

vkorZdky Kkr djsaA
6
2a = 8 900
= = 150 N
\ a = 4 6
a3 = 64 4. pUæek ij ,d oLrq dk Hkkj 300 N gSA bldk æO;eku
T2∝a3 Kkr djsaA
T2∝ 64 Sol. pUnzek ij Hkkj = 300 N
T∝ 8
i`Foh ij Hkkj = 300 × 6
Remark :– dksbZ Hkh mixzg nh?kZo`Ùkh; iFk ij pDdj yxkrk
gSA ;fn og ijoy;dkj gksxk] rks i`Foh ij fxj tk,xkA w = 1800
vfrijoy;dkj gksus ij varfj{k] esa xk;c gks tk,xkA
i`Foh ij Hkkj

æO;eku rFkk Hkkj esa vUrj 6
(Difference Between Mass and Weight) w = mg
™ æO;eku (Mass)µnzO; ds ifjeki dks nzO;eku dgrs gSa ;g 1800 = m × 10
bl ckr dk tkudkjh nsrk gS fd og inkFkZ fdrus d.kksa ls m = 180 Kg
cuk gS nzO;eku dHkh Hkh cnyrk ugha gSA 5. i`Foh ij ,d oLrq dk æO;eku 50 kg gS rks bldk
) nzO;eku ,d vfn'k jkf'k gS ,oa bls kg esa ekirs gSaA pUæek ij Hkkj Kkr djsaA
nzO;eku ekius ds fy, dekuhnkj rqyk dk iz;ksx djrs
Sol. i`Foh ij Hkkj
gSaA
) fdlh LFkku ij g dk eku 'kwU; gksus ij Hkh nzO;eku w = mg
dk ifjek.k vifjofrZr jgrk gSA
w = 50 × 10
™ Hkkj (Weight)µ;g i`Foh ds f[kapko cy dks crkrk gSA LFkku
cnyus ls Hkkj cny tkrk gSA = 500
) Hkkj lfn'k jkf'k gSA ;g ges'kk uhps dh vksj dk;Z djrh
gSA Hkkj dks fLizax rqyk }kjk ekirs gSaA pUnzek ij Hkkj = i`Foh ij Hkkj
6
) Hkkj dk SI ek=kd U;wVu gksrk gSA
500
Hkkj W = mg = = 83.3 N
6

HkkSfrd foKku 40
xq#Rokd"kZ.k
6. i`Foh ij ,d oLrq dk æO;eku 90 kg gSA pUnzek ij oLrq dk Hkkj W = mg.
bldk æO;eku Kkr djsaA
oLrq dk fyÝV esa Hkkj
Sol. 90 kg
w m( g ± a)
= mQij = +ve
Remark :–

1- èkzqoksa ij g dk eku vfèkd gksrk gS ftl dkj.k Hkkj uhps = –ve

vfèkd gksxkA 1. 200 kg dh efgyk dk ,d fyÝV esa Hkkj D;k gksxk]
2- fo"kqor js[kk ij g dk eku de gksrk gS ftl dkj.k tc fyÝV 5 m/s2 ls mQij tk, rFkk 5 m/s2 ls gh uhps
Hkkj de gksxk] fdUrq nzO;eku ij dksbZ izHkko ugha vk,\
iM+sxkA Sol. mQij
3- fdlh oLrq dk lokZfèkd Hkkj fuokZr esa gksrk gS vFkkZr~ W = m (g+a)
,dne mfpr Hkkj Kkr djus ds fy, fuokZr gksuk
pkfg, lqukj lksuk rkSyrs le; dkap ds vUnj rkSyrk = 200 (10 + 5)
gSA
= 200 × 15
fyÝV esa oLrq dk Hkkj = 3000
(Weight of Object in Lift)
(i) fyÝV tc ,dleku osx ls mij ;k uhps tk,xh] rks Hkkj uhps = W = m (g – a)
esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk,xkA
= 200 (10 – 5)
(ii) tc fyÝV Roj.k ;k ,dleku Roj.k ls Åij tk,xh] rks
Hkkj c<+sxkA = 200 × 5
(iii) tc fyÝV Roj.k ;k ,dleku Roj.k ls uhps vk,xh] rks
= 1000
Hkkj ?kVsxkA
(iv) Åij tkrs le; ;k uhps vkrs le; ;fn jLlh VwV tk,] 2. ,d fyÝV tks 6 m/s2 ds Roj.k ls uhps vk jgk gS]
rks Hkkjghurk gksxhA mlesa 50 kg dk ,d O;fDr gS] mldk nzO;eku D;k
(v) ;fn fyÝV g Roj.k ls Hkh vfèkd Roj.k ls (gpkd ls) gksxkA
uhps mrjs rks fyÝV esa j[kh oLrq Nr ls Vdjk tk,xhA (a) 10 kg

(b) 50 kg

(c) 70 kg
a=w
(d) 20 kg

Sol. a = 6 m/s2
a = wt
m = 50 kg
fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku LFkku ifjorZu ls ugha cnyrk gS

HkkSfrd foKku 41
ljy vkorZ xfr

vè;k; ljy vkorZ xfr

10 (Simple Harmonic Motion)

™ tc dksbZ fi.M fdlh fuf'pr fcUnq ds bèkj&mèkj xfr djrk Remark :–vk;ke rFkk æO;eku ij vkorZdky fuHkZj ugha
gS rks bldh xfr dks ljy vkorZ xfr dgrs gSaA eè;eku djrk vFkkZr~ vk;ke ;k æO;eku c<+kus ij vkorZdky ij dksbZ
fLFkfr vfèkdre foLFkkiu dks vk;ke ;k Amplitude dgrs izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
gSaA ™ vkorZ dky (T) rFkk yEckbZ ( l ) esa [khapk x;k xzkiQ
™ vk;ke (foLFkkiu) Roj.k ds lekuqikrh gksrh gS fdUrq fn'kk ijoy;kdkj izkIr gksxkA
foijhr gksrh gSA
™ ,d nksyu iwjk djus esa yksyd dks pkj (4) vk;ke r; djuk
gksrk gSA
T
1 nksyu = 4 vk;ke
™ rhu nksyu iwjk djus esa fdruk vk;ke pyuk gksxkµ
3 × 4 = 12 vk;ke
L
™ yEckbZ ij vkorZ dky dk izHkkoµ
(i) yEckbZ vkSj vkorZdky lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
A
(ii) yEckbZ dks ftruk xq.kk fd;k tk,xk] vkorZdky mldk
oxZewy gks tk,xkA
Ex :– yEckbZ dks 16 xq.kk djus ij vkorZdky 4 xq.kk
gks tk,xkA
(iii) xehZ ds fnu esa isUMqye ?kM+h dh yEckbZ c<+ tkrh gS ftl
,d nksyu dkj.k vkorZdky c<+ tkrk gS vkSj ?kM+h lqLr gks tkrh gSA
(iv) BaMh ds fnu esa yEckbZ ?kV tkrh gS ftlls vkorZ dky
1. 4 cm vk;ke okyk S.H.M 5 nksyu esa dqy fdruh nwjh ?kV tkrh gS vkSj isUMqye ?kM+h rst gks tkrh gSA
r; djsxk\ (v) >wyk >wyrh yM+dh ;fn vpkud cSB tk,xh rks mldk
Sol. 1 nksyu = 4 vk;ke nzO;eku dsUnz (ukHkh) uhps f[kldus ds dkj.k yEckbZ c<+
5 nksyu = 20 vk;ke tk,xk] ftlls vkorZdky c<+ tk,xk rFkk >wyk lqLr gks
5 nksyu ds fy, nwjh = 20 × 4 = 80 cm tk,xkA
™ vkorZ dky (Time period)µ,d nksyu iwjk djus esa yxk;k (vi) ;fn cSBh gqbZ yM+dh >wyk >qyrs le; [kM+h gks tk,xh]
x;k le; vkorZ dky dgykrk gSA vkorZ dky le; dks rks ukHkh Åij gksus ds dkj.k yEckbZ ?kV tk,xh vkSj
crkrk gSA ;fn vkorZ dky c<+sxk rks le; c<+sxk vkSj oLrq vkorZdky ?kV tk,xk vkSj >wyk rst gks tk,xkA
lqLr gks tk,xh] fdUrq vkorZdky ?kVsxk rks le; ?kVsxk vkSj (vii) ;fn dksbZ yM+dh [kM+h gksdj >wyk >wy jgh gS vkSj dksbZ
oLrq rst gks tk,xhA yM+dk ml >wys ij vkdj cSB tk, rks nzO;eku dsUnz dks
nksuksa ds ukHkh ds chp esa ekuk tk,xk tks igys dh vis{kk
l
T = 2π FkksM+k uhps gks tk,xk] ftlls yEckbZ c<+ tk,xh] vkorZdky
g
c<+ tk,xk vkSj >wyk lqLr gks tk,xhA
HkkSfrd foKku 42
 ljy vkorZ xfr
(viii) ;fn fdlh ?kM+s esa yckyc ikuh Hkjk gks vkSj og S.H.M. ™ S.H.M ds fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ij HkkSfrd jkf'k;kaµ
dj jgk gks vkSj ?kM+s osQ isUnh esa lqjkx gks tk,] rks
vkorZdky izkjaHk esa c<+sxk ,oa mlds ckn fLFkj gks tk,xkA

l l1 l2

foLFkkiu = O foLFkkiu = max

™ ;fn yEckbZ esa izfr'kr ifjorZu gks] rks vkorZdky esa mldk Roj.k = O Roj.k = max
vkèkk ifjorZu gksrk gSA cy = O cy = max
fLFkfrt = min fLFkfrt = max
Ex :– yEckbZ esa 5% ifjorZu gksus ij vkorZdky esa 2.5% dh
xfr (osx) = max xfr = O
o`f¼ gksxhA
xfrt mQtkZ = max xfrt mQtkZ = O
™ g dk vkorZdky ij izHkkoµ
(i) g rFkk vkorZdky esa mYVk lacaèk gksrk gSA ™ lsosQ.M yksydµoSlk yksyd ftldk vkorZdky nks lsosQ.M
(ii) èkqzoksa ij g dk eku vfèkd gksrk gS ftl dkj.k vkorZdky gks lsd.M yksyd dgykrk gSA
?kV tk,xkA 4. ,d yksyd dk vkorZdky nks lsosQ.M gSA bl yksyd
(iii) lqjax esa tkus ij g dk eku ?kVrk gS ftl dkj.k
dh yEckbZ Kkr djsaA
vkorZdky c<+ tk;sxkA l
Sol. T = 2π
(iv) ÅapkbZ ij tkus ls g dk eku ?kVrk gS ftl dkj.k g
vkorZdky c<+ tkrk gSA l 2 l
2 = 2π =
g 2π g
(v) varfj{k esa tkus ij g dk eku 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA vr%
1 l
vkorZdky vuUr gks tk,xkA =
π g
Ex :– fdlh mixzg ds vUnj isUMqye ?kM+h dk vkorZdky
vuUr gks tk,xkA 1 l
=
2. i`Foh ij ,d yksyd dk vkorZdky T gSA pUæek ij 3.14 g
bldk vkorZdky D;k gksxk\
Squaring both side
l
Sol. i`Foh = T = 2π
g 2
 1  2  l 
  = 
l  3.14   9.8 
paæek = T' = 2π    
g
6 1 l
=
9.8 9.8
6l l
T' = 2π T' = 2π g
× 6
g l = 1 meter.
T' = T 6 ™ S.H.M. dk lehdj.k& y = A sin .ωt
3. i`Foh ds dsUæ ij yksyd dk vkorZdky Kkr djsaA tgk¡ A = vk;ke
l
Sol. T = 2π [\ dsUnz ij g = 0] w = 2pn
g
w = dks.kh; pky
T = 2π l T = ¥ t = 0 le;
0
HkkSfrd foKku 43
ljy vkorZ xfr
5. y = 3 sin 10 t esa vk;ke rFkk vkorZdky Kkr djsaA 6. S.H.M dj jgk ,d yksyd dk lehdj.k y = 10 sin
Sol. y = A sin wt 18pt vko`fÙk] vk;ke rFkk vkorZdky Kkr dhft,A
Sol. y = 10sin 18pt
y = 3 sin 10t
y = A sinwt
vk;ke (A) = 3
A = 10
w = 10
w = 18p ω = 2π n
2pn = 10 ω = 2π n 2pn = 18p
5 vko`fÙk (n) = 9 Hz
vko`fÙk (n) = Hz
π 1
vkorZdky (T) =
vko`fr
1
vkorZdky (T) = Sec. 1
vko`fr \ T= = 0.11 Sec.
9

HkkSfrd foKku 44
nkc

vè;k; nkc
11 (Pressure)

™ fdlh oLrq }kjk fdlh nwljh oLrq ij yEcor~ yxk;k x;k cy 2. ok;qeaMyh; nkc [Atmospheric Pressure (ATM)]µ
nkc dgykrk gS vFkkZr~ bdkbZ {ks=kiQy ij yxus okys vfHkyEc tyok;q dh fofHkUu ijrksa ds dkj.k yxus okys nkc dks
cy dks nkc dgk tkrk gSA ok;qeaMyh; nkc dgrs gSaA
) leqnz ry ij ok;qeaMyh; nkc lcls T;knk gksrk gSA
FORCE maQpkbZ ij tkus ls ok;qeaMyh; nkc ?kVrk gS] ftlds
PRESSURE =
AREA dkj.k fuEufyf[kr ?kVuk,a gksrh gSa&
) igkM+ ;k gokbZ tgkt esa tkus ij dye dh L;kgh
fudy tkrh gS] ukd ls [kwu vkus yxrk gSA
) ioZrksa ij ok;qeaMyh; nkc ?kVus ls DoFkukad ?kV tkrk
gS vkSj nsjh ls [kkuk idrk gSA
cy ) e`r O;fDr ds vanj dk B.P 'kwU; gks tkrk gS ftl
nkc =
{ks - dkj.k ml ij ok;qe.Myh; ncko yxus yxrk gS vkSj
) nkc dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa& og Hkkjh gks tkrk gSA
) 1.013 × 105 N/m2 ikLdy ;k 76cm ikjs dk LraHk
1 Bksl dk nkc (Solid Pressure)
ok;qeaMyh; nkc dks cSjksehVj ls ekik tkrk gSA cSjksehVj
2 ok;qeaMyh; nkc (Atmospheric Pressure)– ATM dks leqnz ry ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
3- nzo dk nkc (Fluid Pressure) – hdg ™ cSjksehVj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaµ,ujkbM vkSj iQksfVZuA
4- cqycqys dk nkc (Bubble Pressure)
) ,ujkbM cSjksehVj ls ÅapkbZ ekik tkrk gS] vr% bls
1. Bksl dk nkc (Solid Pressure)µ{ks=kiQy ?kVkus ls nkc c<+
Altimeter dgrs gSaA
tkrk gSA blh dkj.k pkdw rFkk dhy dks uqdhyk cuk;k tkrk
) iQksfVZu cSjksehVj ls ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh tkrh
gSA
gSA
) ekuo tc ,d iSj ij [kM+k gksrk gS] rks {ks=kiQy ?kVus ) ;fn fdlh cSjksehVj dk ikjk vpkud uhps fxjk] rks rwiQku
ds dkj.k og lokZfèkd nkc yxkrk gSA {ks=kiQy c<+kus vkus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
ls nkc ?kV tkrk gSA blh dkj.k Hkkjh okguksa dk Vk;j ) èkhjs&èkhjs uhps fxjk rks o"kkZ gksus dh laHkkoukA
eksVk cuk;k tkrk gSA ) èkhjs&èkhjs mQij mBk rks lkiQ ekSle gksrh gSA
) Vªsu ds iVfj;ksa ds uhps lhesaV dk Lyhij yxk;k tkrk 3. æo dk nkc (Fluid Pressure)µ nzo viuh isanh esa vfèkd
gSA tc ekuo ysV tkrk gS rks {ks=kiQy c<+us ds dkj.k nkc yxkrh gS] blh dkj.k ckaèk dh nhokjs uhps dh vksj eksVh
og lcls de nkc yxkrk gSA cukbZ tkrh gSA
) nkc N/m2 ;k ikLdy ;k ckj gksrk gSA uksV
) 1 ckj = 760 Vkj
ÅapkbZ c<+us ls ok;qeaMyh; nkc ?kVrk gS vkSj nzo dk nkc
) 1 ckj = 106 Mkbu@lseh-2
ÅapkbZ c<+us ls c<+rk gSA blh dkj.k ikuh dh Vadh dks
) 1 lseh- ikjk = 1.33 × 103 N/m2 ÅapkbZ ij j[kk tkrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 45
nkc
æo dk nkc = hdg ) ';kurk dk xq.k dsoy nzo rFkk xSl esa ns[kk tkrk gSA Bksl
esa ugha ns[kk tkrk gSA
) ?kuRo c<+us ls ';kurk c<+rh gSA (?kuRo ∝ ';kurk)
low pressure
thin wall ) v.kqHkkj c<+us ls ';kurk c<+rh gSA (v.kqHkkj ∝ ';kurk)
) v.kq tc lehi vkrs gSa rks ';kurk c<+ tkrh gSA
Visconity h
thick wall Q
high pressure P2 P1

1. 20 ehVj Åaps ,d ikbi esa ,d æo ftldk ?kuRo 3 Case (I) :– nzo dks xeZ djus ij mlds v.kq nwj&nwj gks tkrs
kg/m3 gS] rks bldk nkc Kkr djsaA gSa ftl dkj.k ';kurk ?kV tkrh gSA
Sol. nkc = hdg Case (II) :–xSl dh rki c<+kus ij v.kq lehi vk tkrs gSa
ftl dkj.k ';kurk c<+ tkrh gSA
= 20 × 3 × 10 tSlsµxSlA
= 600 N/m2 ™ de ?kuRo rFkk de ';kurk ds dkj.k ckny rSjrs gSaA ';kurk
4. cqycqys dk nkc (Bubble Pressure)µcqycqys ds vanj dk dks Viscometer ls ekirs gSaA
nkc ckgj ds ty ds nkc ls vfèkd gksrk gSA eèkq > ?kh > rsy > ty
) ';kurk ds dkj.k llatd cy gSA
) NksVs&NksVs cqycqys dk nkc de gksrk gS blhfy, og
uhps lVk gksrk gSA cM+s cqycqys dk nkc vfèkd gksrk cjukSyh izes; (Bernoulli's Theorem)
gSA cM+k cqycqyk tYnh lrg ij vk tkrk gSA tc ™ ;g ÅtkZ laj{k.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA blds vuqlkj fdlh ukyh
cqycqyk Åij vkrk gS rks ckgjh nkc ?kVus ds dkj.k esa cg jgh nzo dh ÅtkZ fu;r jgrh gS vFkkZr~ pky c<+kus ls
cqycqys dk vkdkj cM+k gksus yxrk gSA nkc ?kV tkrk gSA
™ xqCckjs dk nkcµxqCckjs ds vanj dk nkc ckgj ds ok;qeaMyh; 1
pky ∝
nkc ls vfèkd gksrk gS blh dkj.k ÅapkbZ ij tkus ls nkc
ok;qeaMyh; nkc ?kVrk gS vkSj xqCckjk cM+k iQVrk gSA
™ ikbi ds vanj dk nkcµikbi esa nkc {ks=kiQy ds
O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ikbi dks nckdj tc NksVk fd;k
tk,xk] rks nkc c<+ tkus ls nzo rsth ls fudysxkA

ikLdy dk fu;e (Pascal's Law) Lift Air flow faster creates a

™ ;g can crZu ij yxrk gSA blds vuqlkj fdlh cUn ik=k ij low pressure area
nkc yxk;k tk, rks nkc lHkh fn'kkvksa esa cjkcj iQSyrk gSA Flap
™ ikLdy ds fu;e ij vkèkkfjr ;a=kµgkbMªksfyd czsd] JCB]
batsD'ku] gok Hkjus okyk iEi] okgu dk czsdA Aerofoil
';kurk (Viscocity)
™ nzo rFkk xSl ds v.kqvksa ds lrg ds chp ds xfr dk fojksèk
djus okys cy dks ';kurk dgrs gSaA ';kurk ds dkj.k gh nzo Air flow slower higer
T;knk nwj rd ugha cg ikrk gSA pressure

HkkSfrd foKku 46
nkc
EX :– ™ rkieku ?kVkus ls i`"B ruko c<+ tkrk gS vkSj nzo fldqM+dj
(i) rst xfr ls lkbfdy pykuk vklku gksrk gSA xk<+k gks tkrk gSA
(ii) rst xfr ls vk jgh jsyxkM+h ds cxy esa [kM+s jgus ls ok;q Ex :–
dh xfr c<+us ls nkc ?kV tkrk gS vkSj O;fDr Vªsu ij fxj 1. BaMk nwèk ;k [khj xk<+k gksrk gSA
tkrk gSA 2. ijÝ;we dh cwans NksVh gksus ds dkj.k mldk i`"B ruko
(iii) nks uko ;fn lehi vk tk,xh rks muds chp ds ty dh vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj rkieku de gks tkrk gSA
pky c<+ tk,xhA ftl dkj.k nkc ?kVsxk vkSj uko Vdjk 3. nzo ij ePNj] CysM] lwbZ rSj tkrh gSA
tk,xhA ™ rkieku c<+kus ij i`"B ruko ?kV tkrk gS vkSj nzo dh lrg
(iv) gokbZ tgkt dk MSuk Åij ls ?kqekonkj cuk;k tkrk gS] iryh gks tkrh gSA
rkfd pky c<+ tk, vkSj nkc ?kV tk, ftlls fd tgkt Ex :–
mM+ ldsA 1. xeZ ikuh ls diM+k tYnh lkiQ gksrk gSA xeZ [kkuk
(v) iou ds osx c<+us ls ok;qnkc ?kV tkrk gSA ok;qnkc ds Lokfn"V yxrk gSA
?kVus ls Nr ds mQij ok;q dk nkc Nr ds uhps dh ok;q 2. osfYMax djus ls èkkrq lV tkrs gSaA
ds nkc ls cgqr de gks tkrk gSA blls Hkhrj dh mPp
3. fi?kyh gqbZ eksecrh iQSy tkrh gSA
nkc dh ok;q mQij dh de nkc dh ok;q dh vksj
'kfDr'kkyh cy yxkrh gSA blls dHkh&dHkh detksj ?kj ™ ?kqyu'khy v'kqf¼ feykus ij i`"B ruko ?kV tkrk gSA
dk Nr mM+ tkrk gS ;k {kfrxzLr gks tkrh gSA Ex :–
(vi) xgjs >hy dk nkc vfèkd gksus ls mldk pky ?kV tkrk 1. fMVtsZUV ls diM+k tYnh lkiQ gksrk gSA
gS vkSj og 'kkUr jgrh gSA 2. ikuh esa feV~Vh rsy feykus ij ePNj ml ij ugha cSB
ikrk gSA
i`"B ruko (Surface Tension)
3. i`"B ruko ds dkj.k gh llatd cy mRiUu gksrk
Surface Tension gSA
™ llatd cy (Cohesive Force)µleku v.kqvksa ds chp
yxus okys cy dks llatd cy dgrs gSaA
Ex :–nzo dh cwans llatd cy ds dkj.k ,d&nwljs dks idM+s
jgrh gSaA
™ vklatd cy (Adhesive Force)µfHkUu&fHkUu v.kqvksa ds
chp yxus okys vkd"kZ.k cy dks vklatd cy dgrs gSaA
) ;fn vklatd cy de gksxk rks oLrq etcwrh ls ugha
fpidsxhA
Ex :–
™ ;g nzo dk ,d fo'ks"k xq.k gSA (i) v:bZ ds iÙks ij ikuh ugha :drkA
cy N (ii) dkap ij fy[kuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA dk¡p ij fy[kus ds
) i`"B ruko = =
yackbZ meter fy, (Hf) gkbMªkstu ÝyksjkbM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
) i`"B ruko {ks=kiQy dks de dj nsrk gSA blh dkj.k ™ vklatd cy vfèkd gksus ij oLrq etcwrh ls fpid tkrh
gSA
nzo dh cwans xksy gks tkrh gSaA i`"B ruko vfèkd gksus ij
Ex :– Feviquick, Permanent Marker, Lakme lipstick etc.
{ks=kiQy dks ?kVk nsrk gS vkSj nzo xk<+k gks tkrk gSA
™ isaV esa vklatd cy c<+kus ds fy, Primer ;k rkjihu dk
) rkieku rFkk i`"B ruko esa mYVk laacaèk gksrk gSA
rsy feyk nsrs gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 47
nkc
dsf'kdRo (Capilary) 1. 10 N/m i`"B ruko okyk ,d æo dk uopUæd 180°
gSA ;fn bl uyh dh f=kT;k 2 cm rFkk ?kuRo 5 kg/m2
2prσ cosq
gks] rks fdruh ÅapkbZ ij æo p<+sxk\

Sol. 2 × 10 × cos180°
0.02 × 5 × 10
4 × −1
= = – 20m
0.2
r q
™ uopaæd (Meniscus)µ nzo rFkk dsf'kdk uyh ds chp ds
h dks.k dks uopanzd dgrs gSaA
pr2hPg
) ty dk uopanzd vory gksrk gS tcfd ikjk dk uopUnzd
mÙky gksrk gSA
) ikjk lrg ls uhps gh jg tkrk gS tcfd ty lrg ds
Åij pyk tkrk gSA
™ fdlh iryh uyh esa nzo dk Lor% Åij p<+uk dsf'kdRo
dgykrk gSA Concave Convex
meniscus meniscus
Ex :–
(i) ikjk dk mQij p<+ukA
(ii) cÙkh esa rsy dk Åij p<+ukA Water Mercury
(iii) lwrh oL=k ij ikuh dk iQSy tkukA
(iv) dkxt ij L;kgh dk iQSy tkukA
(v) bVk ;k <syk }kjk ty lks[kukA
(vi) o"kkZ ds ckn fdlku viuk [ksr tksr nsrk gS D;ksafd izeq[k uopaæd dks.k&
dsf'kdRo VwV tk, vkSj ikuh mQij u vk,A (1) dkap + ikjk = 135°
(vii) tM+ }kjk ikuh lks[kus esa dsf'kdRo ds lkFk&lkFk (2) dkap + lkèkkj.k ty = 8°
tkbye Hkh enn djrk gS vFkkZr~ tM+ }kjk ikuh lks[kus (3) dkap + 'kq¼ ty = 0°
dk ,dek=k dkj.k dsf'kdRo ugha gSA
™ ds'kuyh esa nzo dh ÅapkbZ& ) tc dks.k 0° gks] rc oLrq ugha HkhxsxhA
) oLrq dks fHkxkus ds fy, dks.k 0° ls vfèkd gksuk pkfg,A
2t cos θ ) tc dks.k U;wudks.k gksxk (90° ls de) dsf'kdk uyh
H=
rdg esa nzo lrg ls Hkh mQij mB tk,xkA
T = i`"B ruko ) tc dks.k vfèkddks.k gksxk (90° ls vfèkd) rc
r = f=kT;k dsf'kdk uyh esa nzo lrg ls Hkh uhps jg tk,xkA
d = ?kuRo ™ vkfdZfefMt dk fl¼kar (Archimedes Principle)µfdlh
q = uopUnzd dks.k Mwch gqbZ oLrq ds Hkkj esa deh ml oLrq }kjk ckgj fudkys x,
) i`"B ruko c<+us ls ÅapkbZ c<+ tkrh gSA nzo ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA fdlh oLrq dk rSjus ds fy,
vius Hkkj ls vfèkd nzo ckgj fudkyuk gksrk gSA
) f=kT;k de gksus ij ÅapkbZ c<+ tkrh gSA
) ?kuRo ?kVus ls ÅapkbZ c<+ tkrh gSA Case (I) :– Hkkj > ty (Mwc tk,xh)
) ;fn g dk eku 'kwU; gksxk] rks nzo vuar ÅapkbZ rd Case (II) :– Hkkj = ty (Mwcdj rSjsxh)
igqap tk,xkA Case (III) :– Hkkj < ty (fudydj rSjsxh)

HkkSfrd foKku 48
nkc
5 Kg flYoj 10400 10-4
vk;ju 7800 7-8
1 Kg
4 Kg ,Y;qfefu;e 2710 2-7
dkWij 894 0-89
xzsiQkbV 2260 2-25
ghjk 3510 3-5
5 Kg ) oLrq dk ?kuRo ;fn de jgsxk] rks oLrq vkjke ls rSj
tk,xhA
2 Kg of Ex :– ydM+h] dkxt] :bZ vkfnA
water ) vfèkd ?kuRo okyh oLrq ugha rSjsxh ftl dkj.k ?kuRo
?kVkuk gksrk gSA ?kuRo ?kVkus ds fy, vk;ru (vkdkj)
) rSjus ds fy, Hkkj ls vfèkd nzo gVkuk gksrk gSA blh dkj.k
c<+kuk iM+rk gSA blhfy, tgktksa dks vanj ls [kks[kyk dj
ty;ku dk isanh pkSM+k cuk fn;k tkrk gSA
fn;k tkrk gS rkfd mldk vk;ru c<+ lds ftlls ?kuRo
) tyh; tho (cÙk[k) dh Åaxfy;ka vkil esa lVdj ÝySij
?kV tkrk gS vkSj oLrq rSj tkrh gSA
dk fuekZ.k dj ysrh gSaA
) eykbZ rFkk Øhe rSj tkrh gS vFkkZr~ bldk ?kuRo de jgrk
) vfèkd ty gVkus ds fy, gh ekuo rSjrs le; gkFk&iSj
gS blh dkj.k tc eykbZ dks nwèk esa Mkyk tkrk gS rks og
nksuksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
nwèk dk ?kuRo ?kVk nsrk gS rFkk tc bls nwèk ls ckgj
™ esVk dsUæ (Meta Center)µfdlh oLrq dks pyus ds fy,
fudkyk tkrk gS rks nwèk dk ?kurRo c<+ tkrk gSA
ftl izdkj xq#Ro dsUnz dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mlh izdkj
) tc nzo dk ?kuRo T;knk jgsxk] rc og vius Åij oLrq
rSjus ds fy, esVk dsUnz dh vko';drk gksrh gSA esVk dsUnz
dks rSjk ysxkA blh dkj.k ikjk ds Åij yksgk rSj tkrk gS
xq#Ro dsUnz ds mQèokZèkj Åij dh vksj gksrk gSA ty esa larqyu
fdUrq ty esa ughaA
cuk, j[kus ds fy, esVk dsUnz dks Åij j[kuk t:jh gSA
) uko tc unh ls leqnz esa tkrk gS rc leqnz dk ?kuRo
™ ?kuRo (Density)µnzO;eku rFkk vk;ru ds vuqikr dks ?kuRo
vfèkd gksrk gS ftl dkj.k uko Åij mB tkrk gaSA leqnz
dgrs gSaA bldk ek=kd kg/m3 gksrk gSA
dk ?kuRo vfèkd gksus ds dkj.k gh blesa rSjuk vklku
nOz;eku gksrk gSA
?kuRo =
vk; ru ) ciQZ dk ?kuRo de gksrk gS ftl dkj.k mldk vk;ru
oLrq ?kuRo (Kg/m3) ?kuRo (g/cm3) vfèkd gksrk gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd dksYMfMªad dh cksry
ty 997 1 dks iwjk ugha Hkjk tkrk gSA blh de ?kuRo ds dkj.k gh
mcy ty 972 0-97 BaM ds fnu esa ikuh ds ikbi iQV tkrs gSaA D;ksafd mlds
ciZQ 920 0-92 vanj dk ikuh ciQZ cudj iQSy tkrk gSA
'kjhj 1000 1 ) ciQZ ij nkc yxkus ls mldk xyukad ?kV tkrk gS vkSj
e`r 'kjhj 996 0-99 ciQZ rsth ls fi?kyus yxrh gSA blh dkj.k ioZrh; {ks=k esa
ciQZ uhps ls fi?kyrk gS vkSj fgeL[kyu gks tkrk gSA
,Ydksgy 780 0-78
) leqnz esa rSj jgk ciQZ dk VqdM+k nkc vfèkd gksus ds dkj.k
osQjkslhu 810 0-81 uhps ls fi?kyrk gSA
isVªksy 730µ800 0-73µ0-8 ) leqnz dk lrg ;fn te tk, rc Hkh uhps dk ciQZ nkc
Mhty 820µ860 0-82µ0-86 ds dkj.k fi?ky tkrk gS vkSj eNfy;ka thfor jg tkrh
fLizV 780 0-78 gSaA 1
IysfVue 21400 21-4 ) leqnz esa rSj jgs ciQZ ds VqdM+s dk Hkkx Åij jgrk gS
10
lksuk 19300 19-3 9
tcfd Hkkx uhps jgrk gSA
ikjk 13600 13-6 10

HkkSfrd foKku 49
nkc
) 4°C ls ciQZ teuk izkjaHk djrk gS tcfd 0° C rd iwjh Mcwk gvq k Hkkx oLrq dk ?kuRo
rjg ciQZ cu tkrk gSA Sol. =
dyq Hkkx noz dk ?kuRo
) 4°C ij ty dk ?kuRo vfèkdre gksrk gSA fdUrq 4°C ij
vk;ru U;wure gks tkrk gSA blh dkj.k tc 0° C ls 10°C x 250
= x=5
ij tkrs gaS ;k 10°C ls 0°C rd tkrs gSa] rks vk;ru izkjEHk 20 1000
esa ?kVrk gS vkSj 4°C ij ?kVdj U;wure gks tkrk gS mlds 3. ,d oLrq dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo 0-5 gSA tc bl oLrq dks
ckn vk;ru c<+us yxrk gSA ty esa mrkjk tk,xk] rks bldk fdruk Hkkx Mwc
tk,xkA ;fn dqy vk;ru 80 gks\
0ºC 10ºC
0ºC 4ºC 10ºC Sol. vkisf{kd ?kuRo =
oLrq dk ?kuRo
4ºC vk;ru = min
ty dk ?kuRo
vk;ru x
0.5 = x = 500
4ºC 1000

uksV
0ºC 10ºC ikuh esa rSj jgk ciQZ dk VqdM+k ;fn fi?kysxk] rks ty ds
) ?kuRo dks gkbMªksehVj ls ekik tkrk gSA Lrj ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+sxk] fdUrq ciQZ ds fi?kyus ls
) nwèk dk ?kuRo ekius okys ;a=k dks ySDVksehVj dgrs gaSA [kkyh gq, LFkku esa ty pyk tk,xkA ;fn ty esa ckgj ls
blls nwèk dh 'kq¼rk irk pyrh gSA ciQZ fi?kydj fey tk,] rks ty Lrj mB tk,xkA
™ vkisf{kd ?kuRo (Relative Density)µtc fdlh oLrq ds Ex :– vaVkdZfVdkA
?kuRo dh rqyuk ty ds ?kuRo ls djkbZ tkrh gS rks mls ™ mRiykou cy (Upthrust / Buogant Force)µtc dksbZ Bksl
vkisf{kd ?kuRo dgrs gSaA inkFkZ fdlh nzo esa gksrh gS rks ml ij uhps ls mQij dh vksj
) vkisf{kd ?kuRo tc ,d ls de jgsxk rc gh oLrq rSj ,d cy dk;Z djrk gS ftlds dkj.k mlds Hkkj esa vkHkklh
ldrh gSA vkisf{kd ?kuRo dk ek=kd rFkk ohek ugha gksrh deh vkrh gS] mlh mQijeq[kh cy dks mRiykou cy dgk
gSA tkrk gSA
oLrq dk ?kuRo
vkisf{kd ?kuRo = mRiykou cy (F) = ρ × V × g
ty dk ?kuRo
Mcwk gvq k Hkkx oLrq dk ?kuRo tgk¡ V = inkFkZ dk og vk;ru gS tks nzo esa Mwch gSA
= r(rho) = ?kuRo (Density)
dyq Hkkx noz dk ?kuRo 4. ydM+h ds ,d VqdM+s ds vk;ru dk 50 cm × 50 cm ×
uksV 50 cm Hkkx ikuh esa Mwck gS rks ydM+h ij yxus okyh
mRiykou cy dk eku D;k gksxk\
ty dk ?kuRo 1000 kg/m3 gksrk gSA Sol. F = r × V × g
1. ,d oLrq dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo 0.8 kg/m 3
gSA bl oLrq 50 50 50
1000 × × × × 10 =
1250N
dk ?kuRo Kkr djsaA 100 100 100
oLrq dk ?kuRo ™ xyukad (Melting Point)µfdlh inkFkZ dk xyukad (Melting
Sol. vkisf{kd ?kuRo = Point) og rkieku gksrk gS ftl ij og viuh Bksl voLFkk
ty dk ?kuRo
ls fi?kydj nzo voLFkk esa igqap tkrk gSA
8 oLrq dk ?kuRo ™ DoFkukad (Boiling Point)µ;g og rkieku gS ftl ij rjy
= = 800 kg/m inkFkZ mcyuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA
10 1000
™ fgekad (Freezing Point)µtc fdlh inkFkZ dh voLFkk nzo
2. ,d oLrq dk vk;ru 20m3 gSA ;fn bl oLrq dk ?kuRo ls Bksl voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks ftl rkieku ij ;g
250 kg/m3 gSA ty esa Mqckus ls bldk fdruk Hkkx Mwck gksrk gS ml rkieku dks fgekad (Freezing Point) dgk tkrk
tkrk gS\ gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 50
izR;kLFkrk

vè;k; izR;kLFkrk
12 (Elasticity)

™ oLrq dk og xq.k ftlls fd oLrq ij ls cy gVk ysus ls oLrq foÑfr (Strain)

iqu% viuh voLFkk esa ykSV tk,] mls izR;kLFkrk dgrs gSaA
™ fdlh oLrq dh yEckbZ esa ifjorZu rFkk mldh izkjafHkd yEckbZ
ifzrcy ds vuqikr dks foÑfr dgrs gaSA bldk ek=kd rFkk foek ugha
izR;kLFkrk = gksrh gSA foÑfr vkdkj esa ifjorZu dks crkrh gSA
fod`fr
ycakbZ eas o`f¼ ( ∆l )
) izR;kLFkrk = Bksl > nzo > xSl (fuokZr dh izR;kLFkrk ) foÑfr =
izkjfaHkd ycakbZ ( L )
= 0)
™ foÑfr ds izzdkj (Types of Strain)–foÑfr pkj izdkj dh
tks oLrq ckgjh cy dk ftruk vf/d fojks/ djrh gS
gksrh gSµ
mldh mruk gh vf/d izR;kLFkrk gksrh gSA
(i) ik'oZ foÑfr (Lateral Strain)– O;kl esa ifjorZu
Ex :– bLikr > rkack > dkap > jcj rFkk izkjafHkd O;kl ds vuqikr dks ik'oZ foÑfr dgrs
) gkFkh nk¡r dh izR;kLFkrk jcj dh vis{kk vf/d gksrh gSA gSaA ;g pkSM+kbZ esa o`f¼ djrh gSA
Ex :- xqCckjk
™ lq?kV~; (Non-Elastic)–tks oLrq viuh izkjafHkd voLFkk esa
ugha ykSVrh gS] mls lq?kV~; dgrs gSaA O;kl esa ifjorZu
ik'oZ foÑfr =
ikzjfaHkd O;kl
) ekse rFkk xhyh feV~Vh dks iw.kZr% lq?kV~; oLrq ekuk tkrk
gSA 1. ,d flfyaMj dk O;kl 5m ls c<+dj 55 ehú gks tkrk
gSA ik'oZ foÑfr Kkr djsaA
) bldk ek=kd U;wVu@eh-2 rFkk foeh; lw=k [ML–1T–2]
O;kl esa ifjorZu
gksrk gSA Sol. ik'oZ foÑfr =
ikzjfaHkd O;kl
™ VDdj (Collision)µ;g eq[;r% 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSaµ
55 − 5
1. izR;kLFk VDdj (Elastic Collision)µ ;g ftl osx ls Vdjkrk =
5
gS mlh osx ls ykSVsxkA blesa xfrt ÅtkZ lajf{kr jgrh gSA blesa
laosx lajf{kr jgrk gSA 50
= =10
izR;kLFk xq.kkad (e) = 1 gksrk gSA 5
2. vizR;kLFk VDdj (Inelastic Collision)µ;g ftl osx ls (ii) vuqnSè;Z foÑfr (Longitude Strain)\–yEckbZ esa
Vdjkrk gS mlls de osx ls ykSVrk gSA blesa xfrt ÅtkZ ifjorZu rFkk izkjafHkd yackbZ ds vuqikr dks vuqnSè;Z
lajf{kr ugha jgrh gS ysfdu laosx lajf{kr jgrh gSA e < 1 foÑfr dgrs gSA
3. iw.kZr% vizR;kLFk VDdj (Perfectly Inelastic Collisionµ Ex :- yksgs dh NM+] jLlh] fLizax] IykfLVd vkfn
blesa dksbZ oLrq nwljh oLrq ls Vdjkdj ml oLrq ij fpid
y - eas ifjorZu
tk,xh rFkk mldks vius lkFk tksM+dj ,d gh osx ls pyus vuqnSè;Z foÑfr =
iz - yEckbZ
yxsxhA blesa xfrt ÅtkZ lajf{kr ugha jgrh gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 51
izR;kLFkrk
2. ,d NM+ dh yEckbZ 10 ls c<+dj 12 gks tkrh gS rks 2- vfHkyEc izfrcy (Normal Stress)
foÑfr Kkr djsaA 3- Li'kZjs[kh; izfrcy (Tengential Stress)
yú eas ifjorZu 1. vuqnSè;Z izfrcy (Longitudinal Stress)– ;g yEckbZ ds
Sol. vuqnSè;Z foÑfr =
iúz yEckbZ fn'kk esa yxrk gSA fdlh oLrq dks [khapus ;k idM+ dj yVdus
= 12 − 10
esa vuqnSè;Z izfrcy yxrk gSA
10 2. vfHkyEc izfrcy (Normal Stress)–yEcor~ yxus okys
2 1 izfrcy dks vfHkyac izfrcy dgrs gSA ;g nkc ds leku gksrk
= = = 0.2
10 5 gSA
™ ik;lu xq.kkad (Emulsion Factor)–ik'oZ foÑfr rFkk 3. Li'kZjs[kh; izfrcy (Tengential Stress)– Li'kZ js[kk
vuqnSè;Z foÑfr ds vuqikr dks ik;lu xq.kkad dgrs gSaA dh fn'kk esa yxus okyk izfrcy Li'kZ js[kh; izfrcy dgykrk
ik'oZ foÑfr gSA
ik;lu xq.kkad = vunqèS ;Z foÑfr
uksV
(iii)vk;ruh foÑfr (Volumetric Strain)–vk;ru esa y fdlh oLrq dks fNyus esa Li'kZ js[kh; izfrcy yxrk
ifjorZu rFkk izkjafHkd vk;ru ds vuqikr dks vk;ruh gSA tcfd dkVus esa vfHkyEc izfrcy yxrk gSA
foÑfr dgrs gSaA y izR;kLFkrk izfrcy rFkk nkc dk ek=kd ,d gh gksrk
Ex. :– Bksl xksykA gSA
vk;ru esa ifjorZu
vk;ruh foÑfr = gqd dk fu;e (Hook's Law)
ikzjfaHkd vk;ru
™ blds vuqlkj foÑfr izfrcy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
(iv) vi:i.k foÑfr (Shearing Strain)–tc fdlh oLrq
foÑfr ∝ izfrcy
dh yEckbZ ;k pkSM+kbZ esa ifjorZu u djds mlds :i
izfrcy = E foÑfr
;k vkdkj dks cny nsrs gSa rks mls vi:i.k foÑfr
dgrs gSaA ifzrcy
E=
fod`fr
tgk¡ E = izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad
E (izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad) dk SI ek=kd
N
Þ
m2
oLrq dh vkÑfr eas ifjoruZ Þ Nm–2
vi:i.k foÑfr =
ikzjafHkd vkÑfr ™ izR;kLFkrk 3 izdkj dh gksrh gSA
izfrcy (Stress) 1- ;ax izR;kLFkrk (Youngs Elasticity)
2- vk;ru izR;kLFkrk (Volume Elasticity / Bulk Modulus
™ fdlh Hkh dks.k ls yxus okys nkc dks izfrcy dgrs gSaA of Elasticity)
izfrcy dk ek=kd nkc ds leku gksrk gSA 3- n`<+rk xq.kkad (Firmness Coefficient / Coefficient of
cy rigidity)
izfrcy = 1. ;ax izR;kLFkrk (Youngs Elasticity)– ;g yEckbZ esa ifjorZu
{ks = kiQy
ds fy, dke vkrk gSA
S.I. Unit =ikLdy (Pa) = N/m2
™ izfrcy 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSa& vu¼
q ;SZ ifzrcy
1- vuqnSè;Z izfrcy (Longitudinal Stress) ;ax izR;kLFkrk =
vu¼ q ;SZ foÑfr
HkkSfrd foKku 52
izR;kLFkrk
mg × L
;ax
izR;kLFkrk =
π r 2 × ∆l
L  ∆lr > ∆ls

∴ Steel (vfèkd izR;kLFkrk)

M 2. vk;ru izR;kLFkrk (Volume Elasticity / Bulk Modulus of
Elasticity)– ;g vkdkj dks cM+k ;k NksVk djds dke esa vkrk
1. m æO;eku dh ,d oLrq Lora=k :i ls (L) yEckbZ ds
gSA
rkj ij yVdh gSA ;fn rkj dh f=kT;k r gks rFkk rkj
vfHkyac ifzrcy
dh yEckbZ esa ifjorZu D l gks rks izR;kLFkrk Kkr djsaA vk;ru izR;kLFkrk =
vk; ru fod`fr
vunqèS ;Z ifzrcy 1
Sol. ;ax izR;kLFkrk = (fldqM+u) lEihMu =
vunqèS ;Z fod`fr vk;ru iRz; kLFkrk(iQy
S ko)
3. ,d oLrq dh vk;ru izR;kLFkrk k gSA bldh laihMu
D;k gksxhA
L 1 1
Sol. lEihMu = =
S ko) k
vk;ru iRz; kLFkrk(iQy
M
3. n`<+rk xq.kkad (Firmness Coefficient / Coefficient of
rigidity)– ;g fdlh oLrq ds :i esa ifjorZu ykus dk fojksèk
cy mg djrk gSA
vuqnSè;Z izfrcy= 2 =
{ks = kiQy πr Li'kZ js[kh; izfrcy
n`<+rk xq.kkad =
∆l vi:i fod`fr
vuqú foÑfr =
L mg
izfrcy foÑfr izR;kLFkrk
izR;kLFkrk = ifzrcy =
π r2
∆l 1- vuqnSè;Z izfrcy 1- vuqnSè;Z foÑfr ;ax izR;kLFkrk
fod`fr
L 2- vfHkyac izfrcy 2- vk;ru foÑfr vk;ru izR;kLFkrk
mg × L 3- Li'kZ js[kh; izfrcy 3- vi:i.k foÑfr n`<+rk xq.kkad
;ax izR;kLFkrk = π r 2 × ∆l
4- ik'oZ foÑfr
2. ;ax izR;kLFkrk ds lg;ksx ls ;g fl¼ djsa fd LVhy ™ tc fdlh oLrq dks fdlh Surface ij fxjk;k tk, rks Vdjkus
dh izR;kLFkrk jcM+ ls vfèkd gksrh gSA ds ckn
Sol.
V2
jcM+ LVhy osx dk (e) =
V1
(tgk¡ e = ry dh izR;kLFkrk)
L L
h2
a kbZ dk (e) =
mQp
h1
M M
yú esa ifjoru yú esa ifjoru k2
xfrt mQtkZ (e) = p2
∆lr ∆ls fLFkfrt mQtkZ (e) =
k1 p1

HkkSfrd foKku 53
izR;kLFkrk
3. ;fn fdlh oLrq dh xfrt mQtkZ Vdjkus ls igys 125
twy gS rks Vdjkus ds ckn ml oLrq dh xfrt mQtkZ
D;k gksxh\
1
Sol. e =
5
125

1. 100 ehñ dh mQapkbZ ls fdlh oLrq dks fxjkrs gSa rks og K2

ry ls Vdjkdj 4 ehVj mQij mB tkrh gSA ry dh
izR;kLFkrk Kkr djsaA
Sol.
100 metre

4 metre

e = K2 1 K2
=
K1 5 125
Squaring Both Side
h2 4 1 1
e= = = = = 0.2 e = 0.2 1 K
h1 100 25 5 = 2
25 125 K2 = 5 Jule
2. ;fn dksbZ oLrq 8 eh@ls- dh osx ls 80 ehVj dh mQapkbZ 4. ;fn fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfrt mQtkZ 150 twy gS rks
VDdj ds ckn bldh fLFkfrt mQtkZ D;k gksxh\
ls fxj jgh gS ry ls Vdjkus ds ckn fdrus osx ls mQij
Sol.
 1
dh vksj mBsxh\  e =  150 Jule
 5
1
Sol. e = P2
5

80 metre

V2

1
Sol. e =
5

e = P2 1 P2
=
V2 P1 5 150
e =
V1 Squaring Both Side
1 V2 1 P
= = 2
5 80 25 150
V2 = 16 m/s
P2 = 6 Jule

HkkSfrd foKku 54
mQ"ek

vè;k; Å"ek
13 (Heat)

™ m"ek (Heat)µmQ"ek ,d izdkj dk ÅtkZ gS tks v.kqvksa ds ∆l

xfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA α=
l × ∆t
) Å"ek dk SI ek=kd twy (1 twy = 0­.24 dSyksjh) gksrk
gSA 2
=
) bls dSyksjh] fdyks&dSyksjh vFkok twy esa ekik tkrk gSA 10 × ( 20 )
) m"ek dh eki dks rkieku dgrs gSaA 1

= = 0-01 izfr/k
) Å"ek nsus ls fdlh Hkh oLrq esa izlkj gksrk gS ftls 100
Å"eh; izlkj dgk tkrk gSA 2. {ks=kh; izlkj (Areal Expension) (b)µ;g yEckbZ rFkk
;g rhu izdkj dk gksrk gSµ pkSM+kbZ nksuksa esa ifjorZu djrk gS tc fdlh èkkrq ds pknj
1. js[kh; izlkj (Linear Expension) (a)µblds dkj.k yEckbZ esa fNnz gks vkSj èkkrq dks xeZ fd;k tk, rks {ks=kh; izlkj ds
esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;g NM+ rFkk jsy esa ns[kk tkrk gSA dkj.k gh fNnz cM+k gks tkrk gSA
) bls b ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
) bldk ek=kd izfr fMxzh lsfYl;l (°C–1) gksrk gSA js[kh;
) 'kh'ks dk lkeku xeZ gksus ij blh dkj.k pVd (njkj)
izlkj xq.kkad inkFkZ dk fo'ks"k xq.k gksrk gSA
vk tkrh gSA
) jsy ds iVfj;ksa ds chp [kkyh txg NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS
Ex:-
rkfd xehZ ds fnu esa js[kh; izlkj ds fy, LFkku fey (i) Vkaxk ds pDdk esa gky p<+kuk
ldsA (ii) nks leku lkbt ds O;kl ds pDds dks vkil esa dluk
(iii) cM+s okgu ds Vk;jksa dks xeZ djds p<+kuk
yEckbZ eas o`f¼
js[kh; izlkj (α ) =
ikzjfEHkd yúa × rki eas o`f¼ {ks = kiQy eas o`f¼
z kj ( β ) =
{ks= kh; il
ikzjfEHkd {ks = k × rki eas o`f¼
∆l
α= ∆A

l × ∆t β=
A × ∆t
D l – yú esa ifjorZu
3. vk;ru izlkj (Cubical Expension) (g)µ ;g lHkh fn'kkvksa
D t – rki esa ifjorZu
esa izlkj djrk gS fdlh Bksl xksys dks xeZ djus ls mlds
t – izkjfEHkd yackbZ
vk;ru esa o`f¼ gksxh
uksV
vk; ru esa o`f¼( ∆V )
yksgs dh iVfj;ksa dks tksM+us ds fy, Fishplate dk iz;ksx vk;ru izlkj (g) = ewy vk; ru (V ) × rki o`f¼ ∆T
( )
gksrk gSA
Ex:-dk¡p dh cksry esa iQ¡lh dkWdZ fudkyukA
1. ,d NM+ dh yEckbZ 10m ls c<+d+j 12m gks tkrh gS
) a, b, rFkk g esa lacaèkµ
tc rkieku dks 400k ls c<+kdj 420k fd;k tkrk
gSµ α : β : γ = 1: 2 : 3

HkkSfrd foKku 55
mQ"ek
1. ,d NM+ dk js[kh; izlkj 12 gS bldk {ks=kh; rFkk mQ"ek lapj.k dh fofèk;k¡
vk;ru izlkj Kkr djsaA (Methods of Heat Transfer)
Sol. a : b : g
1. pkyu (Conduction)µ ;g èkkrqvksa esa gksrh gSA blesa èkkrq ds
1:2:3 v.kq viuk LFkku NksM+dj ugha tkrs gSa vkSj mQ"ek dks ,d
js[kh; izlkj = a = : 1 = 12 v.kq nwljs v.kq rd LFkkukarfjr djrk jgrk gSA ;g lcls èkheh
fofèk gSA
{ks=kh; izlkj = b = : 2 = 12 × 2 = 24
™ pkyu ds vuqiz;ksx (Conduction's Application)µ
vk;ru izlkj = g = : 3 = 12 × 3 = 36
) 'khr Írq esa ydM+h o yksgs dk rki leku gksus ij Hkh
2. ,d oLrq dk {ks=kh; izlkj 30 gSA bldk vk;ru izlkj yksgs dh dqlhZ vfèkd BaMh yxrh gSA
Kkr djsaA
) daØhV dh Nr okys edku xfeZ;ksa esa vfèkd xeZ o lfnZ;ksa
Sol a : b : g
esa vfèkd B.Ms jgrs gSaA
1:2:3 ) èkkrq rFkk Bksl esa ;gh fofèk gksrh gSA
{ks=kh; izlkj = b : 2 = 30, rks 1 = 15
2. laogu (Convection)µ bl fofèk esa mQ"ek dk lapj.k v.kqvksa
js[kh; izlkj = a : 1 = 15
ds LFkkukarj.k ls gksrk gSA blesa ekè;e ds dqN&dqN d.k
vk;ru izlkj = g : 3 = 15 × 3 = 45
Hkkx ysrs gSa_ tSlsµty] xSl] fÚt] ok;qeaMy] pk; dh
3. ,d oLrq dk vk;ru izlkj 36 gS] {ks=kh; izlkj Kkr
dsryhA
djsaA
) lHkh nzoksa rFkk xSlksa esa Å"ek dk lapj.k laogu fofèk ds
Sol. a : b : g
}kjk gksrk gSA
1:2:3
3. fofdj.k (Radiation)µ ;g mQ"ek lapj.k dh lcls rst
vk;ru izlkj = g : 3 = 36, rks 1 = 12
fofèk gSA blesa ekè;e dk dksbZ Hkh d.k Hkkx ugha ysrk gSA
js[kh; izlkj = a : 1 = 12
{ks=kh; izlkj = b : 2 × 12 = 24 Ex:- lw;Z] vafxBh] ydM+h ls vkxA
™ dSyksjh (Calorie) :&,d xzke 'kq¼ ty dk rki 1°C rd ) fofdj.k fuokZr esa Hkh xeu dj ldrk gSA
c<+kus ds fy, vko';d Å"ek dh ek=kk ,d dSyksjh dgykrh 4. ok"iu (Evaporation)µ fdlh lrg ls Å"ek dks ysdj Åij
gSA mB tkuk ok"iu dgykrk gSA
) 1 dSyksjh = 4.18 twy Ex:-?kM+s ds ikuh dk BaMk jguk] Hkki] ilhuk lw[kus ij BaMk
eglwl gksukA
) 1 twy = 0.24 dSyksjh
5. vfHkogu (Advection)µ ok;q esa mQ"ek ds {kSfrt izokg dks
) 1 fdyks dSyksjh = 4.18 × 103 twy = 1000 dSyksjh vfHkogu dgrs gSaA
) 1 fdyksokV ?k.Vk = 3.6 esxk twy Ex:- ywg] 'khrygjA
ty dk vlkekU; izlkj ™ leku rkieku ij nks nzo ,d èkkrq rFkk ,d ydM+h ds est
(Abnormal Expansion of Water) ij gS rks èkkrq ij j[kk dVksjk BaMk gksxkA
™ 0°C ls 4°C rd ty dks xeZ djus ij bldk vk;ru ?kVrk
fofdj.k
ok"iu

gS vkSj ?kuRo c<+rk gSA bls gh ty dk vlkekU; izlkj dgrs

fofdj.k
ok"iu

gSaA
™ nzoksa dk vk;ru muds fgekad ij U;wure gksrk gS tcfd ty
dk vk;ru mlds fgekad 0°C ls dqN vfèkd rki (3.98°C)
yxHkx 4°C ij U;wure gksrk gSA
™ ty dk vk;ru izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad 20.7 × 10–5 k–1 gksrk
pkyu pkyu x
èkkrq èkkrq
gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 56
mQ"ek
Ñ".k fi.M (Black Body) uksV
™ oSlh oLrq tks vius Åij vkus okyh fdlh Hkh vko`fÙk ds y –40° ij lsfYl;l rFkk iQkWjsugkbV cjkcj gks tkrs gSaA
izdk'k dks vo'kksf"kr dj ys] Ñ".k fi.M dgykrk gSA lHkh y Blood Bank esa blood 40°F ij jgrk gSA
dkyh oLrq,a Ñ".k fi.M gksrh gSA y 20°C = NTP. (Normal Temperature)
Ex :– dkty 95% mQ"ek dks lks[k ysrk gSA dkty lcls y 0°C = STP (Standard Temperature)
loksZÙke Ñ".k fi.M gksrk gSA y 27°C = Room Temperature

fdjpkWiQ dk fu;e (Kirchhoff’s Rule) 1. 50°C dk Fahrenheit esa ekuµ

™ ,d vPNs vo'kks"kd gh vPNs mRltZd gksrs gSa tks oLrq tYnh C F − 32
Sol. =
xeZ gksxh] oks tYnh BaMh Hkh gks tk,xhA dkyh oLrq vfèkd 5 9
m"ek vo'kksf"kr djrh gSA ftl dkj.k vfèkd mQtkZ (mQ"ek)
50 F − 32
fudysxhA =
Ex :–
5 9
F − 32
(i) [kqys esa j[kk yksgs rFkk ydM+h dh Vscy esa ls jkr ds 10 =
le; yksgs dk Vscy vfèkd BaMk gks tk,xkA 9
90 = F– 32
(ii) ydM+h rFkk yksgs ds xsan dks leku m"ek fn;k tk,] rks
yksgs dh xsan vfèkd xeZ gksxhA F = 122
(iii) èkwi okyk Nkrk mQij ls mtyk gksuk pkfg, vkSj vanj 2. fdl rkieku ij iQkWjsugkbV iSekuk lsfYl;l dk 2 xquk
ls dkyk gksuk pkfg,A gks tk,sxk\
(iv) leku èkkrq ds nks xksys ,d dkyk vkSj ,d liQsn gSA Sol. A/q
rks leku mQ"ek nsdj vaèksjs esa j[kus ij dkyh okyh
F = 2C
èkkrq T;knk pedsxh vkSj vfèkd mQ"ek nsxhA
C F− 32
FkekZehVj (Thermometer) =
5 9
™ ;g rkieku dks ekirk gSA igyk FkekZehVj xSyhfy;ks us cuk;kA
C 2C − 32
™ igyk O;kolkf;d FkekZehVj iQkWjsugkbV us cuk;kA =
5 9
FkekZehVj .min .max
9C = 10C – 160
lsfYl;l C 0 100
C = 160
iQkWjsugkbV Fº 32 212
F = 2C
osQfYou K 273 373
= 2 × 160
jksej R 0 80 = 320

ekid − min 3. 70ºC dks dsfYou esa cnysaA

Relation =
Max − min C K − 273
Sol. =
C −0 F − 32 K − 273 R−0 5 5
= = =
100 − 0 212 − 32 373 − 273 80 − 0 70 K − 273
=
C F − 32 K − 273 R 5 5
= = =
100 180 100 80 70 = K – 273

C F − 32 K − 273 R K = 273 + 70
= = =
5 9 5 4 K = 343K

HkkSfrd foKku 57
mQ"ek
4. 70ºF dks dsfYou esa cnysaA rkiekih ds izdkj
F − 32 K − 273 (Types of Thermometer)
=
Sol.
9 5 ™ rkiekih nzo] xSl rFkk Bksl voLFkk esa jg ldrs gSaA nzo
70 K − 273 rkiekih ds vUrxZr ikjk rFkk Alcohal vkrs gSaA
=
5 5 ) rkiekih esa ikjk dk iz;ksx blfy, djrs gSa D;ksafd ikjk

38 K − 273
rkieku ikus ls foLrkfjr gksrk gSA ;g – 39°C ls 357°C
= rkieku ekirk gSA BaMs izns'kksa esa ;g te tkrk gS blfy,
9 5
Alcohal dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
4.2 × 5= K –273
) Alcohal –115°C ls 78°C rkieku eki ldrk gSA
21 = K– 273 ) xSl rkiekih esa Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), rFkk
K = 294K Nitrogen (N), dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
5. ,d v'kq¼ FkekZehVj ,d oLrq ds rkeiku dks 129°F ) Hydrogen – 200ºC ls 500ºC rd rkieku eki ldrk gSA
ekirk gS tcfd mlh oLrq dks ,d 'kq¼ FkekZehVj 50°C ) Nitrogen – 150ºC ls 600ºC rkieku eki ldrk gSA
ekirk gS rks iQkWjsugkbV iSekus esa dh xbZ xyrh crk,aA ) Helium – 183ºC ls 100ºC rkieku eki ldrk gSA
Sol. v'kq¼ = 129°F
) mPp rki ij gkbMªkstu folj.k ds }kjk ckgj fudyrh gS]
'kq¼ = 50°C blfy, 500°C ls vfèkd rki ds ekiu ds fy, ukbVªkstu
C F− 32 xSl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
F° esa eku = =
5 9 ) Bksl rkiekih ds varxZr Platinum, rki;qXe rFkk mÙkkiekih
vkrs gSaA
50 F − 32
= ) IysfVue dk ijkl –200°C ls 1200°C gSA
5 9
) rki;qXe] rkiekih –200°C ls 1600°C rd rkieku ekirk
F − 32
10 = gSA
9
90 = F – 32 ) ;g lhcsd izHkko ij vkèkkfjr gSA
1. fofdj.k mÙkkiekih ls 800°C ls de rki D;ksa ugha
F = 122
eki ldrs gSa\
'kq¼ = F= 122 Sol. D;ksafd 800ºC ls fuEu rkiksa ij fofdj.k dk mRltZu
v'k¼q = F= 129 de gksrk gSA
=kqfV = 7° F 2. FkeksZ diy (rki;qXe) rkiekih fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z
™ ije rki (Absolute Temperature)µtc fdlh oLrq ds
djrk gS\
rkieku dks dsfYou (K) esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rks mls ije Sol. lhcsd izHkkoA
rki dgrs gSaA ™ mÙkkiekih ;k ikbjksehVj (Pyrometre)µ;g 800° C ls
Ex :– 25K(), 26K(), 27F° (×), 25°C (×), 60°R (×) vuUr rkieku dks ekirk gSA blds fy, oLrq dks lEidZ esa
™ ije'kwU; rki (Absolute Zero Temperature)µ;g U;wure ykuk vko';d ugha gSA blls mPp rkieku ekirs gSaA
rkieku gSA ;gk¡ dksbZ ugha igqap ldrk Zero Kelvin, (0K) ;k Ex. :- lw;ZA
– 273°C dks ije 'kwU; rki dgrs gSaA ™ vuqdqy okrkoj.kµ
™ j~;wej iSekuk (Ruemer Scale)µbl iSekus dks Úkalhlh (i) vknzZrk (ueh) = 60%
oSKkfud Mh- j~;wej us 1730 bZ- esa fodflr fd;k FkkA (ii) rkieku = 20°C
) bl rkiekih esa fgekad 0°R rFkk DoFkukad 80°R gksrk gSA (iii) ok;qxfr = 2 metre/minute

HkkSfrd foKku 58
mQ"ek
) AC dh {kerk dks Vu esa ekirs gSaA ) fdlh oLrq dh Å"ek èkkfjrk] ml oLrq ds nzO;eku o oLrq
) 1 Vu = 1000 Watt. ds inkFkZ ds fof'k"V Å"ek ds xq.kuiQy ds cjkcj gksrk
) AC – vknZzrk] ok;q] rFkk rkiekurhuksa dh fu;af=kr djrk gSA
gS ) ejht dks lsdus ds fy, ty ls Hkjs cksry dk iz;ksx djrs
) fÚt dh {kerk dks yhVj esa ekirs gSaA gSaA fof'k"V mQ"ek oLrq ds rkieku esa ifjorZu ykrh gSA
uksV Q = MS Dt
tgk¡ S = fof'k"V mQ"ek
fÚt rFkk AC nksuksa esa Compress dj Q = MS∆t ds Dt = rkieku esa ifjorZu
fÚvkWu&32 xSl Hkjh tkrh gSA M = nzO;eku
) igys fÚvkWu ds LFkku ij veksfu;k dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA Q = nh xbZ mQ"ek
) dwyj vknzZrk rFkk rkieku dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA bldh 1. 20g ty ds rkieku dks 55°C ls 60°C djus ds fy,
{kerk watt esa ekirs gSaA fdruh mQ"ek dh vko';drk gksxh\
) ia[kk dsoy rkieku dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA bldh {kerk Sol. = MS Dt
watt esa ekirs gSaA = 20 × 1 × 5 = 100
2. 40g ty ds rkieku dks 60°C c<+kus ds fy, fdruh
uksV mQ"ek dh vko';drk gksxh\
y can dejs esa ;fn ia[kk pyk;k tk,] rks dejs dk Sol. = MS Dt
rkieku c<+ tk,xkA = 40 × 1 × 60
y ;fn fÚt dk njoktk [kksy fn;k tk, rks dejs dk = 2400
rkieku c<+ tk,xkA 3. 10g ciQZ ds rkieku dks 8°C c<+kus ds fy, nh xbZ
mQ"ek dh fdruh vko';drk gksxh\
fof'k"V m"ek (Specific Heat) Sol. = MS Dt
= 10 × × 8 = 40
™ fdlh oLrq ds bdkbZ nzO;eku ds rkieku dks 1°C c<+kus ds
fy, nh xbZ mQ"ek fof'k"V mQ"ek dgykrh gSA xqIr m"ek (Latent Heat)
) lokZfèkd fof'k"V m"ek gkbMªkstu dh gksrh gSA nzo esa ™ fdlh oLrq ds voLFkk ifjorZu ds fy, xqIr m"ek dh
lokZfèkd fof'k"V mQ"ek ty dh gksrh gSA vko';drk gksrh gSa ;g rkieku ugha c<+krk gSA
) ty dh fof'k"V mQ"ek 1 dSyksjh@xzke lsfYl;l ;k 4200 ) ciQZ dks ikuh cukus ds fy, ty dh xqIr m"ek 80 dSyksjh
twy@fdyks dsfYou gksrh gSA gksrh gSA
) ty ds ckn ikjk dh fof'k"V mQ"ek vfèkd gksrh gSA ciQZ ) ty dks Hkki cukus ds fy, Hkki dh xqIr m"ek 540
dh fof'k"V mQ"ek 1/2 gksrh gSA dSyksjh gksrh gSA
) ty dh fof'k"V mQ"ek vfèkd gksus ds dkj.k ;g tYnh
uksV
xeZ ugha gksrk gSA blh dkj.k bldk iz;ksx batu ds jsfM;sVj
dks BaMk djus ds fy, djrs gSaA fdlh oLrq dh voLFkk ifjorZu djkus ls igys mlds
rkieku esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ igys fof'k"V
) Åaps izns'kksa esa jsfM;sVj dk ikuh u tes blosQ fy, mlesa
m"ek nh tkrh gSA mlds ckn xqIr m"ek&
,Fkhfyu XykbZdky dk iz;ksx ,aVh Úhftax ds :i esa fd;k
tkrk gSA Q = mL
L = xqIr mQ"ek
) ty dh fof'k"V mQ"ek vfèkd gksus ds dkj.k gh ty
m = nzO;eku
tYnh BaMk ugha gksrk gSA blh dkj.k [ksr esa ikyk ls cpus
Q = nh xbZ mQ"ek
ds fy, ikuh Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA
) xqIr mQ"ek (L) dk SI ek=kd = Q/m = J/kg = J kg–1
) leqnz ds fdukjs dk rkieku u vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj u de
gksrk gSA ) L dk CGS ek=kd = cal g–1

HkkSfrd foKku 59
mQ"ek
1. 20g ciQZ ftldk rkieku –10°C gSA bls 0°C okys ty 0ºC Q = mL 0ºC Q = mDq 100ºC 100ºC
esa cnyus ds fy, fdruh mQ"ek nsrh gksxh\ 1gm 1 × 80 = 80 1gm 1gm 1 × 540 1gm
1 × 100
= 540
Sol. ciZQ ty = 100 ty tyok"i
ciZQ dqy mQ"ek dh ek=kk ® (80 + 100 + 540) cal = 720 Cal
20g – fof'k"V 20g – xqIr 20g
4. –10ºC ij 1 xzke ciZQ dks 100ºC dh Hkki esa cnyus
10 ºC Q = MS Dt 0 ºC Q = mL 0 ºC
1 ×10 ds fy, fdruh mQ"ek dh vko';drk gksxh\ ciZQ dh
= 20 × = 20 × 80
2 fof'k"V mQ"ek = 0.5 dSyksjh@xzke ºC, ciZQ dh xqIr
= 100 = 1600
mQ"ek = 80 dSyksjh@xzke rFkk Hkki dh xqIr mQ"ek = 540
dqy mQ"ek = 100 + 1600 = 1700 dSyksjh dSyksjh@xzkeA
2. 30 xzke ciZQ ftldk rkieku –20ºC gSA ftls 0º okys Sol. –10ºC ciZQ = 0ºC ciZQ
ty esa cnydj fiQj Hkki esa cnys ds fy, fdruh
Q = MSDq = 1 × 0.5 × 10 = 5 cal
mQ"ek nsuh gksxhA
Sol. blesa nks ckj xqIr mQ"ek rFkk nks ckj fof'k"V mQ"ek dk Þ 0ºC ciZQ ® 0ºC ikuh
iz;ksx gksxkA Q = ML = 1 × 80= 80 cal
ciZQ Þ 0ºC ikuh ® 100ºC ikuh
–20 ºC fof'k"V mQ"ek xqIr Q = MSDq = 1 × 1 × 100 = 100 cal
0 ºC
30g Q1 = MS Dt Q2= mL
Þ 100ºC ikuh ® 100ºC ok"i
= 30 × 1 ×20 = 30 × 80
= 100 2 = 2400 Q = ML = 1 × 540 = 540 cal

Q = msDq 0ºC Q = mL 0ºC Q = mDq 100ºC Q = mL

–10ºC 100ºC
1gm 1× 0.5 × 10 1gm 1× 80 = 80 1gm 1× 1 × 100 1gm 1× 540 1gm
0ºC fof'k"V 100ºC xqIr 100ºC
tyok"i
ciZQ =5 ciZQ ty =100 ty =540
30g Q3 = MS Dt 30g Q4 = mL 30g
= 30 × 1 × 100 = 30 × 540 dqy mQ"ek dh ek=kk ® (5 + 80 + 100 + 540) cal = 725 Cal
= 3000 = 16200 5. 10 xzke ciZQ dks –10ºC ij 10 xzke ikuh ds lkFk 0ºC
ij izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA feJ.k dk rkieku 10ºC
dqy mQ"ek Q = Q 1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
rd c<+kus ds fy, vko';d mQ"ek dh ek=kk gS
= 300 + 2400 + 3000 + 16200 Sol. Q = MSDt,
= 21,900 dSyksjh –10ºC ij 10g ciZQ

3. 0ºC ij 1 g ciZQ dks 100ºC ij tyok"i esa cnyus ds
fy, fdruh mQ"ek dh vko';drk gksxh\ Q1 = MisiDt
Sol. 0ºC ciZQ = 0ºC ikuh = 0º – (–10ºC) = 10ºC

Þ Q = ML = 1 × 80 = 80 cal ciZQ dk nzO;eku (m) = 10g

0ºC ikuh ® 100ºC ikuh Si = 0.5 cal/gramºC

\ Q1 = 10 × 0.5 × 10
Þ Q = MSq = 1 × 1 × 100 = 100 cal
Q1 = 50 cal
100ºC ikuh ® 100ºC ok"i
Q2 = mL = 80 cal/g
Þ Q = ML = 1 × 540 = 540 cal
Q2 = 10 × 80 = 800 cal
HkkSfrd foKku 60
mQ"ek
ty dh ek=kk = 10g + 10g = 20g uksV
0ºC ij ty dk ;g 20g, 10g
leku ek=kk esa ciQZ rFkk ikuh dks feykus ij feJ.k dk
Q3 = mwswDt rkieku 0°C gks tkrk gSA
ty dh fof'k"V mQ"ek (sw) = 1 cal/gramºC
2. 10g ciQZ ftldk rkieku – 20°C gS] bls 30°C rkieku
Dt = rkieku esa ifjorZu = 10º – 0ºC = 10ºC okys 50g ty esa feyk fn;k tkrk gS] feJ.k dk vafre
Q3 = 20 × 1 × 10 rkieku Kkr djsaA
Q3 = 200 cal Sol. feJ.k dk vafre rkieku
mQ"ek (Q) = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 50 + 800 + 200 = M1S1(t1 – T) = M2S2 (T – t2)
= 1050 cal M1 = 10g M2 = 50g
S1 = 1 S2 = 1
feJ.k dk rkieku
t1 = –20ºC t2 = 30ºC
(Mixing Temperature)
10 × 1(–20 – T) = 50 × 1 (T – 30)
M1 = xeZ ty dk nzO;eku
– 20 – T = 5(T – 30)
t1 = xeZ ty dk rkieku
–20 – T = 5T – 150
M2 = BaMk ty dk nzO;eku
t2 = BaMk ty dk rki 6T = –150 + 20

t1 6T = –130
t2
xeZ M1 M2 BaMk –130
T=
6
T = –21.6ºC
fof'k"V fof'k"V
Q = MSDt T
Q = M2S2Dt U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e
= M1S1 (t1 –T) = M2S2 (T –t2) (Newton's Cooling Law)
M
™ fdlh oLrq ds B.Mk gksus dh nj mlds ckgjh okrkoj.k ij
M 1S1 ( t1 − T ) =
M 2 S 2 (T – t2 ) fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn ckgj dk rkieku de jgsxk] rks oLrq rsth
ls B.Mh gksxhA ckgj ls rkieku ds lEidZ rksM+us ds fy, gh
1. 40g [kkSyrs ty dks 20g ds ,sls ty esa feyk;k tkrk dEcy ds Åij ,d iryh pknj yxk fn;k tkrk gS rkfd
gS ftldk rkieku 40ºC gS] feJ.k dk rkieku Kkr chp esa gok Hkj tk, vkSj lEidZ VwV tk,A
djsaA ) fdlh oLrq ds B.Mk gksus esa yxk;k x;k le; èkhjs&èkhjs
Sol.M1 = 40g M2 = 20g
c<+rk tkrk gSA
S1 = 1 S2 = 1
t1 = 100ºC t2 = 40ºC
Q1 − Q2   Q +Q  
feJ.k dk rkieku = = K   1 2
− θ 

M1 S1 (t1–T) = M2 S2 (T – t2) t   2  
40 × 1 × (100 – T) = 20 × 1 × (T – 40)

40 × (100 – T) = 20 (T – 40) tgk¡ Q1 rFkk Q2 = rkieku
2(100 – T) = T – 40 t = le;
200 – 2T = T – 40
Q = Room temperature
240 = 3T
T = 80 K = rkieku fu;rkad
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uksV 2. ,d æo 70ºC ls 60ºC rd 5 feuV esa B.Mk gksrk gSA
æo dks 60ºC ls 50ºC rd B.Mk gksus esa fdruk le;
bl Formula dk iz;ksx nks pj.k esa gksxkA izFke pj.k esa yxsxk] ;fn okrkoj.k dk rki 30ºC gS\
K dk eku fudkysaxs] tcfd f}rh; pj.k esa t (le;)
Sol. 70ºC ls 60ºC gksus esaµ
fudkysaxsA
Q1 = 70ºC, Q2 = 60ºC, t = 5, q = 30ºC
1. ,d pk; dk rkieku 80ºC ls 70ºC gksus esa 10
minute le; yxrk gSA ;fn dejs dk rkieku 30°C Q1 − Q 2  Q +Q  
= K   1 2
− θ 

gks rks bl pk; dks 70 ls 60 gksus fdruk le; yxsxk\
t   2  
Sol. 80 ls 70 gksus esaµQ1 = 80, Q2 = 70, t = 10, Q = 30ºC   70 + 60  
70 − 60
= K    − 30
 
Q1 − Q2   Q +Q   5   2  
= K   1 2
− θ 


t 
  2 
  10   130  
= K    − 30

80 − 70   80 + 70   5   2  
= K    − 30


10 
  2   
2 = K[65 – 30]

10   150   2 = K × 35

= K    − 30

10   2   2
k = 35
1 = K (75 – 30)
vc 60ºC ls 50ºC gksus esa le;µ
1 = K 45
1 Q1 − Q 2  Q +Q  
K =
45 = K   1 2
 – θ
t   2  
vc 70 ls 60 gksus esa le;µ
Q1 − Q2   Q +Q   60 − 50 2   60 + 50  

= K  
1 2
− θ  =  – 30
 
t   2   t 35   2  

70 − 60 1   70 + 60  

=   − 30 10 2   110  

t 45   2   =  − 30 
t 35   2  
10 1   130  

=  − 30  10 2
t 45   2   = [55 – 30]
t 35
10 1
= [65 − 30] 10 2
t 45 = × 25
t 35
45 × 10 = 35t

450
t = 10 × 35 = 2 × 25 × t 50t = 350
35
350
90 t=
t = 50
7
t = 12.8 minute t = 7 minutes

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ok"iu (Evaporation) mQ"ekxfrdh dk fu;e
™ nzo dh lrg dh mQ"ek ysdj Åij mM+ tkuk ok"iu dgykrk (Law of thermodynamics)
gSA ftl LFkku ls ok"iu gksrk gS ogka dk rkieku ?kV tkrk gS ™ m"ekxfrdh dk izFke fu;e (First Law of Therm-
vkSj oLrq B.Mh gks tkrh gSA odynamics)µ;g fu;e ÅtkZ laj{k.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA blds
™ nSfud mnkgj.kµ vuqlkj fdlh fudk; (flLVe) dks nh xbZ dqy ÅtkZ u"V
(i) ?kM+s dk ikuh B.Mk jgrk gSA
ugha gksrh] cfYd nks Hkkx esa [kpZ gksrh gSA
(ii) ilhuk lw[kus ij B.M dk v,lklA ) igyk Hkkx vkUrfjd ÅtkZ dks c<+kus esa [kpZ gks tkrk gSA

(iii) dqÙkk xehZ ds fnu esa thHk ckgj dj nsrk gSA

'ks"k cph ÅtkZ ls dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
(iv) B.M ds fnu esa mQ"ek cpkus ds fy, ifÙk;k¡ fxjk nsrk Q =∆u + w
gSA ™ mQ"ekxfrdh dk f}rh; fu;e (Second Law of Therm-
odynamics)µ;g fu;e mQ"ek ds izokg dks n'kkZrk gSA blds
dk;Z o Å"ek dh rqY;rk
(Equivalence of Work and Heat) vuqlkj xeZ oLrq ls BaMh oLrq dh vksj tkrh gS vkSj ;g izokg
rc rd gksrk gS tc rd nksuksa dk rkieku cjkcj u gks tk,
™ Å"ek rFkk dk;Z dh rqY;rk dk ifjek.kkRed vè;;u twy vFkkZr~ tc rd nksuksa lkE; voLFkk esa u vk tk,A
uked oSKkfud us foLr`r :i esa fd;k rFkk fu"d"kZ fudkyk
™ mQ"ekxfrdh dk r`rh; fu;e (Third Law of Thermo-
fd 4.18 × 103 twy dk;Z ls mruh gh o`f¼ gksrh gS ftruh
dynamics)µbls 'kwU; fu;e Hkh dgrs gSaA blds vuqlkj ;fn
fd 1 fdyks dSyksjh Å"ek lsA
A, B ds mQ"eh; lkE; dh fLFkfr esa rFkk B, C ds mQ"eh;
™ 1 fdyks dSyksjh = 4.18 × 103 twy ;k 4.18 twy lkE; dh fLFkfr esa gS rks A, C ds m"eh; lkE; dh fLFkfr esa
vr% ;fn Q dSyksjh Å"ek] W twy dk;Z ds rqY; gks rks] gksxkA

W = 4.18Q batu (Engine)

™ 4.18 ,d ifjorZu xq.kkad gSA bls Å"ek dk ;kaf=kd rqY;kad ™ ;g m"eh; mtkZ dks ;kaf=kd mQtkZ esa cnyrk gSA ;g nks izdkj
dgrs gSaA dk gksrk gSA
™ bls 'J' ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA W = JQ 1- cká ngu batu (External Combustion Engine)
J = 4.18 twy@dSyksjh 2- vkUrfjd ngu batu (Internal Combustion Engine)
1. Hkki dh xqIr Å"ek 536 dSyksjh@xzke gS rks twy@fdxzk 1. cká ngu batu (External Combustion Engine)µblesa
esa bldk eku D;k gksxk\ ikuh dks mckydj igys Hkki cuk fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ml Hkki
536dy
S kjsh dks ikbi ds ekè;e ls Piston rd ys tkrs gSaA ;g vkdkj esa
Sol. 536 dSyksjh@xzke =
1xkze cgqr cM+k gksrk gSA ftl LFkku ij ikuh [kkSyk;k tkrk gS] mls
536 × 4.2 twy Boiler dgrs gSaA
= 1
fdxkz
100
= 2.25 × 106
twy@fdxzk-
2. 1000 fdyks dSyksjh Å"ek mRiUu djus gsrq fdrus twy Boiler
dk;Z djuk iM+sxk\
Sol. lw=k] W = JQ

W = 4.18 × 103 × 1000 twy

xfr fLFkj

= 4.18 × 106 twy

vkx
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2. vkarfjd ngu batu (Internal Combustion Engine)µ blesa ™ Mhty batu (Diesel Engine)–blesa b±èku ds :i esa Mhty
b±èku dks batu ds vUnj gh tyk;k tkrk gSA b±èku tyus ds dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS vkSj
ckn fiLVu mQij&uhps ?kwe ldrk gSA tks Fuel Tank dh vfèkd Vibrate djrk gSA bls tykus ds fy, vR;fèkd Air
lgk;rk ls Cranck dks ?kqek nsrk gSA Cranck nkc dks ?kw.kZu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bls Air Supply dks iwjk djus ds
xfr esa cny nsrk gSA fy, ,d Fan yxk;k tkrk gSA ftls Turbo Air ;k Turbo
Cylinder 30ºCC 30ºCC 30ºCC 30ºCC
dgrs gSa bl Fan dks pykus ds fy, cM+h cSVjh dh vko';drk
Piston
gksrh gSA
) ckbd esa Petrol batu dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA Mhty batu
Connecting
Rod
dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd Mhty batu vR;fèkd
'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA blesa turbo fan yxkus ls ;g cgqr
cM+k gks tkrk gSA
ozSQUd ozSQUd
'kÝV ™ batu dh n{krk (Engine Efficiency)µbatu esa ftl LFkku
Engine = 120º CC ij mQ"ek curh gS mls Source dgrs gSaA Source }kjk cuh
mQ"ek tc Crank ij igq¡prh gSA mls eksjh dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh
™ tc flfy.Mj dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh gS rks lHkh ØSUd dks batu 100% n{k ugha gksrk gSA
vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, Øsad 'kÝV dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
) flfy.Mj esa tkus okyh Fuel dks CC (Cubic Centimeter) Q1 − Q2
esa ekirs gSaA lHkh flfy.Mj ds CC dks tksM+dj batu dh =
n{krk (η ) × 100
Q1
{kerk dks CC fudkyrs gSaA cM+s engine dh {kerk dks
litre esa ekirs gSaA
tgka Q1 = source dh mQtkZ
Ex :– Car = 1.6 l
1.6 × 1000 = 1600 CC Q2 = eksjh esa Hksth xbZ mQtkZ
™ Two Stock Engine–blesa ,d ckj fuel tyus ls 2 stock 1. ,d batu sources ls 1200 Cal mQtkZ ysrk gSa tcfd
yxrs gSaA ;g engine vfèkd èkq¡vk nsrk gSA ;g batu de eksjh dks 800 Cal ÅtkZ nsrk gSA rks batu dh {kerk D;k
ekbyst nsrk gSA gS\
) Vªsu esa blh batu dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Sol. 1200 − 800 × 100
) Vªsu dk batu 2 Stock vkSj 16 flfy.Mj dk gksrk gSA 1200
) Vªsu batu 7 litre Mhty ij 1 fdeh-pyrk gSA
™ Four Stock Engine–blesa ,d ckj fuel tyus ls pkj stock 400 100 1
× 100 = = 33 =33.33%
yxrs gSaA ;g de èkq¡vk nsrk gSA fdarq vfèkd ekbyst nsrk gSA 1200 3 3
orZeku esa vfèkdrj blh batu dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA
(i) Intake Stock ) rkieku ds vkèkkj ij batu dh n{krk
(ii) Compression Stock
T1 − T2
(iii) Combustion Stock =η × 100
(iv) Exhouste Stock T1
™ isVªksy batu (Petrol Engine)– blesa b±èku ds :i esa Petrol tgk¡ T1 = batu dk vfèkdre rkieku
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;g de 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS ftl dkj.k
de dEiUu djrk gSA bls tyus ds fy, de O2 dh T2 = batu dk U;wure rkieku
vko';drk gksrh gS ftl dkj.k ,d Air Pipe dks Fuel Tank
esa tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g Air Fuel ds lkFk feydj ™ ;gk¡ rkieku dks dsfYou esa ysrs gSa tcfd iz'u esa lsfYl;l
Engine esa iz;ksx djrk gSA esa fn;k jgrk gSA
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2. ,d batu vfèkdre 727°C ij dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ™ EBD (Electronic Brake Force Distribution)µ ;g Brake
tcfd U;wure 27°C ij dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA bldh dks pDds ds yksM ds vuqlkj ckaV nsrk gSA tgk¡ yksM vfèkd
n{krk Kkr djsaA gksrk gS ml pDds ij czsd vfèkd yxrk gSA
Sol. T1= 727ºC = (727 + 273)K = 1000K ™ BA (Brake Assist)µvpkud czsd yxkus ls nq?kVZuk dh
lEHkkouk gksrh gSA BA vpkud Break ugha yxkrs gSa cfYd
T2 = 27ºC = (27 + 273)K = 300K
,d fuf'pr vuqikr esa czsd yxrk gSA ftlls xkM+h larqyu esa
T1 − T2 jgsA
=η × 100
T1 ™ Suspensionµiwjh xkM+h dk larqyu cukus dk dke Suspensions

1000K − 300K djrk gSA
= × 100 ™ Spring Suspensionµ;g cgqr vkjkenk;d gksrk gSS fdUrq
1000K
700K vfèkd yksM ugha jksd ldrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Luxary xkfM+;ksa
= × 100 esa djrs gaSA
1000K
™ Leaf Suspensionµ;g vkjkenk;d ugha gksrk gS] fdUrq cgqr
= 70% vfèkd yksM jksdrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Vªd cl esa djrs gSaA
™ Dyp (Cloch)µ;g batu ,oa xkM+h dks tksM+us dk dke djrk
gSA tc Dyp nck nsrs gS rks Engine vkSj xkM+h dk Relation
VwV tkrk gS vkSj xkM+h dsoy Mxjrh gSA
™ xh;jµ;g batu }kjk cuk;k x;k power dh ek=kk dks fuèkkZfjr
djrk gS vkSj power distribute djrk gSA
™ ,DlysVjµ;g fiLVj ds xfr dks c<+k ;k ?kVk dj Speed dks
Spring Suspensio leaf Suspension
c<+krk&?kVkrk gSA
™ Rear Wheel driveµblesa batu xkM+h ds fiNys pDosQ dks
™ Seat beltµ;g Accident ds le; O;fDr dks ckgj ugha
pykrk gSA ;gh Å¡ph xkfM+;ksa esa yxk;k tkrk gSA tks yksM fudyus nsrk gSA ;g vkjke ls [khapus ij fudyrk gSA fdUrq
vfèkd ysrh gSA >VosQ ls [khapus ij ;g lock gks tkrk gSA
™ Air Bagµnq?kZVuk gksus ds fLFkfr esa blesa gok Hkj tkrh gS
Ex :– Truck, Geep, Bolero
ftlls O;fDr dks pksV de yxrh gSA blesa lksfM;e ,tksbV
™ Front Wheel Driveµblesa batu xkM+h ds vxys pDosQ dks (NaN3) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
pykrk gSA ;g NksVh xkfM+;ksa esa iz;ksx gksrk gSa blesa power de ™ Stearing Wheelµ;s pDds dks fn'kk iznku djrk gSA
gksrk gSA ) tc Stearing Wheel vkxs&ihNs Adjust gks lds] rks mls
Ex :– Car teliscope dgrs gSaA blds lkFk gh ;g mQij uhps Hkh gks
™ Four Wheel Drive or Four by fourµblesa batu pkjksa pDds ldrk gSA ftls tilte dgrs gSaA
dks pykrk gSA ;g jsfxLrkuh {ks=k ;k ysuk esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA ™ eiQyj (Muffler)µ;g xkfM+;ksa ds lSysalj esa yxk jgrk gS
;g lcls 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA tks vkokt de djrk gSA cqysV ;k ljdl okyh eksVj
lkbfdy esa eiQyj fudky fn;k jgrk gS ftl dkj.k ;s cgqr
™ Brakeµ;g xkM+h dks jksdus dk dke djrk gSA ;s 400 °C
vfèkd vkokt djrs gSaA lM+d ds fdukjs yxs isM+ ikS/s dks
rkieku lg ldrk gSA
xzhu eiQyj dgrs gSaA
™ Hand Brakeµbls Emergency Break Hkh dgrs gaSA ;g xkM+h ™ lerkih; izØe (Isothermal)µ;g izØe ftlesa mQ"ek rks
dks yq<+dus ls jksdrk gS ftl dkj.k bldk iz;ksx xkM+h ikdZ fn;k tkrk gS fdUrq ml mQ"ek ls rkieku ugha c<+rk gS og
gSA ;g lcls 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA mQ"ek dk;Z djus esa [kpZ gks tkrk gS] vr% bl izØe esa
™ ABS (Anti Lock Breaking System)µ;g Brake yxkus ds lokZfèkd dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g izØe èkhek gksrk gS
ckn pDosQ dks tke gksus ls jksdrk gS rkfd xkM+h fiQlys D;ksafd rst izØe esa rkieku c<+ tk,xk vkSj /hek rkieku esa
ughaA ?kV tk,xkA
HkkSfrd foKku 65
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Ex :– ciZQ rFkk ekse dk xyukA 1. ,d oLrq dh Enthaply 6 KJ/K gSA bl fudk; dh
Q=∆+w vkUrfjd mQtkZ 2 J gks tkrk gSA ;fn bldk vk;ru 2m3
Q=O+w gks rks bldk nkc fudkysaA
Q =W Sol. H = U + pV
T , P, V T , P, V 6 = 2+P×2
P × 2 = 4
Work = Max
P = 2
™ :¼ks"e izØe (Adiobetic Process)µ;g izØe ftlesa ckgj ™ Entropy (mQ"ek gkfu)µfdlh oLrq dh mQ"ek [kksus dh
ls mQ"ek ugha fn;k tkrk gS] cfYd vkUrfjd v.kqvksa esa xfr fØ;k Entropy dgykrh gSA oLrq ftruh xfr'khy gksxh
vR;f/d rst gks tkus ds dkj.k mu v.kqvksa esa mQtkZ mRiUu (Randomness) mldh Entropy mruh vf/d gksxh vkSj og
gks tkrh gS vkSj blh vkUrfjd mQtkZ ls os dk;Z djrs gSaA tYnh BaMk gksxkA
™ ;g izØe cgqr gh rst gksrk gSA blesa fd;k x;k dk;Z xSl > nzo > Bksl
Í.kkRed gksrk gSA Ex :– crZu ds mQij <Ddu yxkus ls xSl dh xfr de gks
Ex :– Vk;j ;k xqCckjs dk iQVukA tkrh gS ftl dkj.k Entropy Hkh de gks tkrh gS vkSj mQ"ek
Q =∆u + ω gkfu de gksrh gSA
O =∆u + ω
2. fn, x, fp=k esa fdldh Entropy vf/d gksxh vFkkZr~
igys dkSu BaM+k gksxk\
∆u =−ω
:¼ks"e izØe ik;lu xq.kkad ij vk/kfjr gSA
™ CP (Specific Heat and Constant Pressure)µtc fdlh
oLrq dh fof'k"V mQ"ek fLFkj nkc ij fudkyh tkrh gS rks mls (A) (B)
CP dgrs gSaA Sol. (b) blesa v.kq txg ds vHkko eas rsth ls ?kwesxkA
™ CV (Specific Heat and Constant Volume)µtc fdlh oLrq ™ Degree of FreedomµdksbZ oLrq Lora=krkiwoZd ftruh fn'kkvksa
dh fof'k"V mQ"ek fLFkj vk;ru ij fudkyh tkrh gS rks mls esa xfr dj ldrh gS mls Degree of Freedom dgrs gSaA
CV dgrs gSaA ™ vkxs ihNs djuk Degree of Freedom ,d gksrk gSA
Ex : – (i) CP > Cv Ex :– jLlh ;k nhokj ij p<+ukA
Lift ;k Train dh xfrA
(ii) CP − Cv =
R (es;j xq.kkad) ™ tc dksbZ oLrq vkxs&ihNs ds vfrfjDr nkfgus ck,¡ dh xfr
dj ys] rks mldk Degree of Freedom nks gksrk gSA
CP Ex :– eSnku esa py jgk O;fDr] cl] ukoA
(iii) = γ (ik;lu xq.kkad) ™ tc dksbZ oLrq vkxs&ihNs rFkk mQij&uhps ds vfrfjDr
CV
nkfgus&ck,a Hkh xfr djsa] rks mldk Degree of Freedom rhu
™ Enthaply (mQ"ek xzg.k)µfdlh oLrq ds }kjk mQ"ek lks[kus gksrk gSA
dh fØ;k dks Enthaply dgrs gSa] bls H }kjk fn[kk;k tkrk Ex :– ok;q;ku] i{kh] iuMqCch] mM+rk iraxA
gSA ™ rki izo.krk (Temperature Gradient)µnks lerkih; IysVks
H= U + pV dks tc cgqr gh djhc j[krs gSa rks mudh mQtkZ gkfu dh nj
?kV tkrh gS] bl fudk; dks Temperature gradient dgrs
U = vkUrfjd mQtkZ gSaA
P = Pressure rki esa ifjorZu
rki izo.krk =
nwjh
V = Volume

HkkSfrd foKku 66
mQ"ek
3. nks lerkih; IysV ds chp dh nwjh 10 cm gSA ;fn 1. ,d oLrq dk rkieku 400 k gSA blls mRlftZr gksus
budh rki izo.krk 15 k/m gS rks buds rki esa fdruk okys mQ"ek dh ek=kk Kkr djsaA
ifjorZu gksxk\ Sol. T = 400k
Sol. rki izo.krk = 15 k/m
e = sT4
nwjh = 10 cm = 0.1 m 4
e = s(400k)
rki esa ifjorZu = ? ™ vkisf{kd vkæZrk (Relative Humidity) %fdlh fuf'pr
rki eas ifjorZu rkiØe ij fuf'pr vk;ru esa mifLFkr tyok"i dh ek=kk
rki esa izo.krk = rFkk mlh rki ij mlh vk;ru dh ok;q dks lar`Ir djus ds
njwh
fy, vko';d tyok"i dh ek=kk ds vuqikr dks vkisf{kr
vknzZrk dgrs gSaA
x
15 = vkisf{kd vkæZrk&
0.1
iLzrrq tyok"i dk nkc
x = 1.5 K = × 100%
mlh rki ij tyok"i dk lar`Ir nkc
LVhiQu dk fu;e (Stefan's Law)
™ vkisf{kd vknzZrk vfèkd gksus ij o"kkZ gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh
™ fdlh oLrq }kjk mQtkZ mRltZu dh nj mlds ijerki ds gSA
prqFkZ?kkr ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
™ vknzZrk ekius ds fy, vknZzrkekih ;a=k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
e a T4 ;k e = sT4 gSA
) ‘s’ ,d fu;rkad gS ftls ^LVhiQu dk fu;rkad* dgrs gaSA
2 4 ™ vknzZrk ds c<+us ij ok;q esa èofu dk osx c<+ tkrk gSA
) bldk ek=kd twy@ehVj &lsd.M gksrk gSA
™ ekuo ds LokLF; ds fy, vuqdwyu vkisf{kd vknzZrk 60–65%
™ LVhiQu fu;rkad dk eku 5.67× 10–8 okV@ehVj2 dsfYou4 gksrk gksrh gSA
gSA

HkkSfrd foKku 67
rjax

vè;k; rjax
14 (Wave)

™ fdlh LFkku ij mRiUu daiu ;k fo{kksHk dks rjax dgrs gSaA ) budh ikl mQtkZ rFkk laosx nksuksa gksrk gSA
™ fo{kksHk ds vkxs c<+us dh izfØ;k dks rjax xfr dgrs gSaA ) budh mQtkZ budh vko`fÙk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
Ex. - (i) 'kkar ty esa iRFkj ds VqdM+s ekjus ij mRiUu
E = hu vko`fÙk
fo{kksHkA
(ii) jLlh ds ,d fljs dks idM+dj >Vdus ij fo{kksHk mQtkZ
Iykad
dk gksukA fu;rkad
™ rjax nks izdkj dh gksrh gSµ
h = 6.6 × 10–34 Joule/Sec
1- fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax (Electromagnetic Wave)
™ o.kZiV~V (Spectrum)–fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.kksa dk fofHkUu
2- ;kaf=kd rjax (Mechanical Wave) rjaxnSè;Z o vkÑfr dk vk/kj vè;;u djuk o.kZV~V
rjax (Wave) (Spectrum) dgykrk gSA

Deviation Screen
angle Red

}
fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax ;kaf=kd rjax ht
lig n
Orange

Spectrum of
White light
t e
hi su
Electromagnetic Wave Mechanical Wave Yellow
W rom Green
f Blue
Glass prism Indigo
Violet
vuqnSè;Z rjax vuqizLFk rjax V I B G Y O R
(Longitudinal Wave) (Transverse Wave) Voilet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

™ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax (Electromagnetic Wave)µbls pyus Remark :-

ds fy, ekè;e dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA 1. rjaxnSè;Z (l), Økafrd dks.k] osx dk c<+rs ØeA
Ex. – izdk'k rjaxsa] vojDr fdj.ksa] xkek fdj.ksa rFkk jsfM;ks 2. viorZukad (m), fopyu] izdh.kZu] dk ?kVrk ØeA
rjaxsa vkfnA
) fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa esa fo|qrh; {ks=k rFkk pqEcdh; {ks=k 3. vko`fÙk ,oa mQtkZ dk ?kVrk ØeA
ijLij yEcor~ ryksa esa daiu djrs gSaA ) cSaxuh jax dk fo{ksi.k lcls vf/d rFkk yky jax dk
) fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh fo'ks"krk gS fd os fuokZr esa Hkh fo{ksi.k lcls de gksrk gSA
py ldrh gSa tks iQksVkWu dh cuh gksrh gSA budh pky ) cSaxuh jax dk rjaxnSè;Z lcls de rFkk yky jax dk
izdk'k dh pky ds cjkcj gksrh gSA budk rjaxnSè;Z 10–14 rjaxnSè;Z lcls vf/d gksrk gSA
ls 104m rd gksrh gSA
) ;s fo|qrh; mnklhu gksrh gaS ftl dkj.k ;s fdlh /u ) izdk'k dh rjaxnSè;Z dks ,axLVªke (Angstrom) esa ekirs gSaA
vkos'k rFkk Í.k vkos'k ls fopfyr ugha gksrh gSA budk bls Aº ls lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
LoHkko vuqizLFk gksrk gS ftl dkj.k buesa /zqo.k dh Hkh
1 Å = 10 –10 m
?kVuk ns[kh tkrh gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 68
rjax

vko`fÙk] mQtkZ] Hksnu] {kerk rjaxnSè;Z ¾ nwjh ijkcSaxuh (Ultra Voilet) UV

xk, vfolq bUizQk ekjs ™ bldh [kkst jhVj us dh FkhA bldk rjaxnSè;Z 10–8 ls 10–7m
Radio gksrk gSA
xkek X-Ray UV
Visual Infrared Micro
) buds dkj.k Skin Cancer dk [krjk gksrk gSA
ijkcSaxuh n`'; vojDr lw{e
) ;g thok.kqvksa ds Øksekstkse dks ifjofrZr dj nsrh gS ftl
™ xkek fdj.k (g Ray)µ bldh Hksnu {kerk lokZf/d gksrh gSA dkj.k bldk iz;ksx ikuh 'kq¼ djus ds fy, Ro e'khu esa
bldk rjaxnSè;Z 10–14 ls 10–10m ds chp gksrk gSA budh djrs gSaA
vko`fr rFkk mQtkZ vf/dre gksrh gSA ;g 'kjhj esa lcls ) bl gkfudkjd fdj.k dks lerkie.My dk vkstksu Nku
vf/d xgjkbZ rd tkrh gSA ysrk gSA
) bldk iz;ksx] dSalj mipkj] rFkk vuktksa dh dhVksa ls j{kk ) bldh vko`fÙk ifjlj 3.0 × 1016 gV~tZ ls 8.0 × 1014 gVZ~t
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA rd gS rFkk rjaxnSè;Z ifjlj 1.2 ×10–8 ehVj ls 4.0 × 10–7
ehVj rd gSA
) bldk iz;ksx /krq dh pknjksa dks gVkus ds fy, Hkh djrs
) bu fdj.kksa ds }kjk izdk'k oS|qr izHkko mRiUu gksrk gSA
gSaA
1. ,d fo|qr pqacdh; rjax dk rjaxnSè;Z 2000 Å gSA bl
) jsfM;ks ,fDVo inkFkks± ls xkek fdj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA rjax dk uke D;k gS\
) xkek fdj.ksa vkos'kghu gksrh gaSA bu fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx Sol. ijkcSaxuh fofdj.kA
ukfHkdh; fØ;kvksa rFkk Ñf=ke jsfM;ks lfØ;rk mRiUu 2. tkyh nLrkostksa dk irk fdu fdj.kksa }kjk yxk;k tkrk
djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA gS\
) ;s fdj.ksa izLiQqjd inkFkks± rFkk lksfM;e vk;ksMkbM ds insZ Sol. ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa }kjkA
ij ped mRiUu djrh gSaA
™ ,Dl fdj.k (X-Ray) :µbudk rjaxnSè;Z 10–10 ls 10–8m n`'; fdj.ksa (Visible Ray)
gksrk gSA bldh [kkst jksaVtu us dhA ™ bldh [kkst U;wVu us dh FkhA
) gM~Mh] nk¡r rFkk jRu ds tk¡p ds fy, X-Ray dk iz;ksx ) bu fdj.kksa dks ge ns[k ldrs gSaA
djrs gSaA ) buesa lkr jax gksrs gSaA
) X-ray gfM~M;ksa dks ikj ugha dj ldrhA CT Scan esa Hkh ) budk rjaxnSè;Z 3.9 × 10–7 ls 7.8 × 10–7 (3900 Å – 7800
X- fdj.ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Å) gksrk gSA
) vko`fÙk ifjlj 3.0 × 1018 ls 1.0 × 1016 gV~Zt rd ;s ) ;s fdj.ksa iQksVksxzkfiQd IysV ij jklk;fud fØ;k djrh gSaA
fdj.ksa rhozxkeh electrono ds mPp ijek.kq Øekad okys ) ijkorZu] viorZu] O;frdj.k] foorZu] èkqzo.k] izdk'k oS|qr
èkkrqvksa ls Vdjkus ij mRiUu gksrh gSaA izHkko bR;kfn blds egRoiw.kZ xq.k gaSA
) CT Scan (Computer Tomography) esa Multiple X-ray
gksrk gSA vojDr fdj.ksa (Infrared Ray)
) Doctor 6 Rontgen ls de ij X-ray djrk gSA ™ bldh [kkst g'ksZy us dh FkhA
) 20 Rontgen ls vf/d gksus ij O;fDr dh e`R;q gks ldrh ) budk rjaxnSè;Z 7.8 × 10–7 ls 5.0 × 10–3 rd gksrk gSA
gSA ) blls va/sjs esa ckny dks fpM+dj rFkk dksgjs esa ns[k ldrs
) ijek.kq geys ds ckn 250 Rontgen dk X-ray fudyrk gS ftlds dkj.k bldk iz;ksx Night Vision rFkk CCTV
gSA Camera esa djrs gSaA
) bUgha rjaxksa ds dkj.k ok;qe.My xje gksus yxrk gSA
uksV
) bldk iz;ksx ejhtksa dh fldkbZ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
MRI esa Magnetic Wave dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 69
rjax
) Remote Control esa blh rjax dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA uksV
) TV Tower rFkk Mobile tower esa Hkh bUizQkjsM dk iz;ksx
fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh pky ij rkieku nkc rFkk
gksrk gSA
vko`fÙk dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
) buds }kjk Å"ek dk lapj.k gksrk gSA
) budk izdh.kZu yky jax ds n`'; izdk'k ls Hkh de gksrk
gS] blfy, ;s dqgkls o èkqaèk esa Hkh dkiQh nwj rd pyh ;kaf=kd rjaxsa (Mechanical Wave)
tkrh gSaA ™ os rjaxsa] ftudh lapj.k ds fy, ekè;e dh vko';drk gksrh
1. Vh-oh- dks pykus gsrq nwjLFk fu;a=k.k (Remote Control) gS] ;kaf=kd rjaxsa dgykrh gSaA
esa fdl rjax dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\ Ex. – èofu dh rjaxsa] ty dh rjaxsa] fLiazx dh rjaxsaA
Sol. vojDr fofdj.k vFkok jsfM;ks rjaxksa dkA ) ;g fuokZr esa Hkh xeu dj ldrh gSA
 (UPPCS : 2010, 2013, IAS : 2000) ) izR;kLFkrk rFkk tM+Ro ds dkj.k ;kaf=kd rjaxksa dk fdlh
ekè;e esa lapj.k laHko gksrk gSA
lw{e rjaxsa (Micro wave)
) ty dh rjaxsa vuqizLFk rjaxsa gSa tcfd ok;q esa lapfjr èofu
™ bldh [kkst gsujh gV~Zt us dh Fkh rjaxsa o fLizax esa mRiUu rjaxsa vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa gSaA
) budk rjaxnSè;Z 1.0 × 10–3 ls 3.0 × 10 –2 m rd gksrk gSA
) ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaµ
) bldk iz;ksx Setup Box, Dish TV rFkk okguksa dh xfr
ekius okyh Speedometer esa djrs gSaA 1- vuqnSè;Z rjax (Longitudinal Wave)
) bu rjaxksa esa ijkorZu o èkqzo.k dh ?kVuk,a gksrh gSaA 2- vuqizLFk rjax (Transverse Wave)
) budk mRiknu fo'ks"k fuokZfrr ufydk ls fd;k tkrk gSA

jsfM;ks rjaxsa (Radio wave)

™ budk rjaxnSè;Z 1 m ls ysdj 10000 m rd gksrk gSA laihMu fojyu
) Radio izlkj.k] Television rFkk Radar esa Radio rjax dk 1. vuqnSè;Z rjax (Longitudinal Wave) :–
iz;ksx djrs gSaA ™ ;g ekè;e dh fn'kk esa xfr djrh gSA ;g Bksl] nzo rFkk xSl
) RADAR : Radio Ditection and Ranging rhuksa esa xeu dj ldrh gSA
) n`'; izdk'k dh Hkkafr ;s rjaxsa Hkh ijkorZu o foorZu dk
) èofu rjaxksa dh izÑfr vuqnSè;Z gksrh gSA
xq.k j[krh gSaA
) ;g Bksl] nzo rFkk xSl ds lrg ds mQij mRiUu ugha gks
™ fuEufyf[kr rjax fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax ugha gSµ
ldrh] cfYd mlds mQij mRiUu gksrh gSA
1- vYiQk (a)
) ;g lEihMu (Compression) rFkk fojyu (Refraction) ds
2- chVk (b)
3- dSFkksM (Í.k fdj.k) vk/kj ij vkxs c<+rh gS tc lEihMu gksrk gS rks
4- dSuky (/u) rjax fldqM+rk gS ftl dkj.k ekè;e ds d.k nwj gks tkrs
5- èofu rjax (iz?kkrh rjax) gSaA
™ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh pkyµ l = laihMu + fojyu

1 ) fojyu ds nkSjku rjax iSQyrs gSa ftl dkj.k ekè;e ds d.k

V=
m 0ε 0 lehi vk tkrs gSaA
tgk¡ M0 = fuokZr dh pqEcd'khyrk Ex :– èofu rjax] Bksl rFkk nzo ds vUnj mRiUu rjaxA
) eo= fuokZr dh fo|qr'khyrk ) [kqyk gqvk Loj ;a=k esa vuqnSè;Z rjax mRiUu gksrh gSA
) fuokZr esa fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh pky 3 × 108 m/s gksrh Ex :– 'kgukbZ] ck¡lwjh] rcyk] <ksy] DJ] gkjeksfu;e] chu
gSA bR;kfnA
HkkSfrd foKku 70
rjax
™ vuqizLFk rjax (Transverse Wave)µ 2. nks mÙkjksÙkj J`ax o nks mÙkjksÙkj xrZ ds chp dh nwjh
™ ;g ekè;e ds yEcor~ xfr djrh gSA ;g Bksl rFkk nzo ds dks D;k dgrs gSa\
lrg ds mQij mRiUu gksrh gSA Sol. rjaxnSè;Z
3. rjax dh pky dSls Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
) ty dh ygjsa] ruh gqbZ Mksjh] fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax] izdk'k
Sol. rjax (v) dh pky = vko`fÙk (h) × rjaxnSè;Z (l)
;s lHkh vuqizLFk gksrh gSaA
Ex :– flrkj] fxVkj] oh.kk] izdk'k bR;kfnA rjxanèS ;Z
=
) vuqizLFk rjaxsa J`ax rFkk xrZ ds :i esa pyrh gSaA bldk
vkord
Z ky dh lgk;rk ls
mQijh Hkkx Ja`x rFkk fupyk Hkkx xrZ dgykrk gSA 4. fdlh dq.Myhr dekuh esa vuqnSè;Z rjaxksa dk osx 3 m/s
J`ax gSA ;fn nks Øfed laihMuksa ds chp dh nwjh 10 cm gks
rks rjax xfr dh vko`fÙk D;k gksxh\
Sol. V = 3 m/s
1
l = 10 cm = m
xrZ 10
 rjax (v) dh pky = vko`fÙk (h) × rjaxnSè;Z (l)
rjaxnSè;Z (Wavelength) v 3
n= = = 30 Hz
™ ,d rjax dh yackbZ dks rjaxnSè;Z dgrs gSaA λ 1
) ,d J`ax rFkk ,d xrZ dks feykus ls rjax dk fuekZ.k gksrk 10
gSA 5. nksyu djrh gqbZ ,d iV~Vh 30 Sec. esa 180 nksyu iwjk
) nks Øekxr J`axksa (Tough) ds chp dh nwjh dks rjaxnSè;Z djrh gSA ;fn èofu dk osx ok;q esa 330m/s gks rks ok;q
dgrs gSaA esa mRiUu rjax dk rjaxnSè;Z D;k gksxk\
) nks Øekxr xrks± (Crests) ds chp dh nwjh dks rjaxnSè;Z
Sol. 30 Sec. esa 180 nksyu
dgrs gSaA
) ,d rjax esa pkj [kaM gksrs gSaA  1 Sec. esa nksyu = 180
30
Ük`ax n = 6 Hz
rjaxnSè;Z 1 2 V = 330 m/s
l
3 4 V 330
l == = 55 m
n 6
xrZ 6. nks Lojhr f}Hkqtksa (Tunning Fork) dh vko`fÙk 128 Hz
l ,oa 384 Hz gS] rks buds }kjk gok esa mRiUu èofu;ksa
ds rjaxnSè;Z dk vuqikr D;k gksxk\
Sol. n1 = 128 Hz & n2 = 384 Hz
V = nl
l
V
l =
rjax (l) = 4 Hkkx n
 λ  λ1 n 2
vk/k rjax  vc]
=   = 2 Hkkx =
λ 2 n1
 2
1. rjax lapj.k ds lkFk fdl HkkSfrd jkf'k dk lapj.k λ1 384
gksrk gS\ =
λ 2 128
Sol. ÅtkZ dk
\ l1 : l2 = 3 : 1

HkkSfrd foKku 71
rjax
7. tc vko`fÙk nksxquh dh tkrh gS rks rjaxnSè;Z gks tkrk gS m
= 2 Hkkx
Sol. V = nl 2
V m λ
λ= =
n 2 2

1 V
vc] λ= × M = l
2 n

 1 rjax µ l = M
\ rjaxnSè;Z vk/k   gks tk,xkA
 2
8. ,slh rjaxsa ftudk èkqzohdj.k ugha gks ldrk] dgykrh gSa 11. nks yxkrkj J`ax ds chp dh nwjh D;k gksxh\
Sol.
Sol. vuqnSè;Z
9. èofu rjaxksa dks ;kaf=kd rjaxsa D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\
Sol. D;ksafd buesa ekè;e ds d.kksa dk nksyu ;kaf=kdh ds
fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
10. ,d rjax ds J`ax ,oa xrZ dh nwjh m/2 gS rks bldk 1 2 5 6
rjaxnSè;Z fdruk gksxk\ 3 4

Sol.
nks J`ax = 4 Hkkx

m/2
rjaxnSè;Z = l

HkkSfrd foKku 72
èofu

vè;k; èofu
15 (Sound)

™ èofu ,d ;kaf=kd rjax gSA bls pyus ds fy, ekè;e (Bksl] 3. ijkJO; (Ultra-Sonic Wave)%& bldh vko`fÙk 20,000 Hz ls
nzo rFkk xSl) dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vfèkd gksrh gS ftl dkj.k ekuo bls ugha lqu ldrkA
) ;g d.kksa ds daiu ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA ) lksukj (Sonar), MkWfYiQu] pexknM+] jkWdsV rFkk xkYVu ds
) èofu osQ vè;;u dks Acoustics dgk tkrk gSA flVh esa ijkJO; rjaxsa gksrh gSaA
) Bksl] nzo rFkk xSl ds vUnj èofu vuqnSè;Z gksrh gSA ) pexknM+ viuh vkokt+ ls 1 lac Hz Frequency okyh

) nzo rFkk Bksl ds vanj èofu vuqnSè;Z fdarq Bksl ds Åij

ijkJO; èofu mRiUu djrh gS vkSj ijkorZu ds fl¼kar ij
vuqizLFk gksrh gSA viuk ekxZ r; djrh gSA
) pexknM+ ijkJO; èofu ds iz;ksx djds izfrèofu ds
1. èofu rjaxsa gksrh gSa&
(a) vuqizLFk
ekè;e ls jkLrk ;k vojksèk dk irk yxkrk gSA
(b) vuqnSè;Z ) egaxh ?kM+h rFkk diM+ksa dks lkiQ djus ds fy, ijkJO;
(c) nksuksa èofu rjax dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(d) dSFkksM Ans. (b) vuqnSè;Z ) leqnz dh xgjkbZ o mlesa Mwch oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr dk irk
yxkus ds fy, SONAR (Sound Navigation of Ranging)
uksV
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;g izfrèofu ds fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrk
èofu rjaxksa ds vfrfjDr lHkh rjaxsa vuqizLFk gksrh gSaA gSA
™ vko`fÙk ds vkèkkj ij èofu rjaxksa dk foHkktu& ) SONAR esa ijkJO; èofu rjaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

vko`fÙk ds vkèkkj ij èofu dks rhu Hkkx esa ck¡Vrs gSa& ) ijkJO; èofu mRiUu djus ds fy, nkc fo|qr izHkko
(1) JO; rjax (Audible Wave) (Piezo electric effect ) dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

(2) voJO; rjax (Infrasonic Wave) ) Ñf"k esa dhVksa dks u"V djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k
(3) ijkJO; rjax (Ultrasonic Wave) tkrk gSA
1. JO; rjax (Audible Wave) %& budh vko`fÙk 20 Hz ls ) fpfdRlk esa bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
20,000 Hz (20Hz ls 20 KHz) ds chp gksrh gSA ekuo bls ) ECG (Electro-Cardio-Graphy) esa bldk iz;ksx djrs
lqu ldrk gSA bldk dku ij izHkko 1@10 lsds.M rd jgrk gSaA
gSA ) Ultrasonographic(Hkzw.k dh tkap] iFkjh] V~;wej) esa bldk
2. viJO; rjax (Infra-Sonic Wave)%& bldh vko`fÙk 20 Hz iz;ksx djrs gSaA
ls de gksrh gS ftl dkj.k lqukbZ ugha nsrh gS fdUrq dqÙkk] ) ijkJO; èofu dk mi;ksx èkkrq ds CykWdksa esa njkjksa dk irk
fcYyh tSls tkuoj lqu ldrs gSaA yxkus ds fy, djrs gSaA
) viJO; rjaxsa cM+s èofu lzksr ;k oLrqvksa }kjk mRiUu dh ) èofu pky ds vkèkkj ij èofu dk foHkktu %&èofu
tkrh gSaA dh pky 332 m/s gksrh gSA bldh [kkst ykikykDl us dh
Ex :– HkwdEi ds nkSjku i`Foh ls mRiUu rjaxsaA FkhA vo = 332 m/s
) ân; ds daiu ls viJO; rjax mRiUu gksrh gSA ) oLrq dh pky dks v ls n'kkZrs gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 73
èofu
™ pky ds vkèkkj ij èofu dks rhu Hkkx esa ck¡Vrs gSaµ eSd la[;k = 5
(i) v1 < vo (Subsonic) oLrq dh pky
eSd la[;k =
èofu dh pky
(ii) v > vo (Supersonic) x
5 =
(iii) v > vo × 5 (Hypersonic)
330
x = 1650 Ans.
1. Subsonic :– tc oLrq dh pky èofu dh pky ls de gks]
rks ml Subsonic dgrs gSaA ™ èofu dh pky dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdµ
Ex :– ok;q;ku] gsyhdkWIVj rFkk Subsonic felkbyA gok dh pky = Bksl > nzo > xSl (fuokZr = 0)
™ fofHkUu ekè;eksa esa èofu dh pky
) Hkwfe ij pyus okys lHkh oLrq,a Subsonic gksrh gSaA
2. Supersonic :– tc oLrq dh pky èofu dh pky ls vfèkd voLFkk inkFkZ pky (m/s) esa
gks] rks mls Supersonic dgrs gSaA fuosQy (25ºC) 6040
) yM+kdw foeku rFkk felkby dh pky Super-sonic gksrh gSA LVhy (25ºC) 5960
Bksl
3. Hypersonic :– tc oLrq dh pky èofu dh pky ds 5 yksgk (25ºC) 5950
xq.kk ls Hkh vfèkd gks tk,] rks mls Hyper-sonic dgrs gSaA ihry (25ºC) 4700
Ex :– vfXu–5 felkbyA leqnz ty (25ºC) 1533
™ iz?kkrh rjax (Shock Wave)µtc fdlh ok;q;ku dh pky nzo ty (0ºC) 1402
Supersonic ;k Hypersonic gksrh gS rks og vius ihNs ,d ,FksukWy (25ºC) 1144
[krjukd 'kaDokdkj rjax cukrh gSaA bUgha rjaxksa dks (iz?kkrh gkbMªkstu (0ºC) 1286
rjax ;k èofu cqEc) Shock Wave dgrs gSaA ;s vR;fèkd ok;q (0ºC) 331
'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gaS vkSj Hkouksa dks fxjk nsrh gaSA blh dkj.k xSl
vkWDlhtu (0ºC) 316
Supersonic tgktksa dks vfèkd ÅapkbZ ij mM+k;k tkrk gSA ok;q (20ºC) 343

™ gkbxsUl dk f}rh;d rjafxdk dk fl¼kar (Secondary

Waves Theory of Hygens)–
) gkbxsUl us fdlh ekè;e esa rjaxksa ds lapj.k dh O;k[;k
djus ds fy, ,d fl¼kar izfrikfnr fd;k ftls gkbxsUl
dk f}rh;d rjafxdkvksa dk fl¼kar dgrs gSaA
(i) tc fdlh ekè;e esa fLFkr rjax&Ïksr ls rjaxsa
™ eSd la[;k (Mech Number)%&blds }kjk mPp xfr dks fudyrh gSa] rks rjax Ïksr ds pkjksa vksj fLFkr ekè;e
n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA Supersonic ;k Hypersonic oLrqvksa dh pky ds d.k daiu djus yxrs gSaA
eSd la[;k esa n'kkZrs gSaA yM+kdw foeku] felkby dh pky dks ) ekè;e esa og i`"B ftlesa fLFkr lHkh d.k leku dyk esa
eSd la[;k }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA daiu djrs gSa] rjax dgrs gSaA
oLrq dh pky (ii) ekè;e esa f}rh;d rjafxdk,¡ mlh pky ls vkxs dh
S l[a;k =
ed
èofu dh pky (330m / s ) vksj c<+rh gSa ftl pky ls izkFkfed rjaxsa vkxs c<+rh
1. ,d oLrq dh pky 660 m/s gSA bldh eSd la[;k Kkr gSaA
djsaA 1. nkc (Pressure)µ èofu dh pky ij nkc dk dksbZ izHkko ugha
Sol. eSd la[;k =
660
= 2 Ans.
iM+rk gSA
330 2. ?kuRo rFkk izR;kLFkrk (Density & Elasticity)µ?kuRo rFkk
2. fdlh oLrq dh pky de&ls&de fdruh j[kh tk, dh izR;kLFkrk dk èofu dh pky ij lhèkk izHkko iM+rk gSA
og Hypersonic gks tk,A izR;kLFkrk c<+us ij èofu dh pky c<+rh gS vkSj izR;kLFkrk
Sol. For Hypersonic ?kVus ls èofu dh pky ?kVrh gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 74
èofu
) fuokZr dh izR;kLFkrk 'kwU; gksrh gS vr% fuokZr esa èofu 2. ;fn 27°C ij èofu dh pky z gS rks 327° C ij èofu
dh pky 'kwU; gksrh gSA dh pky fdruh gksxh\
) fuokZr esa èofu mRiUu gksrh gS ysfdu lqukbZ ugha nsrh gSA z = 27 + 273
Sol.
) izR;kLFkrk = Bksl > nzo > xSl v2 327 + 273
) èofu ds osx = Bksl > nzo > xSl
z = 300
uksV v2 600

lcls vfèkd izR;kLFkrk DokV~tZ dkap dh gksrh gSA mlds

ckn bLikr dh gksrh gS blfy, èofu dk osx lcls vfèkd z = 300
v2 600
DokV~tZ dkap esa gksrk gS ,oa mlds ckn LVhy esa gksrk gSA
1. fuEufyf[kr esa fdlesa èofu dh pky vfèkd gksxh\ z = 1
(a) ydM+h
v2 2
(b) ty z = 1
(c) LVhy v2 2
(d) ok;q  Ans. (d) LVhy
v2 = 2 z Ans.
3. vkæZrk (Humidity)µvknzZrk rFkk èofu dh pky esa lhèkk
lacaèk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vknzZrk esa èofu dh pky c<+ tkrh gSA 3. fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr esa dc èofu dh pky vfèkdre
;gh dkj.k gS fd cjlkr ds ckn èofu dh pky c<+ tkrh gksxh\
gSA blh dkj.k o"kkZ gksus ds ckn èofu rst lqukbZ nsrk gSA (a) 20°C rFkk mPp vknzZrk
) vknzZrk c<+us ij ok;qe.My dk ?kuRo ?kVrk gS rFkk vknzZrk (b) 60° C rFkk fuEu vknzZrk
?kVus ij ok;qe.My dk ?kuRo c<+rk gSA (c) 60° C rFkk mPp vknZzrk
(d) 70°C rFkk fuEu vknzZrk
4. rkieku (Temperature)µrkieku rFkk èofu dh pky esa
lekuqikrh lEcUèk gksrk gSA rkieku c<+us ls èofu dh pky Ans. (c) 60°C rFkk mPp vknzZrk
c<+ tkrh gSA 5. v.kqHkkj (Molecular Weight)µ
v1 T v.kqHkkj c<+us ls èofu dh pky ?kV tkrh gSA
v∝ T = 1
v2 T2
v∝ 1
tgka v = osx
rFkk T = dsfYou esa rkieku m
) 1° C rkieku c<+us ij èofu dh pky esa 0.62 m/s dh
o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA v1 m2
= tgk¡ m = v.kqHkkj] v = pky
1. 15° C ij èofu dh pky ;fn 340 m/s gS rks 65° C v2 m1
rkieku ij èofu dh pky fdruh gksxh&
) Hkkjh xSl esa èofu dh pky de gksrh gSA blh dkj.k dksgjs
Sol. 15° C = 340 m/s esa èofu dh pky ?kV tkrh gSA
65°C = ? ) gYdh xSl esa èofu dh pky vfèkd gksrh gS] blhfy,
1°C rki c<+us ij 0.62 m/s pky esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA lcls gYdh xSl gkbMªkstu vFkkZr~ bl xSl esa èofu dh
pky lokZfèkd gksxhA
\ 50°C c<+us ij pky esa o`f¼ = 50 × 0.62 = 31 m/s
) lcls Hkkjh xSl VaxLVu gsDlk ÝyksjkbM (WF6) gSA blhfy,
65°C rkieku ij èofu dh pky = 340 + 31 = 371 m/s blesa èofu dh osx lcls de gksxkA
HkkSfrd foKku 75
èofu
1. ;fn Hydrogen gas esa èofu dh pky 330 m/s gS rks 1. rhozrk (Intensity)µ ;g èofu dh izcyrk dks n'kkZrk gSA
vkWDlhtu (O2) xSl esa fdruh gksxh\ rhozrk c<+us ls èofu rst lqukbZ nsxh vkSj ?kVus ij èofu èkheh
v1 m2
lqukbZ nsxhA
Sol. =
v2 m1 ) rhozrk vk;ke dks n'kkZrk gSA

16 ) ;fn vk;ke vfèkd gksxk] rks rhozrk vfèkd gksxhA

330 32 = 32
v2 = =4
2 2
330 = 4 T;knk de
v2
) rhozrk ∝ (vk;ke)2
) rhozrk dk SI ek=kd Micro watt / m2 gksrk gSA bls lkekU;r%
v2 = 330 Mslhcy esa n'kkZrs gSaA
4
) èofu dh rhozrk csy (Bell) ;k Mslhcy (dB) esa O;Dr
v2 = 82.5 m/s dh tkrh gS ,oa bls vkWfM;ks lh ehVj }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
2. fdl rkieku ij èofu dh pky 0°C ij èofu dh ) 1 bell = 10 Mslhcy
pky dh nksxquh gks tk,xh\ ) lkekU; ckrphr 30 ls 40 Mslhcy ij gksrh gSA
Sol. T1 = 0°C = 273k
) WHO (fo'o LokLF; laxBu) ds vuqlkj 45 Mslhcy
v1 = x rd dh èofu uqdlku ugha djrh gSA
) 80 dB ls vfèkd rhozrk dh èofu 'kksj (Noise) dgh tkrh
T2 = ?
gSA
v2 = 2x
) 90 Mslhcy ls mQij dh èofu iznw"k.k dh Js.kh esa vkrh
v1 T gS vkSj uqdlku djrh gSA
= 1
v2 T2 ) 150 Mslhcy dh èofu ge ugha lqu ldrs gSaA

) 'ksj] gkFkh bR;kfn dh rhozrk vfèkd gksrh gS ftl dkj.k
x = 273 budk vkokt nwj rd lqukbZ nsrk gSA
2x T2
) rhozrk vfèkd gksus ij èofu nwj rd tkrh gS vSj de gksus
1 = 273 ij èofu nwj rd ugha tk ldrh gSA
2 T2 ) èofu dh rhozrk mlds vk;ke oxZ ds lekuqikrh gksrh gS
rFkk Ïksr ls èofu dh nwjh ds oxZ ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrh
Squaring both side gSA
1 = 273
4 T2 èofu Ïksr rhozrk (Mslhcy esa)
xqLls esa ckrphr 70 – 80 db
T2 = 1092 k 140 –150 dB
tsV foeku
T2 = 1092 – 273°C lkèkkj.k ckrphr 30 – 40dB
e'khuxu 150 – 160 dB
T2 = 819°C Ans.
isM+ ds irksa dh ljljkgV 10 – 20 dB
èofu ds vfHkyk{k.khd xq.k vkS|ksfxd ;a=k la;a=k@dkj[kkus 100 – 120 dB
(Characteristics Properties of Sound) 2. rkjRo (Pitch)µ ;g vko`fÙk dks ekirk gS vkSj vko`fÙk vfèkd
™ èofu esa rhu y{k.k ik, tkrs gSaµ gksus ij èofu iryh lqukbZ nsrh gSA rkjRo ∝ vko`fÙk

HkkSfrd foKku 76
èofu
) ;fn vko`fÙk c<+sxh rks Pitch c<+sxh vkSj èofu iryh ) 17m dh nwjh gksus ds dkj.k gh eafnj&efLtn esa 'kkafr dk
(Shrill) lqukbZ nsxhA vkHkkl gksrk gSA
) efgyk] cPpk] ePNj dh vko`fÙk vfèkd jgrh gS ftl ) izfrèofu dks jksdus dh fØ;k dks Acaustic effect dgrs
dkj.k budh èofu iryh gksrh gSA gSA
) tc vko`fÙk ?kVsxh] rks Pitch ?kVsxh vkSj èofu eksVh ) èofu dk vè;;u Acaustic Science dgykrk gSA
(Grave) lqukbZ nsxhA vko`fÙk de gksus ij vkokt eksVh gks
tkrh gSA uksV
) xngk] iq:"k] es<+d] 'ksj dh vko`fÙk de jgrh gS ftl èofu ds izHkko dks de djus ds fy, jcM+ dk iz;ksx
dkj.k budh vkokt eksVh gksrh gSA fd;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k xkM+h rFkk fÚt ds njokts ij
lkr lqj ds rkjRo (vko`fÙk) jcM+ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
lk 240 Hz
js 270 Hz O;frdj.k (Interferance)
xk 300 Hz ™ tc leku vko`fÙk ,oa vk;ke okys nks rjaxsa ,d&nwljs ij
ek 320 Hz vè;kjksfir (Vdjkrh) gksrh gSa rks rjaxksa dh rhozrk dgha c<+
i 360 Hz tkrh gS vkSj dgha ij 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA blh ?kVuk dks
/ 400 Hz O;frdj.k dgrs gSaA
fu 450 Hz ) O;frdj.k izdk'k rFkk èofu nksuksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
3. xq.krk (Quality)µ;fn nks vyx&vyx èofu dh rhozrk rFkk ) O;frdj.k ls cpus ds fy, gh nks ykmMLihdj dks
vko`fÙk leku gks tk,] rks xq.krk ds vkèkkj ij muesa varj vkeus&lkeus ugha j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn bUgsa vkeus&lkeus
fd;k tk ldrk gSA j[kk tk,xk] rks budh èofu dHkh cgqr rst gks tk,xh ;k
) ;g nks èofu ds chp esa vUrj Li"V djrk gSA rks dHkh 'kwU; gks tk,xhA
) blds }kjk vfèkLoj (Overtone) dh eki dh tkrh gSA
) Single Frequency (,dy vko`fÙk)okyh èofu dks tone
) ;fn O;frdj.k izdk'k esa gksxk] rks izdk'k dgha pedhyk
dgrs gSaA fn[kkbZ nsxk vkSj dgha vaèksjk Nk tk,xkA blh dkj.k lkcqu
Ex :– vke] jke] jkr bR;kfnA
dk cqycqyk dgha pedhyk rFkk dgha vaèksjk fn[kkbZ nsrk
) Multiple Frequency okyh èofu dks Note dgrs gaSA
gSA
) Indian Culture esa 8 Note gksrs gSaA ftls Octave dgrs
èofu dk foorZu (Differection of Sound)
gSaA
™ izfrèofu (Echo)–èofu tc fdlh lrg ls Vdjkrh gS rks og ™ rjax fdlh dksus ls Vdjkdj vkaf'kd :i ls eqM+ tkrh gS] bl
mlls Vdjkdj ijkofrZr gks tkrh gS ftl dkj.k izfrèofu ?kVuk dks foorZu dgrs gaSA
(Echo) lqukbZ nsrh gSA
) foorZu izdk'k rFkk èofu nksuksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA foorZu
) èofu ds ijkorZu dks izfrèofu dgrs gSaA izfrèofu ds
ds dkj.k gh dejs esa cSBs O;fDr dks ge ugha ns[k ldrs
ekè;e ls gh pexknM+] MkWfYiQu rFkk SONAR viuk fdUrq mldh vkokt lqu ldrs gSaA
jkLrk r; djrk gSA izfrèofu mRiUu djus ds fy, 16.5m
(17 m) dh nwjh gksuh pkfg,A ) izdk'k esa foorZu gksus ds fy, eqM+us okys dksus dk iryk
1 gksuk vko';d gSA
) èofu dk izHkko dku ij second (0.1s) rd jgrk gSA
10
) izdk'k esa foorZu gksus ds fy, dksus dk 10 –7m gksuk t:jh
;fn blls igys gh izfrèofu mRiUu gks tk, rks Loj vkil gSA Blade dk dksuk pedhyk fn[kuk foorZu ds dkj.k
esa Vdjk tk,¡xsA vr% izfrèofu dks jksdus ds fy, ijkorZu gksrk gSA
dks jksduk gksrk gSA blh dkj.k flusek?kjksa esa nhokjksa dks ™ èkqzo.k (Polarisation)µ vuqizLFk rjaxsa tc pyrh gS rks ,d
[kqjnqjk ;k ml ij pknj yxk fn;k tkrk gSA fuf'pr fn'kk esa iQSyrh gaSA bl ?kVuk dks èkzqo.k dgk tkrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 77
èofu
) tc rjax lapj.k dh fn'kk ds vfrfjDr dbZ fn'kkvksa esa èofu esa MkWIyj izHkko
xfr djus yxs] rks mls èkqzo.k dgrs gaSA ;g dsoy vuqizLFk (Doppler Effect in Sound)
rjaxksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
™ Jksrk rFkk Ïksr ds chp tc vkisf{kd xfr gksrk gS] rks mudh
) èkqzo.k dk iz;ksx djds vuqizLFk rFkk vuqnSè;Z esa varj vko`fÙk ?kVrh&c<+rh eglwl gksrh gSA blh ?kVuk dks èofu dk
fd;k tk ldrk gSA èofu rjaxksa esa èkqzo.k ugha ns[kk tkrk MkWIyj izHkko dgrs gSaA
gSA
™ MkWIyj&izHkko ij vkèkkfjr vkafdd iz'uµ
) izdk'k rjax ds lkFk èkqzo.k dh ?kVuk gksrh gSA
) vuqnSè;Z rjax ds lkFk èkqzo.k dh ?kVuk ugha gksrh gS] tcfd Observer Source
vuqizLFk rjax ds lkFk èkqzo.k dh ?kVuk gksrh gSA Jksrk Ïksr
&
MkWIyj izHkko (Doppler Effect) –V0 +V0 +Vs
–Vs
™ tc Ïksrk rFkk Ïksr ds chp vkisf{kd xfr gksrh gS] rc èofu
(rjax) viuh okLrfod vko`fÙk ls fHkUu vko`fÙk ij lqukbZ no ns
=
nsrh gSA bls MkWIyj izHkko dgrs gSaA v + vo v + vs
) ekSleh jMkj MkWIyj izHkko ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
) vojDr foLFkkiu dk fl¼kar Hkh MkWIyj izHkko ij vkèkkfjr n0 = Jksrk dks lqukbZ nh xbZ vko`fÙk
gSA ns = Jksr dh vko`fÙk
) ;g izHkko èofu rFkk izdk'k nksuksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
) Ñf=ke mixzg MkWIyj i`Foh ls lqLiVrk ls VªSd fd;k tk v = èofu dh pky
ldrk gSA vo = Jksrk dh pky
) rst pyus okys jsy batu dh lhVh tc ml LVs'ku dks
ikj djrh gS] rks vkjksg&vojksg djrh lqukbZ iM+rh gSA bls vs = Jksrk dh pky
MkWIyj izHkko dgrs gSaA o = Jksrk
izdk'k esa MkWIyj izHkko s = Jksr
(Doppler Effect in Light) 1. 1 Vªsu 900 Hz dh vko`fÙk ls lhVh nsrh gqbZ 30 m/sec
™ izdk'k esa MkWIyj izHkko dks n'kkZus ds fy, vojDr foLFkkiu dh pky ls ,d O;fDr dh vksj c<+ jgh gSA og O;fDr
(Infrarade shifting) ds fl¼kar dks eku ysrs gSaA Hkh 10 m/sec dh pky ls Vªsu dh vksj c<+ jgk gS] ml
) ^^fcx cSax fl¼kar** MkWIyj izHkko ij vkèkkfjr gS tks O;fDr dks Vªsu dh lhVh dh vko`fÙk fdrus Hz ij
lkisf{kr xfr dh O;k[;k djrk gSA lqukbZ nsxh\
™ vojDr&foLFkkiu (Infrarade Shifting)µtc dksbZ rkjk Sol. ns = 900 Hz,
yky jax dh vksj foLFkkfir gksrk gS] rks mldh rjaxnSè;Z c<+rh vs = 30 m/sec
gS] fdUrq vko`fÙk ?kV tkrh gSA vr% og rkjk gels nwj tk jgk vo = 10 m/sec
gksrk gSA
vo = 330 m/sec
) tc dksbZ rkjk cSaxuh jax dh vksj foLFkkfir gksrk gS] rks
mldk rjaxnSè;Z ?kV jgk gksrk gS] tcfd mldh vko`fÙk no n no
c<+rh gS] vr% og rkjk djhc vk jgk gksrk gSA = s = = 900
v + vo v ± vs 330 + 10 330 − 30
uksV no
= = 900
340 300
MkWIyj izHkko ds vuqlkj lehi vk jgh oLrq dh vko`fÙk
c<+rh gS] tcfd nwj tk jgh oLrq dh vko`fÙk ?kVrh gSA = n0 = 1020 Hz

HkkSfrd foKku 78
èofu
2. ,d Vªsu ftldh lhVh dh vko`fÙk 1200 Hz gSA bl Vªsu ™ vko`fÙk] rjaxnSè;Z rFkk pky esa lacaèk&
dh vksj ,d O;fDr 10 m/sec dh pky ls vk jgk gS]
v = nλ
vkSj ml O;fDr dks Vªsu ds lhVh dh vko`fÙk~ 1360 Hz
ij lqukbZ ns jgh gS] rks Vªsu dh pky D;k gksxh\ 2. èofu rjax dh vko`fÙk 660 Hz gSA bldk rjaxnSè;Z Kkr
Sol. no= 1360 Hz djsaA
ns = 1200 Hz Sol. v = nl
v = 330 m/sec 330 = nl × 660
vo = 10 m/sec
λ = 1 = 0.5
vs =? 2
no n ™ vizxkeh rjax (Stationary Wave)µos rjax tks vius LFkku
= s
v ± vo v ± vs ij gh :dh jgrh gaS ,oa dsoy Åij&uhps xfr djrh gSa o
1360 1200
vkxs lapfjr ugha gks ldrh gSA mls vizxkeh rjax dgrs gSaA
330 + 10m = 330 − v ;g ÅtkZ dk lapj.k ugha dj ldrh gSA
s
) ;g vuqizLFk rjax ds Hkkafr gh daiUu djrh gSA
1360 1200
=
340 330 − vs ) vizxkeh rjax esa Node rFkk Antinode dk xq.k ns[kk tkrk
330 – vs = 300 gSA
–vs = 300 – 330 = –30 ) ijkofrZr o vkifrr rjaxksa ds vè;kjksi.k ls Mksjh esa
\ vs = 30 m/sec vizxkeh rjaxsa curh gSA
™ rjaxnSè;Z (Wavelength)µ,d rjax dh yackbZ dks rjaxnSè;Z
) flrkj] ok;fyu] fxVkj bR;kfn dh Mksfj;ksa esa vuqizLFk
dgrs gaSA bls l (ySEMk) }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA bldk ek=kd
vizxkeh rjaxsa gh curh gSaA
ehVj gksrk gSA
) ck¡lqjh] fcxqy] oh.kk] lhVh bR;kfn ds ok;q LrEHkksa esa
™ vkorZdky (T)µ,d rjax dks iwjk djus esa yxk;k x;k le;
vkorZdky dgykrk gSA bldk ek=kd lsosQ.M gksrk gSA vuqnSè;Z vizxkeh rjaxsa gh curh gSA
) vkorZdky dks nksyu dky Hkh dgrs gSaA ™ fuLiUn (Node)µ vizxkeh rjax ds nkSjku tgka foLFkkiu
™ vko`fÙk (Frequency)µ ,d lsosQ.M esa rjaxksa dh la[;k dks U;wure gksrk gSA mls fuLiUn dgrs gSaA bls N }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk
vko`fÙk dgrs gaSA bldk ek=kd Hz vFkok izfr lsosQ.M gksrk gSA
gSA ™ izLiUn (Antinode)µ vizxkeh rjaxksa ds nkSjku tgk¡ foLFkkiu
) vko`fÙk] vkorZdky dk mYVk gksrk gSA vfèkdre gksrk gS] mls izLiUn dgrs gSaA bls A }kjk n'kkZ;k
) bls m ls fu:fir djrs gSaA tkrk gSA
n= 1 ™ nks Øekxr Antinode ds chp dh nwjh gksrh gSA
T
,d ia[kk ,d feuV esa 1200 pDdj ?kwe ldrk gSA
1.
bldk vkorZdky Kkr djsaA λ
AN → AN =
Sol. vko`fÙk = 1 sec esa daiu dh la[;k
2
= 60 sec. esa 1200 daiu
™ nks Øekxr Node ds chp dh nwjh λ2 gksrh gSA
1200
\1 sec esa daiu
60 λ
\ n = 20 N →N =
2

vr% vkorZdky (T) = 1n ™ nks Øekxr Node rFkk Antinode ds chp dh nwjh λ gksrh
4
1
=
20 = 0.05 sec. gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 79
èofu
1. nks vizxkeh rjaxksa esa Node rFkk Antinode dh la[;k 1. [kqys rFkk can vkxZu ikbi dh èofu dh vko`fÙk esa
Kkr djsaA vuqikr Kkr djsaA
v
Sol. Sol. [kqyk vkxZu ikbi n =
Antinode Antinode Antinode 2l
Node Node Node Node v
can vkxZu ikbi n = 4l

v
n = 2l
n v
™ vkxZu ikbi (Orgon Pipe)µ,d ,slh iryh ikbi tks èofu 4l
dks ijkofrZr dj ns] vkxZu ikbi dgykrh gSA ;gk¡ èofu dh
mRifÙk daiUu ds }kjk djk;h tkrh gSA [kqyk v × 4l
=
èofu dk osx ( v ) cUn v × 2l
) mRiUu èofu dh vko`fÙk (m) =
èofu dk rjaxnèS ;Z ( λ ) [kqyk
% can = 2 : 1
™ ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gS& 2. leku yEckbZ ds Open rFkk Close Orgone Pipe esa
(i) can vkxZu ikbi (Close Orgon Pipe)µog ikbi ;fn Open vkxZu ikbi dh vko`fÙk 60 Hz gks] rks
ftldk ,d fljk can rFkk nwljk fljk [kqyk jgrk gS] Close vkxZu ikbi esa bldh vko`fÙk gksxhµ
mls can vkxZu ikbi dgrs gSaA Open : Close
Sol. 2 : 1
) blesa dsoy fo"ke vko`fÙk dh èofu mRiUu gksrh
gSA 60 30
) fo"ke vko`fÙk dh èofu eksVh gksrh gSA
= 30 Hz
Ex :– lhVhA
(ii) [kqyk vkxZu ikbi (Open Orgon Pipe)µbl ikbi ds vuqukn (Resonance)
nksuksa fljs [kqys gksrs gSaA blls le rFkk fo"ke nksuksa
vko`fÙk dh rjax mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA ™ fdlh dEiUu dj jgh oLrq ij mlh ds vko`fÙk dk cká cy
) le vko`fÙk dh èofu lqjhyh gksrh gSA tcfd fo"ke yxk;k tk,] rks mlds dEiUu dk vk;ke vfèkd c<+ tkrk
vko`fÙk dh èofu djdl gksrh gSA gSA mls vuqukn dgrs gSaA
) jsfM;ks vuqukn ij vkèkkfjr gSA
Ex :– cklqjh] 'kgukbZA
) ok| ;a=k tSls oh.kk esa ,d [kkyh LFkku NksM+ fn;k tkrk
Remarks :–[kqys vkxZu ikbi ls lqjhyh vkokt mRiUu gksrh gS] rkfd vuqukn mRiUu gks ldsA
gS] tcfd nksuksa gh vkxZu ikbi esa vizxkeh rjax mRiUu gksrh ) lSfudksa dks iqy ikj djrs le; dne rky djus ugha fn;k
gSA tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;fn vuqukn mRiUu gksxk] rks iqy {kfrxzLr
vkxZu ikbi ls mRiUu èofu dh vko`fÙk gks tk,xkA
) Hkkjh lkeku mBkrs le; ^^ne yxk ds gblk** cksyk tkrk
™ [kqyh vkxZu ikbi vko`fÙkµ gSA
n= v dkWfLed fdj.ksa (Cosmic Ray)
2l
™ cUn vkxZu ikbi vko`fÙkµ ™ ;s fdj.ksa] vR;ar y?kq rjaxnSè;Z (10–17 ls 10–13 ehVj dksfV)
dh o vR;fèkd ÅtkZ ;qDr vkosf'kr d.kksa ls cuh gksrh gSaA
™ bu fdj.kksa dh mRifÙk lw;Z esa vFkok i`Foh ds mPp ok;qe.
n= v
4l My esa ukfHkdh; fØ;kvksa }kjk gksrh gSA
™ budks izdk'k oS|qr izHkko }kjk igpkuk tk ldrk gSA
l = yEckbZ
™ ;g fdj.ksa fo|qr pqacdh; LisDVªe dk Hkkx ugha gSaA
v = èofu dh pky ™ ;g vk;u e.My esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 80
izdk'k

vè;k; izdk'k
16 (Light)

™ izdk'k ,d izdkj dh ÅtkZ gS ftldh mifLFkfr esa oLrq dks ) Bksl ;k nzo ekè;eksa esa izos'k djus ij izdk'k dk viorZu
ns[k ldrs gSA izdk'k fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax gS fdUrq vuqizLFk Hkh gksrk gSA
ds :i esa xfr djrh gSA izdk'k fo|qrh; :i ls mnklhu gksrh ) loZizFke jksej us izdk'k dk osx Kkr fd;k FkkA
gSA ) izdk'k dk rjax fl¼kar loZizFke gkbxsUl us fn;kA
8
) izdk'k dh pky fuokZr esa lokZfèkd 3 × 10 m/s gksrh
) izdk'k dk df.kdk fl¼kar U;wVu us fn;k FkkA
gSA
fofHkUu ekè;eksa esa izdk'k dh pky&
) izdk'k ekè;e esa Hkh xfr dj ldrh gSA ty ds vanj
1000 ehVj xgjkbZ rd lw;Z dk izdk'k tk ldrk gS] ekè;e izdk'k dh pky
ysfdu 200 ehVj ls vf/d nwjh ij 'kk;n gh dksbZ rkjihu dk rsy 2-04 × 108 m/s
egRoiw.kZ jks'kuh gksrh gSA dkap 2.0 × 108 m/s
) tks oLrq,a Lor% izdk'k dk mRltZu djrh gS mUgsa iznhIr हीरा 1.24 × 108 m/s
oLrq,a dgrs gSaA fuokZr~ 3.0 × 108 m/s
tSls& lw;Z] ykyVsu] fo|qr cYc vkfnA ty 2.25 × 108 m/s
) izdk'k oS|qr izHkko ,oa ØkEiVu izHkko vkfn dh O;k[;k ™ izdk'k dk izdk'k dk ijkorZu (Reflection of Light)µ
izdk'k ds iQksVkWu fl¼kUr }kjk dh tkrh gSA izdk'k dk fdlh fpdus lrg ls Vdjkdj okil mlh ekè;e
) izdk'k dk df.kdk fl¼kUr U;wVu us fn;kA esa ykSV tkuk ijkorZu dgykrk gSA
) FkkWel ;ax uked oSKkfud us izdk'k ds O;frdj.k dk ) izdk'k ds ijkorZu ds iQyLo:i rhozrk vkSj vk;ke esa
fl¼kar fn;kA deh vkrh gS tcfd rjaxnSè;Z] vko`fÙk ugha cnyrh gSA
) eSDlosy us fo|qr pqEcdRo dk xf.krh; fl¼kar izLrqr ™ vkifrr fdj.k (Incidence Ray)µ Ïksr ls vkus okyh
fd;kA fdj.k dks vkifrr fdj.k dgrs gSA vkifrr fdj.k rFkk
vfHkyac ds chp dk dks.k vkiru dks.k dgykrk gSA bls ∠i
) 1900 bZú esa eSDl Iykad us crk;k fd fdlh izdk'k Ïksr
}kjk n'kkZrs gSA
dh lrg ls izdk'k dk mRltZu ÅtkZ dh NksVh&NksVh
bdkb;ksa esa gksrk gS ftUgsa Dok.Ve dgk tkrk gSA ™ ijkofrZr fdj.k (Reflective Ray)µ ijkorZu ds ckn tkus
okyh fdj.k dks ijkofrZr fdj.k dgrs gSA ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk
) izdk'k dk lokZfèkd osx fuokZr esa gksrk gSA
vfHkyac ds chp dk dks.k ijkorZu dks.k dgykrk gSa bls ∠r
) izdk'k ÅtkZ dk lapj.k fuokZr esa fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa ds }kjk n'kkZrs gSA
:i esa gkrk gSA ™ vfHkyac (Normal)µ ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk vkifrr fdj.k
) n`'; izdk'k dk rjaxnSè;Z 3900 Å ls 7800 Å rd gksrk dks vyx djus okys dkYifud js[kk dks vfHkyac dgrs gSA
gSA ) lery niZ.k ls ijkorZu dks n'kkZrs gSA
) izdk'k fdj.kksa dh izÑfr nksgjh gksrh gSA (i) vkiru dks.k = ijkorZu dks.k
) izdk'k oS|qr izHkko] ØkWEiVu izHkko dh O;k[;k izdk'k dh (ii) vkifrr fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk vfHkyac rhuksa
d.k izÑfr ds vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA ,d gh ry esa gksuk pkfg,A
HkkSfrd foKku 81
izdk'k
vfHkyac 6. vkifrr fdj.k vkSj ijko£rr fdj.k ds chp dk dks.k
vkifrr fdj.k D;k gksxk ;fn vkifrr fdj.k lery niZ.k dh lrg
ijkofrZr fdj.k ls 30° dk dks.k cukrh gSA
ii r
vfHkyac
niZ.k vkifrr fdj.k
Sol. ijkofrZr fdj.k
Li = Lr vkiru dks.k] r = ijkorZu dks.k
i= 60° 60°
3. 40° ds dks.k ij ,d fdj.k vkifrr gksrh gSA vkifrr niZ.k 30°
fdj.k rFkk ijkorfrZr fdj.k ds chp dk dks.k fdruk
gksxkA
90 – 30° = 60°
Sol. vfHkyac ∴
vkifrr fdj.k ry ds lkFk dks.k = 30°
ijkofrZr fdj.k ∴ vkiru dks.k = 90 – 30° = 60° = <i = <r
40° 40°
∴ ijkorZu dks.k = 60°
niZ.k
vr% vkiru fdj.k vkSj ijko£rr fdj.k ds chp
dqy dks.k = 40 + 40 = 80 dks.k = vkiru dks.k + ijkorZu dks.k
4. ,d fdj.k ry ds lkFk 35° dk dks.k cukrh gSA ;g = 60º + 60º = 120º
fdl dks.k ds lkFk ijkofrZr gksxhA 7. ,d izdk'k fdj.k lrg ds lkFk 56° osQ dks.k ij ,d
vfHkyac ijkorZd ry lrg ij iM+rh gSA iz¯r¯cc ;k vfHkyac
vkifrr fdj.k dk dks.k D;k gksxk\
Sol. ijkofrZr fdj.k vfHkyac
55° 55° vkifrr fdj.k
Sol. ijkofrZr fdj.k
niZ.k 35°
34° 34°
90 – 35° = 55° niZ.k 56° 56°
∴
ry ds lkFk dks.k = 35°

∴ vkiru dks.k = 90 – 35° = 55° = <i = <r ijkorZu dks.k= 56°

vr%ijkorZu dks.k = 55° ∴ izfr¯cc dk dks.k = 90 – 56°
5. ;fn dksbZ fdj.k ry ds lkFk 45° dk dks.k cukrh gSA vr% izfr¯cc dks.k= 34°
;g fdl dks.k ds lkFk ijkofrZr gksxhA
'osr fdj.k ds vo;o jaxksa dh rjaxnSè;Z
Sol. vfHkyac
vkifrr fdj.k jax rjaxnSè;Z (Å esa)
ijkofrZr fdj.k

1- yky 7800 Å ls 6400 Å rd
45° 45°
2- ukjaxh 6400 Å ls 6000 Å rd
niZ.k 45°
3- ihyk 6000 Å ls 5400 Å rd
90 – 45° = 45° 4- gjk 5700 Å ls 5000 Å rd
∴
ry ds lkFk dks.k = 45° 5- uhyk 5000 Å ls 4600 Å rd
∴ vkiru dks.k = 90 – 45° = 45° = <i = <r 6- tkequh 4600 Å ls 4300 Å rd
vr%ijkorZu dks.k = 45° 7- cSaxuh 4300 Å ls 3900 Å rd

HkkSfrd foKku 82
izdk'k
lery niZ.k ls ijkorZu dh 'kÙks± Sol. n = 360º
θ
1. viuh iwjh vkdkj dk izfrfcEc ns[kus ds fy, viuh yEckbZ 360
dk vkèkk niZ.k gksuk pkfg,A =
n = 9 Ans.
40
2. ;fn niZ.k dh vksj v osx ls nkSM+k tk, rks izfrfcEc 2v osx 3. nks lery niZ.k ds chp 90° dk dks.k curk gS rks
ls xfr'khy fn[krh gSA blh dkj.k okgu ds lhlk ij fy[kk izfrfcEc dh la[;k D;k gksxh\
gksrk gSA Sol. n=
360
3. "Object in the mirror are closer than the appear" vFkkZr~ oLrq θ
360
LokHkkfod osx ls vfèkd xfr'khy fn[krh gSA =
n = 4
90
4. ;fn niZ.k dks q dks.k ls ?kqek;k tk, rks izfrfcEc 2 dks.k ls
?kqe tkrk gSA izfr¯cc dh la[;k = 4 – 1 = 3 Ans.
5. oLrq niZ.k ls ftruh nwjh ij gksrh gS niZ.k ds vanj izfrfcEc 4. nks niZ.kksa ds chp izfr¯cc dh la[;k D;k gksxhµ
Hkh mruh gh nwjh ij gksrk gSA (1) ;fn 30° gksA
6. lery niZ.k ls vkHkklh izfrfcEc curk gSA lery niZ.k dh (2) ;fn 60° gksA
iQksdl nwjh vuar rFkk {kerk 'kwU; gksrh gSA (3) ;fn 120° gksA
1. jkèkk 10 m/s dh pky ls ,d niZ.k dh vksj nkSM+rh gSA Sol. (1) n=
360
5 sec ds ckn og niZ.k ds vanj viuk izfrfcEc 25 θ
m vUnj ns[krh gS rks niZ.k ,oa jkèkk ds izkjafHkd fLFkfr 360
= 12
ds chp dh nwjh D;k FkhA 30

Sol.
izfr¯cc dh la[;k = 12 – 1 = 11 Ans.
360
(2) n=
50m 25m 25m θ
360
=6
5 sec esa pyh xbZ nwjh 10 × 5 = 50 ehú 60
niZ.k rFkk jkèkk dh nwjh = 25 ehú izfr¯cc dh la[;k = 6 – 1 = 5 Ans.
360
izkjaHk ls nwjh → 50 + 25 = 75 ehú (3) n=
θ
™ fdlh dks.k ij >qds nks lery niZ.kksa ds chp izfrfcEc dh 360
=3
la[;kA 120

n = 360
izfr¯cc dh la[;k = 3 Ans.
θ
uksV
uksV
nks lekukUrj lery niZ.kksa ds chp izfrfcac dh la[;k
y tc 360
θ
dk eku le la[;k esa gks rks ,d ?kVk;k vuar (∝) gksrh gSA
tkrk gSA ;fn fo"ke la[;k esa vk;s rks ,d ugha ?kVk;k
tkrk gSA ™ isfjLdksi (ifjn'khZ)µ ;g ijkorZu ij vkèkkfjr gS] blesa
y tc HkkxiQy n'keyo esa vk;s rks iw.kk±d la[;k dks 45° ds dks.k ij lery niZ.k yxk gksrk gSA
ysrs gSA n'keyo dks NksM+ nsrs gSA D;ksafd iQksVks FkksM+k ) isfjLdksi esa ledksf.kd fizTe dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Hkh dV tk, rks mls reject dj fn;k tkrk gSA
) iuMqfc;ka lrg ls Åij ns[kus ds fy, isfjLdksi dk iz;ksx
2. nks lery niZ.k ds chp 40° dk dks.k curk gS rks djrs gSA vfèkd Åaps LFkku dks ns[kus ds fy, Hkh isfjLdksi
izfrfcEc dh la[;k Kkr djsaA dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 83
izdk'k
3- oØrk f=kT;k (Radius of Curvature)µ oØrk dsUnz ls èkzqo
ds chp dh nwjh dks oØrk f=kT;k dgrs gSA
4- iQksdl (Focus)µ f=kT;k ds vkèkk dks iQksdl dgrs gSA

F=r, F=R
2 2
1. 40 cm oØrk f=kT;k okys niZ.k dk iQksdl nwjh Kkr
djsaA
lery niZ.k (Plane Mirror) Sol. F = R = 40 = 20 cm.
2 2
™ lery niZ.k dh iQksld nwjh vuar gksrh gSA 5. {kerk (Capacity)µ iQksdl nwjh
ds O;qRØe dks {kerk dgrs
™ bldk oØrk f=kT;k (Radius of Curvature) vuar gksrh gSA gSA tc niZ.k dh {kerk fudkyh tkrh gS rks ml le; iQksdl
™ blds fy, vko/Zu dk eku ges'kk 1 (,d) gksrk gSA nwjh dks ehVj esa j[krs gSaA

uksV 1 100
P= /
f m f cm
niZ.k cukus ds fy, dk¡p dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tcfd niZ.k
1. ,d vory niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh 20 cm gS rks mldh
ds ihNs dybZ (Paint) djus ds fy, flYoj czksekbM
{kerk D;k gksxh\
(AgBr) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Sol. iQksdl = 20 cm
100 100
P
= = = 5 Mk;ksIVj
xksyh; niZ.k (Spherical Mirror) f cm 20

™ ;g niZ.k fdlh xksyk dk Hkkx gksrk gSA ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk 2. ,d mÙky niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh 10 cm gS rks mldh
gSA {kerk Kkr djsa\
(1) vory niZ.k Sol. iQksdl = 10 cm
100 100
(2) mÙky niZ.k P
= = = 10 Mk;ksIVj
f cm 10
xksyh; niZ.k
3. ,d mÙky niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh 40 m gS rks mldh
vory (/lk) mRry (mBk) {kerk Kkr djsa\
Sol. iQksdl = 40 m
left left 1
P
= = 0.025 Mk;ksIVj
40
) niZ.k ds nkfgus Right side isaV fd;k tkrk gSA
) {kerk dk ek=kd Mk;ksIVj gksrk gSA
) izdk'k lnSo Left side ls vkrh gSA
) oLrq dks lnSo Left side j[krs gSA ) vory niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk nksuksa gh –ve gksrk
gS tcfd mÙky niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk nksuksa gh
) Left side dk lHkh eku Negative gksrk gSA
+ve gksrk gSA
) Right side dk lHkh eku Positive gksrk gSA
uksV
niZ.k ds Hkkx (Parts of Mirror) lery niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh vuUr (∞) gksrh gS tcfd
1- Pole (èkqzo)µ niZ.k ds eè; Hkkx dks Pole dgrs gSA {kerk 'kwU; gksrh gSA
2- oØrk dsUæ (Center of Curvature)µ xksyh; niZ.k ftl 6. eq[; v{k (Principle axis)µ èkqzo rFkk dsUnz dks vkxs
xksys dk Hkkx gksrk gS mlds dsUnz dks oØrk dsUnz dgrs gSaA c<+kdj [khaph xbZ js[kk dks eq[; v{k dgrs gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 84
izdk'k

 mirror
c f p
c f p

7. foEc (Object)µ oLrq dks foEc dgk tkrk gSA ;g ges'kk 2. tc oLrq vuUr vkSj Centre ds eè; gksµ bl fLFkfr esa
ckb± (left) dh vksj gksrh gSA bls U }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA izfrfcEc iQksdl vkSj Centre ds eè; curk gSA
) izfrfcEc okLrfod] mYVk vkSj oLrq ls NksVk curk gSA
) ;g ges'kk gh Negative gksxkA
mirror
8. izfrfcEc (Image)µ niZ.k ds vUnj tgka fdj.ksa feyrh gS  c
f p
mls izfrfcEc dgrs gSA bls V }kjk fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
) ;g èkukRed ;k Í.kkRed nksuksa gks ldrk gSA 3. tc oLrq Centre ij gksµ bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc Hkh Centre
9. okLrfod izfrfcEc (Real Image)µ tc fdj.ksa okLro esa ij cusxkA
,d&nwljs dks dkVrh gS rks mls okLrfod izfrfcEc dgrs gSA ) izfrfcEc okLrfod] mYVk rFkk oLrq ds cjkcj cusxkA
bls insZ ij izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mirror
10. vkHkklh izfrfcEc (Vertual)µ tc fdj.kksa dks ihNs dh  f
c p
vksj c<+kdj vkHkklh :i ls feyk;k tkrk gS rks vkHkklh
izfrfcEc curk gSA 4. tc oLrq Centre vkSj iQksdl ds eè; gksµ bl fLFkfr esa
) bls insZ ij izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA izfrfcEc Centre vkSj vuUr ds chp curk gSA
Remark :– okLrfod izfrfcEc rFkk eq[; v{k ds uhps ) izfrfcEc okLrfod] mYVk rFkk oLrq ls cM+k curk gSA
cuus okyk izfrfcEc mYVk gksrk gSA tcfd vkHkklh
izfrfcEc rFkk eq[; v{k ds Åij cuus okyk izfrfcEc mirror
lhèkk gksrk gSA  c f p

) ekuo us=k ij izfrfcEc mYVk] okLrfod rFkk oLrq ls NksVk

curk gSA 5. tc oLrq iQksdl ij jgsxhµ bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc vuUr
™ xksyh; niZ.k ls izfrfcEc cukus ds fy, 'krs±µ ij cusxkA
(i) izfrfcEc cukus ds fy, de&ls&de nks fdj.kksa dh ) izfrfcEc okLrfod] mYVk rFkk cgqr cM+k cusxkA
vko';drk gksrh gSA mirror
(ii) igyh fdj.k dks eq[; v{k ds lekukUrj ykrs gSA  c f p

(iii) eq[; v{k ds lekukUrj vkus okyh fdj.ksa ijkorZu ds ckn

iQksdl ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA 6. tc oLrq iQksdl vkSj Pole ds chp gksµ bl fLFkfr esa
(iv) nwljh fdj.k dks èkqzo ls ys tkrs gS vkSj ftl dks.k ij izfrfcEc niZ.k ds ihNs cusxkA
vk,xh mlh dks.k ij tk,xhA ) izfrfcEc dkYifud] lhèkk rFkk oLrq ls cM+k cusxkA

(v) Left Side esa cuus okyk Image Negative gksrk gS tcfd mirror
Right Side esa cuus okyk Image Positive gksrk gSA
™ fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa vory niZ.k ls cus izfrfcEc dh  c f p
fLFkfrµ
1. tc oLrq vuUr ij gksµ bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc iQksdl ij ™ vory niZ.k }kjk ¯cc dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, cus
curk gS vkSj ,dne fcUnq oØ curk gSA izfr¯ccµ
HkkSfrd foKku 85
izdk'k
¯cc dh izfr¯cc izfr¯cc izfr¯cc dh mÙky niZ.k (Convex Mirror)
fLFkfr dh fLFkfr dk lkbt izo`Qfr ™ bl niZ.k esa fdlh Hkh LFkku ij oLrq j[kh jgs izfrfcEc niZ.k
vuar ij iQksdl F vR;f/d okLrfod ,oa myVk ds ihNs curk gSA
ij NksVk fcanq ) blls izfrfcEc lnSo dkYifud] lhèkk rFkk oLrq ls NksVk
ds leku curk gSA
C ls ijs F rFkk C ds NksVk okLrfod ,oa myVk
chp
p f c
C ij C ij leku lkbt okLrfod ,oa myVk

C rFkk F C ls ijs foof/Zr okLrfod ,oa myVk mÙky niZ.k dh fo'ks"krk

ds chp (cM+k) (Characteristic of Convex Mirror)
F ij vuar ij vR;f/d okLrfod ,oa myVk
foof/Zr 1. bldh iQksdl nwjh èkukRed gksrh gSA
2. bldh {kerk èkukRed gksrh gSA
P rFkk F ds niZ.k ds vR;f/d vkHkklh rFkk lh/k
3. Image Behaviour  cM+k  NksVk
chp ihNs foof/Zr
Side Mirror
uksV 4. Light Behaviour  izdk'k dks fo[ksjrk (vilkjh)
Streat/vapour
blh fLFkfr dk iz;ksx nk<+h cukrs le; fd;k tkrk gSA
Projector
O;fDr dks cM+k rFkk lhèkk izfrfcEc ns[kus ds fy, vius
Face dks iQksdl vkSj Pole ds chp ykuk iM+sxkA blh ™ niZ.k (Formula) –
fLFkfr ls cpus ds fy, cgqr cM+s iQksdl nwjh okys vory 1= 1 + 1
niZ.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA f v u

f = iQksdl nwjh
vory niZ.k dh fo'ks"krk v = izfrfcEc
(Characteristic of Concave Mirror) u = oLrq dh nwjh
) lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa u Negative gh jgsxk D;ksafd oLrq
1. bldh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk nksuksa Í.kkRed gksrh gSA ck;ha vksj jgrh gSA
2. blls cuk izfrfcEc vfèkdka'k fLFkfr esa okLrfod gksrk gS ) mÙky niZ.k ds fy, iQksdl èkukRed rFkk vory
dsoy ,d fLFkfr esa dkYifud gksrk gSA niZ.k ds fy, iQksdl Í.kkRed gksxkA
3. blls cuus okyk izfrfcEc oLrq ls cM+k] NksVk rFkk fcUnqor ) izfrfcEc cuus ds ckn v dk eku irk pysxkA
Hkh gks ldrk gSA Remarks :–

(i) Image Behaviour  NksVk  cM+k (&) vory niZ.k mÙky niZ.k
Doctor
Docdtor u & &
gtker v okLrfod (&) dkYifud ($)
dkYifud ($)
(ii) Light Behaviour  izdk'k dh fldksM+rk (vfHklkjh)
f & $
Toruch 1. ,d vory niZ.k ls 10 m dh nwjh ij ,d oLrq j[kh
Head Light Conversing
gS ;fn bl niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh 20m gks rks izfrfcEc
Solar Cooker
izTtoyd Kkr djsaA

HkkSfrd foKku 86
izdk'k
Ans. u = – 10cm 1= 1 + 1
f = – 20 cm f v u
v = ?
− 1 =
− 1 +1 1 − 1 =
1
10 30 u 30 10 u
oLrq
f=20m 10m 1 − 3 = 1 −2 = 1
30 u 30 u
1= 1 + 1
f v u − 1 =1 − 1 −1 = 1
20 v 10 15 u
1 = 1 – 1 1 = 2 –1
u = – 15 cm Ans.
v 10 20 v 20
1= 1 ¯cc dh izfr¯cc izfr¯cc izfr¯cc dh
v 20 v = 20 m Ans. fLFkfr dh fLFkfr dk lkbt izo`Qfr
2. vory niZ.k ds lEeq[k 10 cm dh nwjh ij j[kh ,d vuar ij iQksdl F vR;f/d vkHkklh rFkk
oLrq dk izfrfcEc 20 cm nwj curk gSA rks bldh iQksdl ij niZ.k ds NksVk fcanq lh/k
nwjh Kkr djsaA ihNs ds lkeu
Ans. u = – 10 cm vuar rFkk P rFkk F ds NksVk vkHkklh rFkk
v = – 20 cm niZ.k ds /zqo chp niZ.k lh/k
f = ? P ds chp ds ihNs
izfrfcEc oLrq 4. mÙky niZ.k ls 10 cm nwj j[kh oLrq dk izfrfcEc D;k
20cm 10cm gksxk ;fn bldh iQksdl nwjh 20 cm gksA
Sol. u = – 10 cm,
1= 1 + 1
f v u f = 20 cm,
1 = v = ?
− 1 − 1
f 20 10
oLrq
1 = −1 − 2 10cm f=20cm
f 20
1 = −3 1= 1 + 1
f 20 f v u
1= 1 − 1
f = − 20
3 20 v 10
1 1 + 1
= – 6.33 cm. = = 3
v 20 10 20
3. 10 cm iQksdl nwjh okys ,d vory niZ.k ls 30 cm
3
nwjh ij ,d izfrfcEc curk gS rks oLrq dh fLFkfr Kkr v= = 6.66 cm
20
djsaA ™ vko/Zu (Magnification)
Ans. f = – 10,
izfr¯cc dh mQp¡kbZ ( h' )
v = – 30, m=
¯cc dh mQp¡kbZ ( h )
u = ?
™ vkoZ/u m ¯cc dh nwjh (u) rFkk izfr¯cc nwjh (v) ls Hkh
izfrfcEc f=10cm lacaf/r gSA
30cm h' −v
m= =
h u

HkkSfrd foKku 87
viorZu

vè;k; viorZu
17 (Refraction)
™ tc izdk'k ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa tkrh gS rks mldh 4. vkifrr fdj.k dh T;k rFkk vio£rr fdj.k dh T;k dh
fn'kk esa ifjorZu gh viorZu dgykrk gSA vuqikr fu;r gksrk gS vkSj og viorZukad (m) ds cjkcj gksrk
) viorZu ds fy, nks ekè;eksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rFkk gSA
nksuksa ekè;eksa dk viorZukad (µ) vyx&vyx gksuh sin i
µ=
pkfg,A sin r
) tc izdk'k ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa tkrh gS rks vfHkyac
mldh rjaxnSè;Z rFkk osx cny tkrh gS fdUrq mldh vkifrr fdj.k
l?ku
vko`fÙk ugha cnyrh gSA "
" "
" " "
™ viorZu ds fy, 'krZ (Condition of Refraction)µ "
i ek/;e&1
1. vkifrr] vio£rr fdj.k rFkk vfHkyEc rhuksa ,d gh ry ij r
ek/;e&2
gksrk gSA
viofrZr fdj.k
2. tc izdk'k fojy ls l?ku esa tkrh gS rks og vfHkyEc dh
vksj >qd tkrh gSA
Formula. C ( fuokrZ esa id
z k'k dh pky )
vfHkyac a µ=
vioruZkd
V ( ekè; e eas izdk'k dh pky )
fojy
) viorZukad dh lgk;rk ls fdlh ekè;e dh l?kurk ,oa
fojyrk dk irk pyrk gSA
" " " " " ) viorZukad vf/d gksus ij ekè;e l?ku rFkk viorZukad
" " "
" " " "
" " " " " de gksus ls ekè;e fojy gksrk gSA
" " "
l?ku viorZukad dk izdk'k dh pky ls lacaèk
™ fdlh inkFkZ dk viorZukad ftruk vfèkd gksrk gS og inkFkZ
3. tc izdk'k l?ku ekè;e ls fojy esa tkrh gS rks vfHkyEc ls
mruk gh vfèkd izdk'kh; l?ku gksrk gS rFkk ml inkFkZ esa
nwj Hkkxrh gSA
izdk'k dh pky mruk gh de gksrh gSA
vfHkyac
™ izdk'k ds lkrksa jaxksa esa yky jax dh rjaxnSè;Z lcls vfèkd
rFkk viorZukad lcls de gksrk gSA
l?ku
" "
" " "
™ cSaxuh jax ds izdk'k dh rjaxnSè;Z lcls de rFkk viorZukad
" " lcls vfèkd gksrk gSA
" " "
" " " " ™ rki ds c<+us ij viorZukad lkekU;r% ?kVrk gSA
" " "
" " "
™ l?ku ekè;e esa fLFkr fdlh oLrq dks fojy ekè;e ls ns[kus
fojy
ij mldh vkHkklh xgjkbZ okLrfod xgjkbZ ls de izrhr gksrh
Normal
gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 88
viorZu
1. ;fn rkykc ds vklikl ds ok;qeaMy dk viorZukad
3. ;fn ty dk viorZukad 4 ;k 1.33 gks rks ty esa
mlds ty ds viorZukad ls vfèkd gks rks D;k iQdZ 3
iM+sxk\ izdk'k dh pky Kkr djsaA
Sol. rkykc dh xgjkbZ] okLrfod xgjkbZ ls vfèkd izrhr µ =4 ,
Ans. 3 C = 3 × 108m/s
gksxhA
v = ?
™ Lusy dk fu;e (Snell's law)µvkiru dks.k dh T;k (sin i)
rFkk viorZu dks.k dh T;k (sin r) viorZukad dgykrk gSA µ =C
V
4 = 3 × 108
r 3 V
r 9 × 108
V =
4
V = 2.25 × 108 m/s
™ Lusy dk fu;eµ 4. ty esa j[kk flDdk 30 eh- xgjkbZ ij fn[krk gS rks
sin i rkykc dh okLrfod xgjkbZ D;k gksxhA
µ=
sin r Ans. v = 30
r = ?
uksV
m = 4
y ;fn viorZu dks.k dk eku ?kV jgk gS rks izdk'k l?ku 3
esa izos'k dj jgk gSA µ =R
y ;fn viorZu dks.k dk eku c<+ jgk gS rks izdk'k v
fojy esa izos'k dj jgk gSA 4= R
3 30
™ izdk'k ds viorZu ds dqN eq[; mnkgj.kµ
R = 40 m
1. frjNh ikuh esa Mwch gqbZ NM+ dk Vs<+h ekywe iM+ukA 5. ,d eNqvkjk 5 eh- Åaps nhokj ij cSBk gS mls ,d
2. rkjksa dk fVefVekuk (ok;qeaMyh; viorZu ds dkj.k)A eNyh 3 eh- xgjkbZ ij fn[k jgh gSA og fdruk yEck
3. lw;ksZn; ds 2 feuV igys rFkk lw;kZLr ds 2 feuV ckn rd Hkkyk ys fd eNyh dks ekj ns\
lw;Z dk fn[kkbZ nsuk (ok;qeaMyh; viorZu ds dkj.k)A Real
Sol. m=
4. ikuh esa Mkyk x;k flDdk] ikuh esa rSjrh gqbZ eNyh dk] Vertual
rkykc dh xgjkbZ dk dqN mQij fn[kkbZ nsukA
4 = Real
5. lw;Z] rkjs] pUnzek vkfn dk viuh okLrfod mQapkbZ ls dqN 3 3
mQij fn[kkbZ iM+ukA Real = 4 meter
6. fy[ks gq, v{kjksa ij ;fn eksVh dk¡p dh Slab j[k nh tk, rks Hkkyk = Real + nhokj = 4 + 5 = 9 m
v{kj FkksM+h mQij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA 6. ,d ckYVh esa 15 cm dh xgjkbZ rd ikuh Hkjh tkrh
2. ;fn 60° ij vkifrr fdj.k viorZu ds ckn 30° dk gS rks crk,¡ ckYVh dh isanh esa iM+k gqvk ,d flDdk
dks.k cukrh gS rks viorZukad Kkr djsaA fdruk mQij mBk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsxk\
3 R
µ = sin i = sin 60° =
Ans. 2 = 3 Sol. µ =
V
sin r sin 30° 1
2 4 15
=
ty eas izdk'k dh pkyµ 3 x
45
okLrfod xgjkbZ ( R) x = 11.25
=
µ= 4
vkHkklh xgjkbZ (V )
mBk gqvk = 15 – 11.25 = 3.75
HkkSfrd foKku 89
viorZu
7. ,d ekè;e dk Økafrd dks.k 30° gS bldk viorZukad l?ku
D;k gksxk\ " " "
" " "
1
Sol. µ = " "" c
sin c "

fojy
1 = 1= 2
sin 30° 1
2
µ= 1
™ dqN izeq[k viorZukadµ sin c

ekè;e fujis{k viorZukad tgk¡ c = Økafrd dks.k

fuokZr 0 ™ iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu (Total Internal Reflection)µ
gok 1.0003 tc fdlh fdj.k dks Økafrd dks.k ls Hkh vfèkd dks.k ij
ikuh 4 =1.33
vkifrr djk;k tk, rks og viorZu ds iQyLo:i mlh
3 ekè;e ls ykSV tkrh gS ftls iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dgrs gSA
ciZQ 1.31 ™ iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dh nks 'krZµ
Alcohol 1.36 (i) izdk'k l?ku ls fojy esa tk,
fdjkslhu rsy 1.44 (ii) vkiru dks.k dk eku Økafrd dks.k ls cM+k gksA
rkjihu rsy 1.47 l?ku
" " "
csathu 1.50 " " "
1.51 " ""
ozQkmu dk¡p "
c

[kfut ued 1.54 fojy

dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM 1.63
:ch (ef.kD;) 1.71
™ iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ij vkèkkfjr ?kVuk,aµ
uhye 1.77
(i) ghjk dk peduk
ghjk 2.42
(ii) dk¡p dh njkj dk peduk
8. ;fn ghjs dk viorZukad 2-42 gks rks ghjs esa izdk'k dh (iii) ty esa cqycqys dk peduk
pky D;k gksxh\ (iv) Indoscopy (isV dh tk¡p)
(v) ejhfpdk
3×10 8 (vi) izdkf'kd rUrq (Optical fiver)
Sol :
2.42 =
ghjs eas izdk'k dk osx (vii) xehZ esas lM+d ij ty dk fn[kuk (e`x&ejhfpdk dk
cuuk)
8
ghjs eas izdk'k dk osx = 3×10
´ m/s uksV
2.42

y Optical fiver dk iz;ksx lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh lapkj ds
™ Økafrd dks.k (Critical Angle)µ oSlk vkiru dks.k ftl fy, djrs gSaA
ij fdlh fdj.k dks vkifrr djk;k tk, rks og nksuksa ekè;e y dh [kkst ujsu flag dikuh us fd;k FkkA
Optical fiver
dks vyx djus okyh js[kk ds lekarj xqtj tk,A Økafrd dks.k y ikuh ds vanj cuk gok dk cqycqyk iw.kZ vkarfjd
dks c ls n'kkZrs gSA ijkorZu ds dkj.k gh lisQn ,oa pedhyk izrhr gksrk
) Økafrd dks.k ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd izdk'k l?ku gSA
ls fojy esa tk,A ;gk¡ viorZu dks.k dk eku 90º gksrk y e`xejhfpdk ds cuus esa viorZu lgk;d dkjd gS
gSA tcfd iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu eq[; dkjd gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 90
viorZu
1. iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dh ?kVuk gksxh\ ™ izdkf'kd rarq dk mi;ksx lapkj lsokvksa esa ladsrksa dks ,d
(a) ikuh ls dk¡p esa tkus ij LFkku ls lqnwj LFkkuksa dks izsf"kr djus] vkSj 'kjhj ds vkarfjd
vaxksa dh tkap djus vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(b) gok ls ikuh esa tkus ij ™ blds }kjk 10 thch@lsd.M MkVk dks 1 fdeh- dh ifjfèk esa
(c) ikuh ls gok esa tkus ij Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
(d) dk¡p ls ghjk esa tkus ij ™ Hkkjr esa 29 tuojh] 2018 dks bysDVªkWfud ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh
ea=kky; }kjk ik;yV izkstsDV ds :i esa bl rduhd dk liQy
uksV ijh{k.k fd;kA
vf/d vioZrukad okys ekè;e dk Økafrd dks.k de ™ izdkf'kd rarq esa rarqvksa ds O;kl dh dksfV 10–4 cm gksrh gSA
gksxk (lcls de ghjk ds fy,] yxHkx 24º) ™ izdkf'kr rarq ds pkjksa rjiQ yxs inkFkZ dk viorZukad yxHkx
1– 1.5 rd gksrk gSA
izdkf'kd rUrq (Optical Fibre) inkFkZ iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gsrq
™ oSls rks izdk'k lhèkh js[kk esa xfr djrk gS ijUrq iw.kZ vkUrfjd ozQkafrd dks.k
ijkorZu dh ;qfDr }kjk mls fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa eksM+k tk ldrk ghjk 24.4°
gSA dkap (ozQmu) 41.1°

™ izdkf'kd rarq] dkap (izk;% DokVZ~t dkap) yacs rFkk irys dbZ dkap (fiyaV) 37.4°
js'kksa dks feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA ty 48.75°

HkkSfrd foKku 91
ysal

vè;k;
ysal
18 (Lens)
™ ;g ,d ,slk dkap dk VqdM+k gksrk gS ftldk nksuksa f'kjk ) bldh izfrfcEc dk vkdkj oLrq ds cjkcj] oLrq ls NksVk
ikjn'khZ gksrk gSA rFkk oLrq ls cM+k gksrk gSA bldh vko/Zu {kerk
) ysal dks ;fn VqdM+ksa esa rksM+k tk, rks izR;sd VqdM+k Hkh (Maginification) ,d ds cjkcj] ,d ls NksVk rFkk ,d
ysal dh Hkkafr dk;Z djsxkA ls cM+k gksrk gSA
) NksVk ysal fizTe ds Hkkafr Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ) bldk iz;ksx ekbØksLdksi VsyhLdksi vkfn esa djrs gSA
) eksVk ysal fdj.kksa dks nwj rd ugha Hkstrk gS iryk ysal ) ekuo us=k mÙky ysal dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA
fdj.kksa dks nwj rd Hkstrk gSA vr% nwj rd ns[kus ds fy, ) vksl dh cwans mÙky ysal dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrh gSA
iryk ysal dk iz;ksx djsaxs vkSj utnhd ns[kus ds fy, ) izToyd ds fy, mÙky ysal dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
eksVk ysal dk iz;ksx djsaxsA ) ikuh dk cqycqyk mÙky ysal dh Hkkafr fn[krk gSA fdUrq
™ ysal dk lw=k % 1= 1 − 1 voÙky ysal ds Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA
f v u
) nwj n`f"V nks"k (Hypermetropia) esa nwj dh oLrq fn[krh gS
f = iQksdl nwjh
vkSj fudV dh oLrq ugha fn[krh gSA vr% bl jksx esa mÙky
v = izfrfcEc dh nwjh ysal dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nks"k cgqr gh de yksxksa
u = oLrq dh nwjh esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
) ysal dh lHkh nwfj;k¡ P (izdkf'k; dsanz Optical Center)
ls ekih tkrh gSA f mÙky ;k
vfHklkjh
fpÉ ifjikVh (Sign Convension)
mÙky ysal vory ysal uksV
u=– u=– y ekuo us=k esa mÙky ysal gksrk gSS tks fdlh oLrq dk
v = + (okLrfod izfrfcac) f=– okLrfod rFkk mYVk izfrfcEc jsfVuk ij cukrk gSA
f=+ v=– y tc oLrq iQksdl ,oa /zqo ds chp jgrh gS rks ml
fLFkfr esa mÙky ysal ls cuk izfrfcEc vkHkklh rFkk
mÙky ysal (Convex Lens) lhèkk gksrk gSA
y 'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa izfrfcEc okLrfod rFkk mYVk gksrk
) bldk chp dk Hkkx eksVk vkSj fdukjk iryk gksrk gSA gSA
) ;s fdj.kksa dks lehi yk nsrk gS vFkkZr~ vfHklkjh
(Conversing) gksrk gSA
™ ¯cc dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, mÙky ysal }kjk cus
izfr¯cc dh izÑfr] fLFkfr rFkk vkisf{kd lkbtµ
) ;g lehi dh oLrqvksa dks ns[kus osQ dke vkrk gSA
) iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk /ukRed gksrh gSA izdkf'kd osQUnz
) bl ij izfrfcEc okLrfod rFkk dkYifud (vkHkklh) c1 f1 f2 c2
rFkk ges'kk oLrq ds vkdkj ls cM+k curk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 92
ysal
¯cc dh izfr¯cc izfr¯cc izfr¯cc dh izo`Qfr 3. vxj fdlh mÙky ysal esa 10 cm dh nwjh ij dksbZ oLrq
fLFkfr dh fLFkfr dk j[kh gS rFkk iQksdl nwjh 20 cm gS rks izfrfcac dh nwjh
vkisf{kd D;k gksxh\
lkbt Sol. u = – 10 cm

vuar ij iQksdl C2 vR;f/d okLrfod ,oa myVk f = + 20 cm

ij NksVk] fcanq v = ?
vkdkj 1= 1 − 1
ysal lw=k] f v u
ls]
C1 ls ijs F2 rFkk C2 NksVk okLrfod ,oa myVk
ds chp ⇒
1
=
1
−
1
C1 ij C2 ij leku lkbt okLrfod ,oa myVk 20 v −10

C1 rFkk F1 F2 ls ijs cM+k okLrfod ,oa myVk 1 1 1

⇒ = +
20 v 10
ds chp (fof/Zr)
1 1 1
iQksdl F1 vuar ij vR;f/d
okLrfod ,oa myVk ⇒ = −
v 20 10
ij cM+k
⇒ 1 1 − 2 −1
iQksdl F1 ftl vksj cM+k
vkHkklh rFkk lh/k = =
v 20 20
rFkk fcac gS ysal (foof/Zr) ⇒ v = – 20 cm
izdkf'kd ds mlh
4. ,d oLrq dks 10 cm dh iQksdl yEckbZ okys ,d mÙky
osQUnz osQ vksj
ysal ds eq[; v{k ij j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn ysal ls oLrq
chp
dh nwjh 30 cm gks] rks izfrfcac fdrus nwjh ij cusxh\
1. mÙky ysal }kjk fdlh oLrq ds cus izfrfcEc dk vkoèkZu Sol. u = – 30 cm
gksrk gSµ
f = 10 cm
(a) = 1
(b) > 1 v = ?
(c) < 1 ysal lw=k] 1= 1 − 1 ls]
(d) rhuksa
gks ldrh gSA f v u
2. 4 lseh- iQksdl nwjh okyh ,d mÙky ysal ds lkeus 12 ⇒ 1= 1 − 1
lseh- dh nwjh ij ,d oLrq j[kh tkrh gS rks oLrq dk 10 v −30
izfrfcEc ysal ls fdruh nwj cusxk\
⇒ 1= 1 + 1
Sol. f = 4 cm 10 v 30
u = –12 cm 1 1
⇒ = 1
−
v = ? v 10 30

ysal lw=k] 1f= 1v − u1 ls] ⇒ 1 = 3 − 1

v 30
⇒ 1= 1 − 1 1
⇒ = 2 1
4 v −12 =
v 30 15
⇒ 1= 1 + 1 ⇒ 1 − 1 =
1 ⇒ v = 15 cm
4 v 12 4 12 v
5. ,d mÙky ysal ds izèkku v{k ij izdk'k dsUnz ls 15
⇒ 3 − 1 = 1 ⇒ 2 = 1 lseh- dh nwjh ij j[ks fcac dk dkYifud izfrfcac ysal
12 v 12 v ls 25 lseh- dh nwjh ij curk gS] rks ysal dk iQksdl
⇒ v = 6 cm nwjh fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gS\
vr% ysal ls izfrfcEc dh nwjh = 6 cm. Sol. u = – 15 lseh

HkkSfrd foKku 93
ysal
v = –25 lseh- ™ ;g eq[; v{k ds lekarj vkus okyh fdj.kksa dks dbZ fn'kkvksa
∴ 1 =1−1 = 1 – 1 = –3 + 5
esa iQSyk nsrk gS] vr% vilkjh (Diversing) gksrk gSA
f v u −25 ( −15) 75 ™ ;g nwj dh oLrqvksa dks ns[kus ds dke esa vkrk gSA
1 2 ™ fudV n`f"V nks"k esa fudV dh oLrq fn[krh gS fdUrq nwj dh
∴ =
f 75 oLrq ugha fn[krh gSA bl jksx esa vory ysal dk iz;ksx djrs
75 gSA
f
= = 37.5 lseh- ™ ikuh dk cqycqyk vory ysal dh Hkkafr dke djrk gSA
2
™ voÙky ysal dh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk Í.kkRed gksrh gSA
6. 10 lseh- iQksdlkarj ds mÙky ysal ds izèkku v{k ij
™ blls cuus okyk izfrfcEc ges'kk vHkklh] lh/k rFkk oLrq ds
izdk'k dsUæ ls 50 lseh- ij ,d izfrfcac fLFkr gS] rks
vkdkj ls NksVk gksrk gSA
okLrfod izfrfcac ds fy, fcac nwjh dk eku D;k
™ bldh vko/Zu {kerk dk eku ges'kk ,d ls de gksrk gSA
gksxk\
Sol. f = 10 lseh-] vory ;k
v = 50 lseh] vilkjh f

u = ?
[ okLrfod dk vFkZ gS oLrq ds nwljh vksj vFkkZr~ v = +ve] ™ vory ysal }kjk cuk izfr¯cc fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa izÑfr]
∴ 1= 1 − 1
fLFkfr rFkk visf{kd lkbtµ
f v u A
B
∴ 1= 1 − 1
10 50 u O F I P

⇒ 1= 1 − 1 =
− 4 v OA = oLrq
u 50 10 50 f IB = izfrfcac
u
50
∴ u= − = 12.5 lseh-
4
¯cc dh izfr¯cc izfr¯cc izfr¯cc dh
7. ,d mÙky ysal dh iQksdl nwjh 36 lseh- gSA dgk¡ ij
fLFkfr dh fLFkfr dk izo`Qfr
,d oLrq j[kh tk,] fd bldk izfrfcac mlh vksj 72
vkisf{kd
lseh- ij cusa\
lkbt
Sol. f = 36 lseh
vuar ij iQksdl F vR;f/d vkHkklh rFkk lh/k
v = – 72 lseh-
ij NksVk fcanq
∴ 1= 1 − 1 dk vkdkj
f v u
vuar rFkk iQksdl F NksVk
vkHkklh rFkk lh/k
1 1 −1
∴ =
36 −72 u
ysal ds rFkk
1 1 − 1
izdkf'kd izdkf'kd
⇒ =
u −72 36 osQUnz P osQ osQUnz P osQ
1 −1=
−2 =
−3 1 chp chp
⇒ =
u 72 −72 24 1. 15 cm iQksdl nwjh okyh ,d vory ysal ds lkeus
⇒ u = 24 cm 30 cm dh nwjh ij ,d oLrq j[kh tkrh gS rks oLrq dk
izfrfcEc ysal ls fdruh nwjh ij cusxk\
vory ysal (Concave Lens) Sol. f = – 15 cm
™ ;g ysal chp ls iryk gksrk gS vkSj fdukjs ij eksVk gksrk u = –30 cm
gSA v = ?
HkkSfrd foKku 94
ysal
1= 1 − 1 Trick :–
ysal lw=k] f v u
ls] fudV n`f"V vory ysal
(i) 3 4
⇒ − 1 = 1 + 1
15 v 30

⇒ − 1 – 1 =
1 nwj n`f"V mÙky ysal
15 30 v (ii) 3
2
⇒ −2 − 1 = 1
30 v 4. fp=k esa Box A rFkk Box B esa dkSu&lk ysal dk iz;ksx
⇒ −3 = 1
gqvk gS\
30 v
∴ v = –10 cm A B
vr% ysal ls izfrfcEc dh nwjh = 10 cm.
2. ,d vory ysal ds izèkku v{k ij izdk'k dsUæ ls 20 vory mÙky
lseh- dh nwjh ij j[kh oLrq dk izfrfcac ysal ls 10
lseh- dh nwjh ij curk gSA bl ysal dh iQksdl nwjh
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gS\
Sol. v = – 10 cm leryksÙky lery&vory voyksÙky
u = – 20 cm

ysal lw=k] 1= 1 − 1
ls] ysal dh iQksdl nwjh
f v u
) ysal ds lekarj vkus okyh fdj.ksa viorZu ds ckn ftl
1
∴= 1 − 1
f −10 −20 fcUnq ls gksdj xqtjrh gS ;k xqtjrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS] mls
1 1 + 1
iQksdl dgrs gSA
⇒ =
f −10 20 ) igys ysal dk iQksdl nwjh vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj blls nwj
1 = −2 + 1 rd ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
⇒ = −1
f 20 20 ™ ysal esdj lw=k %&
∴ f = – 20 cm
1 = µ − 1  1 − 1 
3. ,d vory ysal dh iQksdl nwjh 20 cm gSA mlds f
( ) R R 
 1 2
lkeus ,d oLrq fdruh nwjh ij j[kh tk, fd mldk
izfrfcEc 12 lseh- dh nwjh ij cus\
tgk¡ f = iQksdl nwjh
Sol. f = – 20 cm
v = – 12 cm R1, R2 = f=kT;k
u = ?
ysal dk viorZukad
m =
1= 1 − 1
ysal lw=k] f v u
ls] 1. ;fn fdlh ysal ds nks i`"Bksa ds fy, oØrk f=kT;k,¡
Øe'k% 20 lseh- rFkk – 25 lseh- gks] rks mldh iQksdl
⇒ =1 1 −1
−20 −12 u nwjh dk eku D;k gksxk\ (m = 1.5)
1
⇒ = 1 + 1
u −12 20
Sol.
1
f
= ( µ − 1)  R1 −
1
R2


=
⇒
1 −=
5 + 3 −2  1 
u 60 60

⇒ 1 = −1 → u = – 30 cm
1
⇒ f =
1 − 1
(1.5 − 1) 20 −25 ( )
u 30
HkkSfrd foKku 95
ysal
⇒
f ( )
1 = 0.5 5 + 4
100
4. fdlh mÙky ysal
 3
µ 
 
 2
ds nks oØ lrgksa dh f=kT;k,¡
⇒ 1= 1 × 9 Øe'k% 10 cm rFkk 20 cm gSA bl ysal dh iQksdl nwjh
f 2 100
Kkr djsaA
1 = 9
( µ − 1)  R1 
∴ 1 1
f 200 = −
Sol.
f R2 
⇒ f = = 22.2 cm
 1 
2. 2.5 D dh {kerk izkIr djus ds fy, dk¡p (m = 1.54) ls R = -20
cuk, x, f}&mÙky ysal dh oØrk f=kT;k dk eku D;k
gksxk\ R = +10
Sol. R1 = – R2 = R
ysal esdj lw=k f 2 ( )(
⇒ 1 3 − 1 1 − 1
10 −20 )
1 =
1 × 2 +1 =
1× 3
1
f
= ( µ − 1)  R1 −
1
R2


⇒
f 2 20 2 20
 1 
⇒ 1 = 3
 1 f 40
1 
P= ( µ − 1)  –  40
 R1 R2  ⇒ f = 3 cm
Given, P = 2.5D, m = 1.54
5. mÙkyksÙky ysal esa ,d ysal dh f=kT;k 30 cm rFkk nwljs
1 1 dh 60 cm gS ;fn bldk viorZukad 1.5 gks rks bldh
∴ 2.5 = (1.54 – 1)  + 
R R iQksdl nwjh D;k gksxh\
2 Sol. R1 = 30
2.5 = 0.54  
R R2 = – 60
0.54 × 2 µ = 1.5
R=
2.5 f = ?
R = 0.43 m
;k] R = 43 cm ⇒
1
f
= ( µ − 1)  R1 −
1
R2


3. ,d lery mÙky ysal (µ = 32 ) dk viorZukad 1.6 gSA  1 

1 =1.5 − 1  1 − 1 
bldh mÙky lrg dh oØrk f=kT;k 60 lseh- gSA ysal ⇒ ( )  30
f  ( –60 ) 
dh iQksdl nwjh gS\
1
Sol. ⇒ = 0.5 × 2 + 1
-60 f 60

1 3
⇒ = 0.5 ×
f 60
Here, R1 = ∞, R2 = – 60 lseh-
⇒ f = 10 × 60
( µ − 1)  R1 
1 1 5 3
= − 
f  1 R2  ⇒ f = 40 cm Ans.
6. ,d voryksÙky ysal esa vory ysal dh f=kT;k 20 cm
∴
1 = 1.6 − 1 1 − 1
f
( (
) ∞ −60 = 0.6 × 1
60 ) gS tcfd mÙky ysal dh f=kT;k 40 cm gSA ;fn bldk
viorZukad nks (2) gks rks bldh iQksdl nwjh D;k
∴ f = 100 lseh- gksxhA
HkkSfrd foKku 96
ysal
Sol. Concept Fig. 1. 20 cm iQksdl nwjh okys ysal dh {kerk Kkr djsaA
R1 = – 20 100
P=
Sol. =5D
R2 = – 40 20

µ = 2 2. ,d mÙky ysal dh iQksdl nwjh 25 cm gS rks bldh

f= ?
{kerk D;k gksxh\
Sol. f = +25 cm
1
⇒ =
f
( µ − 1)  R1 − R1 
 1 2  = 25
= 1 cm
100 4
⇒
1 =
f (
( 2 − 1) −120 − −140 ) ∴ p=1 ls]
f
⇒
f (
1 = 1 −2 + 1
40 )
= 1= 4D
1
1 = 1× −1 4
⇒
f 40
=
⇒ f = – 40 p 100
= 100
= 4D
f 25

ysal dh {kerk (Power of Lens) 3. ,d ysal dh {kerk –0.25 D gS rks ysal dk izdkj ,oa
mldh iQksdl nwjh Kkr djsaµ
™ ysal }kjk izdk'k dh fdj.kksa dks eksM+us dh {kerk gh ysal dh
Sol. p = – 0.25 D
{kerk dgykrh gSA
;gk¡ {kerk Í.kkRed esa nh xbZ gS vr% ysal vory gSA
™ ;g iQksdl nwjh dk mYVk gksrk gSA
™ ysal dh {kerk dks Mk;ksIVj esa ekik tkrk gSA eksVs ysal dh p=1
f
{kerk vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj ;g oLrqvksa dks lkiQ fn[kkrk gSA
f= 1= 1= 100
= –4cm
™ irys ysal dh {kerk de gksrh gS ;g vfèkd lkiQ ugha p –0.25 25
fn[kkrk gSA
vr% vory ysal dh iQksdl nwjh f = 4 m
™ èkwi p'ek dh {kerk (Power) 'kwU; gksrk gS tcfd iQksdl&nwjh
vuar gksrh gSA 4. 20 lseh- iQksdl nwjh ds mÙky ysal dh {kerk D;k
gksxh\
™ {kerk rFkk iQksdl nwjh esa lacaèkµ
Sol. f = 20 lseh-
P = 1 meter ∴ P=
100 = 100
f f 20 = 5 D
nks ysalksa dks lVk nsus ij {kerkµ
P = 100 cm
f P
= P1 + P2

uksV
P1 P2

mÙky ysal dh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk nksuksa èkukRed gksrh 5. 20 cm rFkk 40 cm iQksdl nwjh okys nks ysalksa dks
gS tcfd vory ysal dh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk nksuksa vkil esa lVk dj j[kk tkrk gS] mudh {kerk Kkr djsaA
Í.kkRed gksrh gSA 1 100
Sol. P = = = 5D
f 20
uksV
1 100
P2 = = = 2.5 D
tc iQksdl nwjh ehVj esa ekih tkrh gS rks ysal dh {kerk f 40
dk SI ek=kd MkW;ksIVj (d) gksrk gSA P1 + P2 = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 D (mÙky)

HkkSfrd foKku 97
ysal
6. 25 cm iQksdl nwjh okys mÙky ysal vkSj 10 cm iQksdl ysal dh iQksdl nwjh rFkk {kerk ij
nwjh okys vory ysal dks vkil esa lVk dj j[krs gS
rks {kerk Kkr djsaA ekè;e izHkko
Sol. 100 − 100 ™ ekuk fd ekè;e dk viorZukad = µm
25 10
™ ysal dh viorZukad = µl
200 − 500 −300
= =
50 50 Case (I) ;fn µl > µ m gks rks
= – 6D (vory) (i) iQksdl nwjh c<+ tk,xhA
7. 4D rFkk –2D {kerk okyh nks ysal ,d nwljs ls lVs j[ks
gq, gS rks la;qDr dh {kerk rFkk iQksdl nwjh D;k gksxh\ (ii) {kerk ?kV tk,xhA
Sol. p = p1 + p2 = 4 + (–2) = 2D. (iii) ysal dh izÑfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA
∴ f= 1= 1= 0.5m= 50m ™ Case (II) ;fn µl < µ m gks rks]
p 2

™ nks ysal dks lVkus ij iQksdl nwjh ij izHkkoµ (i) iQksdl nwjh c<+ tk,xhA
(ii) {kerk ?kV tk,xhA
f1 f2 vFkkZr~ mÙky ysal] vory ysal dh Hkkafr rFkk vory ysal
mÙky ysal dh Hkkafr dk;Z djsxhA
1= 1 + 1 f 2 + f1
= uksV
f f1 f 2 f1 . f 2
ikuh ds vanj cuk gok dk cqycqyk mÙky ysal dh rjg
f .f
f = 1 2 fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ysfdu O;ogkj vory ysal dh rjg djrk
f 2 + f1
gSA
8. 20 cm iQksdl nwjh rFkk 30 cm iQksdl nwjh okys nks
ysal dks vkil esa lVkdj j[krs gS la;qDr ysal dh ™ Case (III) : ;fn µl =µ m gks rks yaasl dh iQksdl nwjh
iQksdl nwjh Kkr djsaA vuar ,oa {kerk 'kwU; gks tkrh gS rFkk ,sls ekè;e esa ysal
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks ,d lery Plate dh rjg O;ogkj djrh
20 ×=
Sol. 30 600
= 12 cm
20 + 30 50
gSA
9. 40 cm iQksdl nwjh okys ,d vory ysal dks 20 cm uksV
iQksdl nwjh okys ,d mÙky ysal ls lVkdj j[krs gS y Glass Slab dh iQksdl nwjh vuar ,oa {kerk 'kwU; gksrh
iQksdl nwjh rFkk izÑfr Kkr djsaA gSA
−40 × 20 = −800 y Nwi p'ek dh {kerk “O” D gksrh gSA
Sol. = 40 cm (mÙky)
20 − 40 −20

HkkSfrd foKku 98
vkoèkZu vkSj o.kZ fo{ksi.k

vè;k;
vkoèkZu vkSj o.kZ fo{ksi.k
19 (Magnification and Dispersion)

™ dksbZ niZ.k ;k ysal fdlh oLrq dk fdruk cM+k ;k NksVk lw=k

izfrfcEc cuk ldrk gSA bl {kerk dks gh vkoèkZu {kerk v
dgrs gaSA 1. m = (ysal)
u
) vory ysal dh vkoèkZu {kerk lnSo ,d ls de gksrh gSA
−v
) mÙky ysal dh vkoèkZu {kerk ,d] ,d ls de] ,d ls
2. m = (niZ.k)
u
T;knk gks ldrh gSA ftl dkj.k bldk iz;ksx lw{en'khZ ;k
I
nwjn'khZ esa djrs gSaA 3. M =
O
uksV&1 D
4. M = 1 +
y tc m > 1 rks] izfrfcac cM+k cusxkA f
y tc m < 1 ] rks izfrfcac NksVk cusxkA 1. ,d mÙky ysal ds lkeus izèkku v{k ij 2 eh-eh- yach
y tc m èkukRed gks] rks izfrfcac lhèkk cusxk vFkkZr~ fiu [kM+h gSA blds izfrfcac dh yEckbZ D;k gksxh] ;fn
dkYifudA vkoèkZu + 3 gks\
y tc m Í.kkRed gks rks izfr¯cc okLrfod ,oa mYVkA Sol. m= v
u
y vory niZ.k dh fLFkfr esa vkoèkZu (m) èkukRed ;k
Í.kkRed gks ldrk gS ijarq mÙky niZ.k dh fLFkfr esa 3 = v
2
vkoèkZu dsoy èkukRed gksxkA
∴ v = 6 mm

uksV&2 2. ,d mÙky ysal ds lkeus izèkku v{k ij 3 eh-eh- yach

fiu [kM+h gSA blds izfrfcac dh yEckbZ D;k gksxh] ;fn
y tc izfrfcac dkYifud gksrk gS (lhèkk] vkoèkZu vkoèkZu + 15 gksA
èkukRed gksxkA tc izfrfcac okLrfod gksrk gS (mYVk)
Sol.  m = v
rks vkoèkZu Í.kkRed gksrk gSA u
y vory niZ.k esa izfrfcac dk okLrfod ;k dkYifud v
15 =
3
gksuk oLrq dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS rks vory
niZ.k esa vkoèkZu Í.kkRed ;k èkukRed gks ldrk gSA ∴ v = 45 mm

y mÙky niZ.k esa izfrfcac lnSo dkYifud cusxkA blfy, 3. ,d vory ds lkeus èkqzo ls 15 cm dh nwjh ij j[kh
mÙky niZ.k esa vkoèkZu ges'kk èkukRed gksxkA oLrq dk izfrfcac niZ.k ls ihNs 30 cm dh nwjh ij
curk gS rks js[kh; vkoèkZu dk eku D;k gksxk\
y lery niZ.k dh fLFkfr esaµ
|u| = |v| blfy, m = +1 Sol. v = 30, u = – 15

vFkkZr~ oLrq o izfrfcac nksuksa lhèks gksaxs vkSj oLrq dk

vkdkj = izfrfcac dk vkdkj
v
u( ) ( )
m= − = −
30
−15
=+2

HkkSfrd foKku 99
vkoèkZu vkSj o.kZ fo{ksi.k
4. 3 cm ÅapkbZ okyh fiu dks vory niZ.k ds oØrk dsanz
− 1 =− v
ij [kM+k djds j[kk tkrk gSA izfrfcac dh ÅapkbZ dk 3 u
eku D;k gS\ 3v = u

Sol. m= − v
u () u = 3v

oØrk dsUnz ij j[ks oLrq dk izfrfcac oØrk dsanz ij gh 1+1 =1

u v f
cusxkA
∴ m = –1 1 + 1 =1
∴ I 3v v 50
m =
O 1+ 3 = 1
I 3v −50
–1 =
3
mYVk izfrfcac
I = – 3 cm = 4 = 1

3v −50
5. ,d 30cm iQksdl okys mÙky niZ.k ls tks izfrfcac 3v = – 50 × 4
curk gS og oLrq ls 1/4 eki dk gS] oLrq ls niZ.k dh −50 × 4
nwjh Kkr djsaA v =
3
Sol. f = 30 cm, m = 1 v = – 66.67 cm
4 7. ,d mÙky ysal dk vfèkdre vkoèkZu {kerk 8.5 gS rks
1 −v budk eku ikoj esa fdruk gksxk\
=
4 u
Sol. m= 1+ D
f
u = – 4v
D
−u 8.5 = 1+ f
v=
4 D = 7.5
f
1 1 1 25
= + f =
f v u 7.5
100
1 −4 1 P = f
= +
30 u u
= 100
= 100 × 7.5 = 30 cm
1 −3 25 25
= 7.5
30 u

u = –90 cm o.kZ fo{ksi.k (Dispersion)

nwjh = 90 cm ™ blosQ [kkstdrkZ U;wVu gSaA
6. 50 cm iQksdl nwjh dk vory niZ.k fdlh oLrq dk ) tc 'osr izdk'k dks fdlh fizTe ls gksdj xqtkjk tkrk
izfrfcac ,d&frgkbZ vkdkj dk mYVk cukrk gS] izfrfcac gS rks og lkr fofHkUu jaxksa esa foHkDr gks tkrh gSA bl
dk LFkku Kkr djsaA ?kVuk dks izdk'k dk o.kZ fo{ksi.k dgk tkrk gS rFkk lkr
Sol. f = – 50 cm jaxksa okyh bl jaxhu iV~Vh dks LisDVªe ;k o.kZiV~V dgk
tkrk gSA
m = −1 v = ?
3 ) o.kZ fo{ksi.k fizTe ds ekè;e ls gksrk gSA fizTe ls xqtjus
−v ds ckn izdk'k 7 jaxksa esa caV tkrk gSA bls vius ekxZ ls
m =
u HkVdus dks fopyu dgrs gSaA

HkkSfrd foKku 100

vkoèkZu vkSj o.kZ fo{ksi.k
) lokZfèkd fopyu cSaxuh dk gksrk gSA ftl dkj.k bldk ) cSaxuh jax ds izdk'k dk izdh.kZu lcls T;knk gksrk gSA
iz;ksx Night light esa djrs gSaA ) lj lhúohú jeu us izdk'k ds izdh.kZu dk foLr`r vè;;u
) lcls de fopyu yky jax dk gksrk gSA vr% bldk fd;k Fkk] ftlds fy, mUgsa lu~ 1930 bZ- esa ukscsy
iz;ksx [krjs ds ladsr esa djrs gSaA iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
) yky jax dk izdh.kZu lcls de gksrk gSA
R

G
O
Y foorZu (Differaction)
B
I
V ™ izdk'k dk fdlh irys dks.k ls Vdjkdj eqM+ tkuk foorZu
dgykrk gSA foorZu ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd dks.k 10–7m
cS tk uh g ih uk yk ls iryk gksA
cSaxuh
ijkcSaxuh Violet yky vojDr
Ultraviolet
uhyk ihyk Red Infrared ™ izdk'k esa foorZu de ns[kk tkrk gS tcfd èofu esa foorZu
Blue
tkequh
Indigo
gjk Yellow ukjaxh
Orange
vfèkd gksrk gSA foorZu ds dkj.k gh vfèkd Å¡pkbZ ij mM+
Green
jgs foeku ls Vdjkus okyk izdk'k gYdk eqM+ tkrk gS vkSj
) rjaxnSè;Z osx vkSj Økafrd dks.k c<+sxkA tehu ij vkdj mldh ijNkbZ dks cuus ugha nsrk gSA
) vioZrukad] vko`fÙk] fopyu] izdhZ.ku ?kVsxkA Ex :– CysM dk pedukA
) yky izdk'k dh fdj.k dk fopyu lcls de rFkk cSaxuh
) izdk'k dk foorZu vojksèk ds vkdkj ij fuHkZj djrk
izdk'k dh fdj.k dk fopyu lcls vfèkd gksrk gSA
gSA
) ukjaxh jax ds izdk'k dk Hkh izdh.kZu cgqr de gksrk gSA
O;frdj.k (Interferance)
izdk'k dk izdh.kZu (Scattering of light)
™ dbZ fn'kkvksa ls vkus okyk izdk'k tc fdlh fcUnq ij
™ izdk'k dk èkwyd.k ls Vdjkdj fc[kj tkuk izdh.kZu dgykrk vè;kjksfir gksrk gS rks dgha ij rhozrk c<+ tkrh gS vkSj izdk'k
gSA lokZfèkd izdh.kZu cSaxuh] tkequh vkSj uhyk dk gksrk gSA jaxhu fn[kus yxrk gSA bls leiks"kh O;frdj.k dgrs gSaA
gekjh vka[ksa uhyk rFkk vklekuh ds izfr vfèkd laosnh gksrh
) dgha ij rhozrk ?kV tkrh gS vkSj vaèksjk fn[kus yxrk gS
gSA ftl dkj.k vkleku uhyk fn[krk gSA
ftls fouk'kh O;frdj.k dgrs gSaA
™ varfj{k esa èkwyd.k ugha gS] vr% varfj{k esa izdh.kZu ugha
Ex :– lkcqu ds cqycqys dk peduk] isVªksy dk peduk]
gksxkA panzek ls vkdk'k dks ns[kus ij dkyk fn[ksxkA
CD dSlsV dk pedukA
™ uhys vkdk'k dh ijNkbZ tc xgjs leqnz esa iM+rh gS rks leqnz
Hkh uhyk fn[krk gSA ) lu~ 1800 esa vaxzst HkkSfrdfon~ FkkWel ;ax us izdk'k ds
O;frdj.k dk fl¼kar fn;k FkkA
™ dk¡p dk pw.kZ izdk'k dk viorZu vkSj ijkorZu gksus ugha nsrk
gSA og izdh.kZu ds dkj.k pedhyk fn[krk gSA lw;ksZn; rFkk ) tc fdlh ekè;e esa ,d gh vko`fÙk dh nks rjaxksa ,d
lw;kZLr ds le; izdh.kZu ds dkj.k lw;Z yky fn[krk gSA lkFk ,d gh fn'kk esa pyrh gSa rks muds vè;kjksi.k ls
ekè;e ds fofHkUu fcanqvksa ij ifj.kkeh rhozrk mu rjaxksa
dh vyx&vyx rhozrkvksa ds ;ksx ls fHkUu gksrh gSA

izdk'k dk èkqzo.k (Polarisation of light)

™ izdk'k lhèkh js[kk esa xeu ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ fn'kkvksa esa fc[kj
dj xfr djrh gS ftls èkqzo.k dgrs gSaA
) èkqzo.k dsoy vuqizLFk rjaxksa esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA
) èkqzo.k ds dkj.k pdkpkSaèk gksus yxrk gS vkSj oLrq,a Li"V
ugha fn[krh gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 101
vkoèkZu vkSj o.kZ fo{ksi.k
) èkqzo.k dks jksdus ds fy, Polaroid glass dk iz;ksx djrs 2. f}rh;d baæèkuq"k& blesa ckgj dh vksj cSaxuh rFkk vanj dh
gaSA vksj yky jax gksrk gS vFkkZr~ izkFkfed dk ;g mYVk gksrk gSA
) Polaroid glass ds ekè;e ls 3D Hologram, 3D mouse bls ns[kus ij vk¡[kksa ij 50 ls 55° dk dks.k curk gSA
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
) fØdsV f[kykM+h Hkh Polaroid glass dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA uksV
) fudkWy fizTe dk Hkh iz;ksx djds èkqzo.k ls cpk tk izkFkfed banzèkuq"k xk<+k gksrk gSA
ldrk gSA
Red

/zqfor
v/zqfor
Violet
Polaroid glass Violet
Red
) bu rjaxksa dk daiu lapj.k ds yacor~ gksrk gSA Violet

) blds lapj.k ds fy, ekè;e dh vko';drk ugha gksrh Red

gSA
) lery èkqzfor izdk'k mRiUu djus ds fy, iksysjkWbM dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ) blesa izdk'k fdj.kksa dk nks ckj viorZu o nks ckj iw.kZ
™ iksysjkWbM dk mi;ksx& vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk gSA
(i) dkj dh f[kM+dh rFkk gsMykbV doj Xykl ij
(ii) iQksVksxzkiQh o dSejk esa oLrq dk jax
(iii) èkkrqvksa ds izdk'kh; xq.kksa ds vè;;u esa
™ fdlh oLrq dk jax mlds }kjk ijkofrZr djus okys izdk'k
baæèkuq"k (Rainbow) ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn lHkh jax dks ijkofrZr dj nsxh] rks
™ o"kkZ dh cwanksa ij tc lw;Z dk izdk'k iM+rk gS rks og vius liQsn fn[ksxhA ;fn lHkh jaxksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysxh] rks
lkr jaxksa esa caV tkrk gS vkSj èkuq"k dh ,d vkÑfr cukrk gSA dkyk fn[ksxhA
bl èkuq"k vkÑfr dks pki ;k vkdZ dgrs gSaA ™ xehZ ds fnu esa liQsn oL=k iguuk vkjkenk;d gksrk gS D;ksafd
) lqcg ds le; banzèkuq"k if'pe dh vksj curk gSA tcfd lisQn oL=k xehZ dks vo'kksf"kr ugha djrk gSA
'kke ds le; banzèkuq"k iwjc esa curk gSA nksigj esa banzèkuq"k
ugha curk gSA izdk'k dk jax cnyus ij oLrq dk jax
™ baæèkuq"k cuus esa pkj phtksa vko';drk gksrh gS tks Øe'k% gaSµ
(a) viorZu
™ dksbZ oLrq vius ewy jax esa rHkh fn[ksxh] tc mls 'osr izdk'k
(b) ijkorZu
esa ns[kk tk, ;k ml oLrq ds jax esa izdk'k esa gh ns[kk tk,A
(c) iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu
izdk'k dk jax cnyus ij oLrq dkyh fn[kus yxrh gSA
(d) o.kZ fo{ksi.k ) liQsn jax ds izdk'k esa yky diM+k dSlk fn[ksxk& yky
™ lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk o.kZ fo{ksi.k gksrh gSµ
) gjs cksry esa yky xqykc dSlk fn[ksxk & dkyk
1. izkFkfed baæèkuq"k & bls ns[kus ij vk¡[kksa ij 42° dk dks.k
curk gSA blesa ckgj dh vksj (Åij) yky jax gksrk gS D;ksafd ) uhys izdk'k esa gjk lwV dSlk fn[ksxk & dkyk
yky jax dk fopyu lcls de gksrk gSA vanj (uhps dh
) liQsn jax esa ihyk oL=k dSlk fn[ksxk& ihyk
vksj) cSaxuh jax gksrk gS rFkk bldk fopyu lcls vfèkd
gksrk gSA ™ izkFkfed jaxµ og jax tks vU; jaxksa dk fuekZ.k dj lds
) blesa lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dk nks ckj viorZu o ,d ckj iw.kZ mls izkFkfed jax dgrs gaSA bldh la[;k rhu gS& uhyk] gjk]
vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk gSA ykyA
HkkSfrd foKku 102
vkoèkZu vkSj o.kZ fo{ksi.k
™ f}rh;d jaxµ nks izkFkfed jaxksa dks cjkcj vuqikr esa feykus
ij f}rh;d jax dh izkfIr gksrh gSA R – Red

Ex :– (i) Yellow = Green + Red

(ii) Magenta = Red + Blue
(iii) Cyan = Green + Blue
M – Magonta
™ iwjd jax (Complemantary Colour)µ os jax ftUgsa vkil Yellow – Y
esa feykus ij 'osr jax (liQsn)dh izkfIr gksrh gS] mls iwjd 'osr
dgrs gSaA
Ex :– Green + Magenta = White
G C B – Blue
Red + Cyan = White

—
Yellow + Blue = White Green Cyan
R + B + G = White

HkkSfrd foKku 103

ekuo us=k

vè;k; ekuo us=

20 (Human Eye)

™ ekuo us=k] dSejk dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA uksV

) blesa mÙky ysal gksrk gSA
dqN tkuojksa dh vk¡[ksa jkr esa pedrh gSa D;ksafd mudh
) vk¡[k dh iyd dSejs dh Mk;Úke dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrh
vk¡[kksa esa ftad dk ;kSfxd fVfiMe yqflMe gksrk gSA
gS tks lqj{kk nsrh gSA
) vk¡[k dk jsfVuk dSejs dh fiQYe (jhy) dh Hkkafr dk;Z ™ ,Dol g~;wejl (Aqueous Humourus)%& ;g ,d nzo gksrk
djrk gSA gS tks vkbfjl rFkk ysal ds chp ik;k tkrk gSA
™ ekuo us=k dks rhu Hkkx esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS& ™ foVªhl g~;wejl (Vitreous Humourus)%&;g ,d nzo gksrk
(i) Front – Cornea, Sclera, Iris, Pupils gS tks ysal rFkk jsfVuk ds chp ik;k tkrk gSA
(ii) Middle – ,Dol g~;wejl] foVªhl g~;wejl] ysUl] ) ;g nksuksa gh nzo izdk'k dh rhozrk dks fu;af=kr djds
flfy;jh ekalisf'k;k jsfVuk rd Hkstrk gSA
(iii) Back – Retina (n`f"V iVy)] Nervous (rarq) ) ,Dol g~;wejl ysal dh j{kk djrk gSA tcfd foV~jl
™ 'osr iVy (Sclera)%&;s vk¡[kksa dk lcls cM+k Hkkx gksrk gS áwejl jsfVuk dhA
tks liQsn jax dk gksrk gSA uhan dh deh ls ;g yky gks tkrk ™ ysal (Lense)%& ;g izdk'k dks dsafnzr djds jsfVuk ij Hkstrk
gS ftls dUtfDVok dgrs gSaA gSA
) ekuo vka[k mÙky ysal dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrh gSA
™ ifjrkjhdk (Iris) %&;g vk¡[k ds vanj tkus okys izdk'k dh
™ flfy;jh ekalisf'k;k¡%&bldh la[;k 6 gksrh gSA ;g ysal dks
ek=kk dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA ;g rhu jax dk gks ldrk gSµ
lek;ksftr djrh gS rkfd nwj dh oLrqvksa dks ns[kk tk ldsA
Black, Blue, Brown A
™ vaèk fcUnq%&;g ysal rFkk jsfVuk ds eè; dk Hkkx gksrk gS
) rst izdk'k esa vkbfjl fldqM+ tkrk gSA de izdk'k esa tgk¡ izdk'k igq¡p tkrk gS] fdUrq izfrfcEc ugha curkA
ns[kus ds fy, vkbfjl dks iQSykuk iM+rk gSA Iris
) vkbfjl iQSyus dh izfØ;k cgqr èkheh gksrh gSA blh dkj.k
èkwi ls vkus ij dqN le; ckn fn[krk gSA Sclera

uksV
Pupils
eqxksZ dk vkbfjl cgqr NksVk gksrk gSA og vaèksjs esa ugha ns[k
ldrk gSA blh dkj.k lw;Z fudyrs gh eqxkZ ckax nsrk gSA flfy;jh
™ iqryh (Pupils)%& ;g vkbfjl ds eè; esa ,d NksVk Hkkx ysal
gksrk gS tks dsoy dkys jax dk gksrk gSA
™ dkWfuZ;k (Cornea)%&;g vk¡[kksa ds ckgj ,d iryk f>Yyh
ds vkoj.k ds leku gksrk gS tks vk¡[kksa ds fy, VsEij Xykl rarq
dk dke djrk gSA Nerve
Aqueous
) ;g jDr ds lEidZ esa ugha jgrk gSA
Humour Retina
) us=knku ds le; 24 ?kaVs ds vanj dkWfuZ;k nku fd;k tkrk
Vitreous
gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 104
ekuo us=k
™ n`f"V iVy (Retina)µ;g vk¡[kksa ds ihNs vofLFkr gksrk gSA ) us=k xksyd (ysal) = ?kV tkrk gSA
) bl ij cuus okyk izfrfcEc okLrfod rFkk mYVk gksrk gS ) ysal dh {kerk = ?kV tkrh gSA
vkSj oLrq ls NksVk gksrk gSA ) izfr¯cc = jsfVuk ds ihNsA
) 'kjhj rFkk vk¡[k ds vuqikr ds vkèkkj ij lcls cM+h vk¡[k
) iQksdl nwjh = c<+ tkrh gSA
fgj.k dh gksrh gSA tcfd lcls NksVh vk¡[k gkFkh dh gksrh
) izHkko = nwj dh oLrq fn[ksxh] utnhd dh ughaA
gSA
) phaVh dh vk¡[ksa 'kjhj ds ckgj fudyrh gksrh gS] vr% og ) mipkj = mÙky (vfHklkjh) ysal ds cus p'esa dk mi;ksxA
360° ns[k ldrh gSA ™ tjk n`f"V nks"k (Presbyopia):µblesa vleatl {kerk
™ izdkf'kd rarq (Optical Nervous)µ;g jsfVuk ds ihNs ulksa (Power of Accommodation) ?kV tkrh gS] u rks nwj dh oLrq
dk lewg gksrk gS tks czsu ds dkjiksjk ls tkdj tqM+k jgrk gSA fn[krh gS vkSj u gh fudV dhA
;g rarq nks izdkj dk gksrk gSµ ) blds mipkj ds fy, f} iQksdl (Bi-focal) ysal dk iz;ksx
1. csyukdkj ;k NM+ (Cylindrical nervous)µ ;g izdk'k dh djrs gSa ftlesa uhps dh vksj mÙky ysal yxk gksrk gS vkSj
ek=kk dks bafxr djrk gSA blh ds ekè;e ls de izdk'k esa Hkh Åij dh vksj voryA ;g chekjh cq<+kis esa gksrh gSA
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
) mYyw esa NM+ raf=kdk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS] vr% ;g
jkr esa Hkh ns[k ldrk gSA vory
mÙky vory
) mYyw viuh xnZu dks 360° ?kqek ldrk gSA mÙky
) jrkSaèkh uked chekjh esa csyukdkj dksf'kdk izHkkfor gksrh
gSA
2. 'kDokdkj (Conical)µ blds ekè;e ls jaxksa dk Kku gksrk gSA ™ vfcanqdrk (Astigmatism)µblesa mQèokZèkj j[kh oLrq frjNh
fn[krh gSA
) Daltonism uked chekjh esa yky jaxksa dk irk ugha pyrk
) blds mipkj ds fy, csyukdkj ysal (Cylindrical) ysal
gSA
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
) jDr o.kkZUèkrk Colour blindness ,d vuqokaf'kd jksx gS
ftlesa 'kDokdkj dksf'kdk izHkkfor gksrh gSA blesa yky jax ™ eksfr;kfcan (Cataract)µblesa us=k ysal nwfèk;k rFkk èkqaèkyk
gjk fn[krk gS vkSj gjk jax yky fn[krk gSA gks tkrk gS ftlls izdk'k dh fdj.ksa iw.kZ :i ls viorZu ugha
gksrh gSaA ftlds dkj.k Li"V izfrfcac jsfVuk ij ugha cu ikrk
ekuo us=k dh chekjh gSA ;g chekjh cq<+kis esa gksrh gSA blesa ysal ij ekal Nk tkrk
gS ftls vkWijs'ku }kjk fudky fn;k tkrk gSA
™ fudV n`f"Vnks"k (Myopia)µblesa fudV dh oLrq Li"V :i
ls fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu nwj dh oLrq Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ ugha ™ ik'oZ foLFkkiu (Lateral Displacement)µ;g chekjh u
nsrh gSA blesa izfrfcEc jsfVuk ds vkxs curk gSA gksdj ,d ifj?kVuk gksrh gSA
) us=k xksyd (Eye ball) = c<+ tkrk gSA ) v{kj dks tc niZ.k esa ns[kk tkrk gS rks dqN v{kj iyV
tkrs gSaA bl iyVus dh ?kVuk dks gh ik'oZ foLFkkiu dgrs
) ysal dh {kerk = c<+ tkrk gSA
gSA blh dkj.k Ambulance dks mYVk fy[kk x;k jgrk gSA
) izfr¯cc = jsfVuk ds vkxs @ igysA
) dqN v{kj ik'oZ foLFkkiu ugha djrs gaSA
) iQksdl nwjh = ?kV tkrh gSA
Ex :– A, I, O, X
) izHkko = fudV dh oLrq fn[ksxh nwj dh ughaA ) Mirror Image iyVrk gS (L/R)
) mipkj = vory (vilkjh) ysal ds cus p'esa dk ) Water Image myVrk gS (Åij@uhps)
mi;ksxA
) izdk'k dk gekjh vk¡[kksa ij izHkko 1 rd jgrk gS tcfd
™ nwj n`f"V nks"k (Hypermetropia)µblesa izfrfcEc jsfVuk ds 16
1
ihNs curk gSA èofu dk rd jgrk gSA
10
HkkSfrd foKku 105
ekuo us=k
) LoLF; vk¡[ksa 6/6 gksrh gSaA B
) euq"; dh vk¡[k 576 megapixal dh gksrh gSaA fo
vfHkn`';d usf=kdk
) Li"V n`f"V dh U;wure nwjh D = 25 cm blls de nwjh gksus ysUl A A' F Fo
ij oLrq Li"V ugha fn[krh gSA A O
) Li"V n`f"V dh vfèkdre nwjh vuar gksrh gSA B

™ n'kZu dks.k (Viewing Angle)µdksbZ oLrq gekjh vk¡[kksa ij B D

ftruh fMxzh dk dks.k cukrh gS ml dks.k dks gh n'kZu dks.k [kxksyh; nwjn'khZ
dgrs gSaA
™ usf=kdk (Eyepiece)%&;g vk¡[k ds lehi gksrk gSA bldh
) ikl j[kh oLrq dk n'kZu dks.k cM+k gksrk gS] vr% og cM+h
iQksdl nwjh de gksrh gSA
fn[krh gSA
™ vfHkn`';d (Object lens)%&;g oLrq dh vksj gksrh gSA bldh
) tc oLrq nwj tkrh gS rks n'kZu dks.k NksVk gks tkrk gS] vr%
iQksdl nwjh (vkdkj) cM+h gksuk pkfg,A
og NksVh fn[kus yxrh gSA
™ nwjn'khZ dh yEckbZ%&nwjn'khZ dh yackbZ nksuksa ysalksa ds iQksdl
nwjh ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA

L = f0 + fe
a
f0
m = −
fe

m = − L.D.
f0 . fe

b
L vfHkn`';d

α>β

\ a cM+k fn[ksxhA k
usf=kd
fe
uksV Stand

1. ,d nwjn'khZ ds vfHkn`';d dh yackbZ 25cm gSA tcfd

p'ek yxk;k gqvk O;fDr tc izdkf'kd ;a=k dk iz;ksx
usf=kdk dh iQksdl nwjh 15cm gS] nwjn'khZ dh yackbZ
djrk gS rks p'ek mrkj nsrk gSA
Kkr djsaA
™ nwjchu@nwjn'khZ (Telescope)%& Sol. L = f0 + fe
) ;g nwj dh oLrq dks djhc ykrk gSA blesa nks mÙky ysal = 25 + 15 = 40
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftl dkj.k ;g izfrfcEc dks mYVk
cukrk gSA 2. ,d nwjn'khZ dh yackbZ 46 cm gSA blds ysalksa dh
iQksdl nwjh D;k gksxh\
) ikfFkZo nwjn'khZ esa rhu mÙky ysal dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa ftl (a) – 40, – 6
dkj.k ;s izfrfcEc dks lhèkk cuk nsrk gSA (b) –6, 40
) izFke nwjn'khZ xSyhfy;ks us cuk;k FkkA blesa mÙky rFkk (c) 6, – 40
vory ysal dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (d) 40, 6  Ans. (d) 40, 6

HkkSfrd foKku 106

ekuo us=k
3. [kxksyh; nwjn'khZ dk lkekU;r% vafre izfrfcEc curk ljy lw{en'khZ
gS\ ysal 1
(a) usf=kdk ds iQksdl ij
izÑfr mÙky
(b) vfHkn`';d dh iQksdl ij
(c) Li"V n`f"V dh U;wure nwjh
iQksdl de
(d) vuar ij  Ans. (d) vuar ij {kerk T;knk@vfèkd
4. ,d [kxksyh; nwjn'khZ dh vkoZèku {kerk c<+kbZ tk oLrq U;wure nwjh D
ldrh gS
(a) usf=kdk ds iQksdl ij la;qDr lw{en'khZ
(b) nwjn'khZ dh yackbZ c<+kdj ysal 2
(c) vfHkn`'; dh iQksdl nwjh c<+kdj izÑfr mÙky
(d) mijksDr lHkh  Ans. (d) mijksDr lHkh iQksdl de
5. [kxksyh; nwjn'khZ dh vfHkn`';d dh iQksdl nwjh {kerk vfèkd
200cm gS tcfd usf=kdk dh iQksdl nwjh 5cm gS rks
fe > f0
vkoèkZu {kerk Kkr djsaA
f0 ™ Electron Microscopeµblesa bysDVªkWu iqat dk iz;ksx gksrk gS
Sol. m = − = 200 = – 40 cm
fe − 5 ;s oLrqvksa dks 10,000 xq.kk T;knk cM+k dj fn[kk ldrk gS]
fdUrq ;g fo|qr ij pyrk gSA
6. ;fn 15 cm uYyh okys ,d nwjn'khZ ds vfHkn`';d dh
) bldh [kkst ukWy ,oa :Ldk us dh FkhA
iQksdl nwjh 0.5 cm gks rFkk bl nwjn'khZ dh vkoèkZu
™ lw{en'khZ dh vkoèkZu {kerkµ
{kerk 375° gks] rks raf=kdk dh iQksdl nwjh Kkr djsaA
1. tc oLrq vuUr ij gks rks]
Sol. 375 = 15 × 25 m = D tc oLrq vuUr ij
0.5 × f e f
375 2. tc oLrq lkekU; fLFkfr esa gks rc]
375 =
0.5 × f e
m= 1 + D
fe = 2 cm. f
™ lw{en'khZ (Microscope) %&;g NksVh phtksa dks cM+k dj ldrk 3. la;qDr lw{en'khZ ds fy, ;fn vfHkn`';d dh vkoèkZu M1 gks
gSA cM+k djus ds fy, bldh {kerk vfèkd j[kk tkrk gSA ftl rFkk usf=kdk dk vkoèkZu M2 gks rks]
dkj.k bldh iQksdl nwjh ?kV tkrh gSA
) ljy lw{en'khZ esa ,d gh mÙky ysal dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA m
= m1 × m 2 f0
m=
) bldh [kkst tkWulu us dh FkhA
fe

) la;qDr lw{en'khZ esa gks mÙky ysal dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 1. ;fn vuUr ij j[kh oLrq dks 20cm iQksdl nwjh okys
la;qDr lw{en'khZ dk usf=kdk cM+k gksrk gSA ljy lw{en'khZ dks ns[kk tk,] rks vkoèkZu D;k gksxh\
fe Sol. f = 20

fo m = ?
25
m = D = =1.25
f 20

2. la;qDr lw{en'khZ usf=kdk dh iQksdl nwjh 5 cm rFkk

vfHkn`';d dh iQksdl nwjh 2cm gS rks lw{en'khZ dh
vkoèkZu D;k gksxh\
HkkSfrd foKku 107
ekuo us=k
Sol. fe = 5 cm Remark :–nwjn'khZdh iQksdl nwjh vfèkd j[kk tkrk gS
ftl dkj.k mldh {kerk ?kV tkrh gSA
f0 = 2
lw{en'khZ dh {kerk vfèkd j[kh tkrh gS ftl dkj.k
m = ? bldh iQksdl nwjh ?kV tkrh gSA
f0 2
m =
fe
=
5 = 0.4 Ans. Numerical Problems based on Prism
3. ,d ljy lw{en'khZ 6D {kerk ds mÙky ysal ls cuk gSA
bldk vkoèkZu Kkr djsaA µ=
sin A + δ
2 ( )
Sol. P= 6D
sin A
2 ( )
100
f =
6 = 16.6 d = fopyu dks.k

m = 1+ D
A = fizTe dks.k
f
m = viorZukad
25
m = = 2.5 1. ,d fizTe dk viorZukad gSA ;fn fizTe dks.k 60° gks]
16.6
4. 50cm iQksdl nwjh okys ,d ljy lw{en'khZ dk vkoèkZu rks bldk fopyu dks.k Kkr djsaA
Kkr djsaA
Sol. m = 1 + D Sol. µ =
(
sin A + δ
2 )
f
sin A ( )
2
= 1 + 25

50
3 2=
(
sin 60 + δ
2 )
= 1 + 1 = = 1.5 Ans.
2 2 sin 60
2
5. la;qDr lw{en'khZ esa vfHkn`';d dk vkoèkZu 5 gSA
tcfd usf=kdk dk vkoèkZu 2 gS rks lw{en'khZ dk
vkoèkZu Kkr djsaA 2=
(
sin 60 + δ
2 )
1
Sol. m1 = 5 2

m2 = 2

m = ? 2×1 =
2
sin 60 + δ
2 ( )
m = m1 × m2
m = 5 × 2 = 10 1
2 2(
= sin 60 + δ )
( 602+ δ )
uksV
sin 45 = sin
vkoèkZu dk dksbZ ek=kd ugha gksrk gSA
) lhèks izfrfcEc ds fy, vkoèkZu + ve (positive) , tcfd 45 = 60 + δ
2
mYVk izfrfcEc ds fy, vkoèkZu – ve (negative) gksrk gSA
) lw{en'khZ rFkk nwjn'khZ esa leku (Same) formula dk Use 90 = 60 + d
gksrk gSA d = 30 Ans.

HkkSfrd foKku 108

ekuo us=k
2. 60° fizTe dks.k okys ,d fizTe dk U;wure fopyu 30 1. MkWDVj us ,d O;fDr dks – 0.5 D dk p'ek fy[kk gSA
gSA bl fizTe ds vUnj izdk'k dh pky D;k gksxh\ og fcuk p'esa ds fdrus nwj ns[k ldrk gS\
Sol. A = 60 Sol. p = 100 [ cm ]
d = 30
f
v = ? 100
f =
p

µ=
(
sin A + δ
2 ) f = 100
sin A
2 ( ) 0.5

f = 100
0.5
µ = sin 45
sin 30 f = 1000
5
1
µ= 2 f = 200cm Ans.
1
2 2. fudV n`f"V nks"k ls ihfM+r ,d O;fDr – 4D 'kfDr ds
ysal okys p'esa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA fdlh oLrq dh og
=
µ 1 ×2
vfèkdre nwjh ftlls og O;fDr dks fcuk p'es ds
2
ns[k ldrk gS
µ= 2 Sol. f = 100 [ cm ]
p
c
m=
\
v f = 100 = 25 cm. Ans.

4
8
2 = 3 × 10 3. ,d fudV n`f"Vnks"k okyk O;fDr 2m dh nwjh rd osQ
v
O;fDr dks lkiQ&lkiQ ns[k ldrk gSA bl nks"k ds
8
v = 3 × 10 mipkj ds fy, fn, x, ysal dh {kerk D;k gksxh\
2 Sol. p = 1
f
8
v = 3 × 10 1 = 0.5 D
1.414 =
2
v = 2 × 108 (yxHkx) Approx = 0.5 D (fudV)
TYPE-01
us=k jksx ls lacafèkr iz'u 1. ,d fudV n`f"V nks"k okyk O;fDr 200cm ij j[kh
™ ekuo us=k esa vfèkdka'kr% fudV n`f"V nks"k gksrk gS ftlds fy, oLrq dks lkiQ ns[kus ds fy, ysal yxkuk pkgrk gSA
vory ysal dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tcfd fcuk fdlh ysal ds og 20cm ns[k ldrk gSA
) vory ysal ges'kk Í.kkRed gksrk gS] vr% iz'u cukrs bls fdruh {kerk dk ysal fn;k tk,\
le; bldk è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA Sol. u = – (tgka ns[kuk gS)
) ;fn us=k jksx xaHkhj gksxk rks ysal dh {kerk vfèkd ysuh
v = – (tgk¡ rd ns[k ldrk gS)
gksxh vkSj ;fn ekewyh jksx gksxk rks ysal dh {kerk Hkh de
gksxhA 1= 1 − 1 u = −200
Remark :– O;fDr fcuk p'ek ds ftruh nwj ns[k ldrk f v u v = −20
gS] MkWDVj ml nwjh dks iQksdl nwjh eku ysrk gS vkSj mlh 1
= 1 − 1
ds vuqlkj og {kerk dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA f −20 −200

HkkSfrd foKku 109

ekuo us=k
= −10 + 1 ) izdk'k ,d d.k dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA izdk'k ds bl
200 d.k dks Photon dgrs gSaA
1 = −9 ™ izdk'k dk rjax xfr fl¼karµgkbxsUlcxZ us 1678 bZ-
f 200 esa izdk'k dh rjax dh xfr osQ fl¼kar dks izfrikfnr
f =
−200
= – 22.2 cm Ans.
tfd;kA
9
) ;g fl¼kar ijkorZu] viorZu] èkqzo.k dh lgh O;k[;k
100
D = ( cm ) djrk gSA
f
100 –9
) gkbxsUlcxZ ds vuqlkj izdk'k rjaxksa ds :i esa pyrk gSA
200 = = – 4.5 D (vory ysal) ;s rjaxsa izdk'k Ïksr ls fudydj lHkh fn'kkvksa esa
– 2
9 izdk'k dh pky ls pyrh gSA pw¡fd izdk'k rjaxksa dks pyus
ds fy, ekè;e dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA vr%
TYPE-02 gkbxsUl us ,d loZO;kih ekè;e bZFkj (Eather) dh dYiuk
1. ,d O;fDr 100cm rd Li"V ns[k ldrk gSA blds dhA
mipkj ds fy, fdruh {kerk dk ysal fn;k tk,\ ™ izdk'k dk DokaVe fl¼karµvkbaLVhu us 1905 bZ- esa izdk'k
u = −∞ dk DokaVe fl¼kar fn;kA
Sol.
v = − ( tgka rd n[sk ldrk gS )
) buds vuqlkj izdk'k ÅtkZ ds NksVs&NksVs caMyksa ;k xqPNksa
v = – 100 esa pyrh gS ftls Photon (Bundle of Energy) dgk tkrk
u = –∝ gSA
p = ?
l rjaxnSè;Z okys Photon dh dqy ÅtkZ E = hc
λ
1= 1 − 1
f v u h = Plank Constant

1 =
− 1 − 1 Iykad fu;rkad dk eku& 6.625 × 10–34
f 100 −∞
1 = − 1 ™ Mh czksxyh fl¼karµMh czksxyh ds vuqlkj izdk'k fofdj.kksa
f 100 ds leku vU; lw{e d.k_ tSls&Electron, Proton vkfn Hkh

}Sèk izÑfr n'kkZrs gSa vFkkZr~ rjax o dks.kh; nksuksa :i esa ik,
f = – 100 tkrs gSaA

p = 100
) fofdj.kksa dh vko`fÙk v gks rks rjaxh; izÑfr ds vuqlkj
f ÅtkZ (E) dks E = hv Iykad lehdj.k }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA
ijUrq tc fofdj.k dks d.k ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS rks
p = − 100 mldh ÅtkZ (E) vkbaLVhu lehdj.k E = mc2 }kjk nh
100
tkrh gSA
p = – 1 D Ans.
™ izdk'k dh nksgjh izÑfrµizdk'k dHkh d.kksa dh Hkkafr ) pw¡fd ge tkurs gSa fd p = mv
O;ogkj djrk gS rks dHkh rjaxksa dh Hkkafr O;ogkj djrk gS]
blfy, izdk'k dks nksgjh izÑfr dk ekuk tkrk gSA
) vr% l= h (Mh czksxyh lehdj.k)
p
™ izdk'k dk df.kdk fl¼karµdf.kdk fl¼kar dk izfriknu
U;wVu us fd;k FkkA df.kdk fl¼kar ds vuqlkj fojy ekè;e ) Mh czksxyh lehdj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fdlh xfr'khy
esa izdk'k dh pky de rFkk l?ku ekè;e esa izdk'k dh pky d.k dk laosx mlds rjaxnSè;Z dk O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk
vfèkd gksrh gSA gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 110
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk

vè;k; fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk

21 (Electricity and Electric
current)
™ baXySaM dh egkjkuh ,fytkcSFk ds ?kjsyw fpfdRld us tc dk¡p ™ vkos'k (Charge) q = ne
ds NM+ dks js'ke ls jxM+k rks NM+ esa NksVs&NksVs fptksa dks q = it

vkd£"kd djus dh {kerk vk xbZ ftls vkos'k dgk x;kA
) bUgksaus dk¡p ds NM+ dks /uvkos'k ekuk rFkk js'ke ij n = Electron

vkos'k dks Í.kkRed ekukA e = 1.6 × 10–19 C

) csatkfeu izsaQdyhu us vkos'k dh liQy O;k[;k fd;k vkos'k dk ek=kd dwyke gksrk gSA
bUgksaus gh +ve (/ukRed), –ve (Í.kkRed) dh [kkst 1. ,d oLrq ls 4 bysDVªkWu fudys gS bl ij vkos'k dh
fd;kA x.kuk djsa\
) bUgksaus rfM+r pkyd dk [kkst fd;k tks vklekuh fctyh Sol. q = ne
dks viuh vksj [khap ysrk gS rfM+r pkyd rk¡cs dk cuk
q = 4 × 1.6 × 10–19
gksrk gSA
= 6.4 × 10–19C
uksV
2. ,d pkyd esa 2A dh /kjk 3 feuV rd izokfgr gksrh
y fctyh rM+irs le; yxHkx 1000 Ampere dh /kjk gS rks vkos'k dh x.kuk dhft,\
mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM (NO) mRiUu Sol. q = it
gksrk gSA
= 2 × 3 × 60
y rfM+r pkyd dks Vkoj ;k mQ¡ph bekjr ij yxk;k
tkrk gS vkSj bls i`Foh ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA = 360 C
y i`Foh ,d cgqr cM+k vkos'k dk xksyk gS ;g fdrus gh
cM+s vkos'k dks vkius esa lekfgr dj ysrk gSA fo|qr (Electric)
y b±/u ;k xSl ys tk jgh Tanker ls ,d tathj uhps ™ fdlh vkos'k ds pkjks vksj ,d og {ks=k tgk¡ fo|qr cy dk
yVdk nh tkrh gS rkfd ok;q ds ?k"kZ.k ls mRiUu vkHkk"k fd;k tk ldrk gS mls n'kkZus okyh dkYifud js[kk
Electron dks i`Foh esa Hkstk tk ldsA dh fo|qr cy js[kk dgrs gSaA
y lkeku vkos'kks ds chp izfrd"kZ.k gksrk gS tcfd ) /u vkos'k ls ;s cy js[kk,a yEcor~ ckgj dh vksj
foijhr vkos'kks ds chp vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA fudyrh gS blh dkj.k tc fdlh cqycqyk dks
y vkos'k dk lcls cM+k xq.k izfrd"kZ.k gksrh gSA /u vkosf'kr fd;k tkrk gS rks mldk {ks=kiQy c<+ tkrk
y fLFkj vkos'k dsoy fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu djrk gS tcfd gSA
xfr'khy vkos'k fo|qr rFkk pqEcdh; nksuksa {ks=k mRiUu ) Í.k vkos'k ls ;s cy js[kk,a yEcor~ vUnj dh vksj vkrh
djrk gSA izfrr gksrh gSA
y blh dkj.k lM+d ls xqtj jgh fctyh ds rkj dks
ydM+h yxkdj ck¡/ fn;k tkrk gSA ugh rks muesa +q -q
vkd"kZ.k gks tk,xhA
HkkSfrd foKku 111
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
™ mnklhu fcUnqµ nks vkos'kksa ds chp dk og LFkku tgk¡ fdlh 1 q 1 q 2
.
Hkh vkos'k dk vuqHko fd;k u tk lds mnklhu fcUnq dgykrk E=
4 πε0 r2
gSA q
1 q1
dwykWe dk fu;e E= .
4 πε0 r2
™ nks vkos'kks ds chp yxus okys cy dk dwykWe us ifjHkkf"kr 1. pkj dwyke ij ;fn 48 N dk cy yxrk gS rks fo|qr
fd;k buds vuqlkj cy vkos'k ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS rFkk nwjh {ks=k dh rhozrk Kkr djsaA
ds oxZ ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA f
Sol. E=
Sol. +q r -q q
48
f α q1 . q 2  = 12N / C
...(i) 4

fα
1 2. 18C dk ,d vkos'k 6 m dh nwjh ij fLFkr gS fo|qr
2  ...(ii)
r {ks=k dh rhozrk Kkr djsaA
q1 . q2 1 q
fα Sol. f= . (Electric field)
r2 4 πε0 r2

1 q 1q 2 18
f= . = 9 × 10 ×
9
4 πε0 r2 6×6
1
= 9 × 109 = 4.5 × 109 N / C
4 πε0
™ foHko (Potential)µ bdkbZ vkos'k dks ys vkus ;k ys tkus esa
1. 6CrFkk 12C ds nks vkos'k 3m dh nwjh ij gS buds chp fd;k x;k dk;Z foHko dgykrk gSA
yxus okys cy Kkr djsaA
Sol. q ..... w
Sol. q1 = 6
q2 = 12 1 ..... w
r=3 q
f=? w
1 q 1q 2 V=
f= . q
4 πε0 r2
f×r
6 × 12 V=
=×
9 10 × 9 q
9
1 qq
+ 12 2 ×r
= 72 × 109 N 4 πε0 r
V=
= 7.2 × 1010 q

™ fo|qr {ks=k dh rhozrkµ bdkbZ vkos'k ij yxus okys cy dks V=

1 q
.
fo|qr {ks=k dh rhozrk dgrs gSA 4 πε0 r

Sol. q ..... f
1. 5C ds vkos'k dks foLFkkfir djus ds fy, 90 J dk;Z
f
1 ..... djuk iM+rk gS foHko Kkr djsaA
q
w
Sol. V=
q
f
E= 90
q V=
5
f dk eku j[kus ij V = 18

HkkSfrd foKku 112

fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
2. 150 C ds vkos'k dks 3 m foLFkkfir djus ds fy, ™ izfrjks/ (Resistance)µ /kjk ds fojks/ djus okys xq.k dks
vko';d foHko dh x.kuk djsaA izfrjks/ djrs gSaA
1 q Rα rki (pkyd)
Sol. V= .
4 πε0 r
1
150 Rα (v¼Zpkyd)
=×
9 10 × 9
rki
3
ñl
=
V 450 × 109 R=
A
V= 45 × 1010
ρ(jks) =fof'k"V izfrjks/
= 4.5 × 1011
V
l = yEckbZ
3. 12mC vkos'k esa 3m dh nwjh ij fo|qr {ks=k dh rhozrk
A = {ks=k
fdruh gksxh\
12c izfrjks/ dk ek=kd vkse (Ω) bls Ωm }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
E
Sol. ) mPp izfrjks/ dks esxj }kjk ekirs gSaA
3m
q = 12mc ) vKkr izfrjks/ dks OghVLVksu (Whitstone) czht }kjk ekirs
1 ekbØks = 10–6 gSaA
q = 12 × 10–6C ™ jks (ρ)– ;g inkFkZ ds izÑfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS mldh ek=kk
r = 3m ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
E=? 1. 10 m yEcs lksus ds rkj dk fof'k"V izfrjks/ ;fn q Ω mgS
1 q rks 40 m yEcs rkj dk fof'k"V izfrjks/ D;k gksxkµ
E= . Sol. q Ω mgksxk D;ksafd izÑfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS Ek=kk ij
4 πε0 r2
ugha
12 × 10 −6
E =×
9 109 ×
( 3 )2 ) fof'k"V izfrjks/ dk ek=kd Ωm gksrk gSA

E =×
9 109 ×
12 × 10 −6 uksV
9
;fn yEckbZ dks n xq.kk fd;k tk, rks izfrjks/ Hkh n xq.kk
E = 12 × 103 N/C
gks tk,xk fdUrq tc yEckbZ dks f[kpdj n xq.kk fd;k
™ pkydrk (Conductivity)µ /kjk ys tkus dh {kerk dks tk,xk rks izfrjks/ n2 xq.kk gks tk,xkA
pkydrk dgrs gSaA pkydrk ftruh vf/d gksxh /kjk ys tkus
esa ljyrk gksxhA 2. ;fn yEckbZ dks 10 xq.kk dj fn;k tk, rks izfrjks/ ij
D;k izHkko iMs+xkA
) lokZf/d pkydrk pk¡nh > rk¡ck > ,Y;qfefu;e
Sol. 10 xq.kk
) rkieku dks tc cgqr de dj nsrs gS rks izfrjks/ ?kVus ls
3. ,d rkj dh yEckbZ dks f[kpdj vkB xq.kk fd;k tkrk
pkydrk c<+ tkrh gSA gS rks izfrjks/ ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA
) yxHkx pkj (4) dSfYou ij ikjk dk izfrjks/ 'kwU; gks Sol. 82 = 64 xq.kk
tkrk gS vkSj pkydrk vuUr gks tkrh gS bl fLFkfr dks 4. ,d rkj izfrjks/ 4 Ω gS ;fn bldh yEckbZ dks f[kpdj
vfr pkydrk (Super conducter)A 5 xq.kk dj fn;k tk, rks bldk izfrjks/ D;k gksxkA
1 Sol. 4 × 52
pkydrk =
ifzrjks / xq.kk
4 × 25 = 100

™ pkydrk dk ek=kd Ω −1 / mho / lhesal gksrk gSA izfrjks/ esa ifjorZu = n2

= 52 = 25
HkkSfrd foKku 113
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
u;k izfrjks/ = 4 × 25  
 
1.  
= 100 xq.kk  

Dry (100000)
™ 'kjhj dk izfrjks/µ Wet (1000) Sol. 
  


izfrjks/ dk lek;kstu 


(i) Js.kh Øeµ blesa ,d izfrjks/ dk vxyk f'kjk nwljs izfrjks/ 
ds fiNyk f'kjk ls tqM+k jgrk gSA 
2.  
) bl lek;kstu esa /kjk ugha cnyrh gS blesa NksVk izfrjks/ 
cM+k gks tkrk gSA 

R = R1 + R2 + .............
4 4 Sol. R1 = 2, R2 = 4, R3 = 4, R4 = 2
1 1 1 1 1
8 = + + +
R R1 R2 R3 R4
) Value leku jgus ij 1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
RTotal = nR R 2 4 4 2
tgk¡ n = izfrjks/ks dh la[;k
1 2 + 1+ 1+ 2
=
(ii) lekukUrj Øeµ blesa nks izfrjks/ dk ,d gh f'kjk ,d gh R 4
LFkku ij tqM+k gksrk gSA
1 6 3
) blesa Voltage ugha cnyrk gSA blesa cM+s izfrjks/ dks = =
R 4 2
tksM+dj NksVk dj fn;k tkrk gSA
2
1 1 1 1 ∴ R= W
= + + ........ 3
R R1 R2 R3

 

   3.  
tSlsµ 


1 1 1 1+ 1+ 1 3 
+= + =
4 4 4 4 4 Sol.  

1 3
=
R 4
4 RTotal = R/n = 4/2 = 2Ω
R=
3
 
) Value leku jgus ij
4.  
RTotal = R/n  

tgk¡ n = izfrjks/ks dh la[;k

uksV 

Sol.  
?kjks esa lkekukUrj Øe dsa ck;¯jx dh tkrh gSA 

HkkSfrd foKku 114

fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
R 6 
R= = = 3Ω 
n 2 Sol.

   
 
RTotal = 3 + 4 = 7Ω RTotal = 3 + 4 = 7Ω
  

   
  
  
5. 
 9.
  


   
 Sol. fn, x, Figure esa 2Ω, 4Ω vkSj 6ΩJs.khØe esa
la;ksftr gSA
6.  
 R' = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12Ω


 
R 10 
Sol. R P= =
n 3
 
10
10 +
3
  
30 + 10
=
3 RTotal = 13Ω
40
= Ω
3

 
 

7. 10.    

   


Sol. 
Now,  
11.  
R 4 
R Total= = = 2Ω
n 2 

 

 
8.  

12. 
 
 

HkkSfrd foKku 115

fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
 3 12

 4
1.
 2 8


15
 
13.  2. 10
 

3 3 3
3.
 

 Un Bailance wheat stone bridge


6 5
  2
14. 2 2
  6×2 ≠ 5×2
 
12 ≠ 10

Delta to star

  6
A B
5
15. 2
C
   2 2

  6×2 12 6
=
A = = ,
 6 + 2 + 2 10 5
16.   
6×2 12 6
  =
B = =
6 + 2 + 2 10 5
 
  2× 2 4 2
=
C = =
17.  6 + 2 + 2 10 5
 

 5
6/5
  6/5

Wheat Stone Bridge 2/5 2

6 5 6 + 25 31 2 2 + 10 12
+= = , +=2 =
™ ;g cgqr gh NksVs izfrjks/ ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA tc ;g 5 1 5 5 5 5 5
larqfyr voLFkk esa jgrk gS rks blls /kjk izokfgr ugha gksrh 5 5 60 + 155 215
+ = = Ω
gSA blds enn ls vKkr izfrjks/ dks Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 31 12 372 372
) bldk vkdkj lkekUrj prqHkqZt ds leku gksrk gSA

P
Ohm's Law
R
P R
G Q= S ™ ;fn fdlh pkyd dh HkkSfrd voLFkk dks u cnyk tk, rks
Q S PS = RQ mlds foHkokUrj ,oa mlesa izokfgr gksus okyh /kjk dk vuqikr
fu;r jgrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 116
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
v ijkcSaxuh fdj.ks izfrnhfIr 'khy ysi ls Vdjkrh gS] rks izdk'k
) ek=kd → vkse ;k oksYV@,Eih;j R=
I mRiUu djrh gSA
electron (Ultra voilet)
) vkse ds fu;e ds fy, xzkiQ ,d lh/h js[kk esa izkIr gksrk
gSA HG/AR

VaxLVu
izfrnhfIr 'khy ysi csfj;e ikjk vkWDlkbM
V = IR
™ Fuse :– ;g ifjiFk dks Short circuit ls cpkrk gSA rFkk lwj{kk
iznku djrk gSA ;g /kjk ds m"eh; izHkko ij vkèkkfjr gSA
) vkse dk fu;e d. c. (Direct current) ij ykxw gksrk gSA ;g bldk izfrjks/ mPp rFkk xyukad fuEu gksrk gS bls Js.kh Øe
/kRohd pkydks ij ykxw gksrk gSA esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
Note:– v/Zpkyd tesZfu;e Silicon Mk;ksM Vªk;ksM etc ij ) bls load, live ;k main wire esa tksM+rs gS
vkse dk fu;e ykxw ugha gksrk gSA bu ij Child ySxewu dk ) Fuse rkj lhlk rFkk Vhu (ph+sn) dk cuk gksrk gSA blesa
fu;e ykxw djrk gSA 37%, lhlk 63% Vhu gksrk gSA
) Fuse dh {kerk dks Ampere esa ekirs gSaA
I ∝ v 3/2

™ /kjk dk m"eh; izHkko %& fo|qr /kjk ds m"eh; izHkko dk O;atd

(1) VaxLVu %& ;g de mQ"ek rFkk vf/d izdk'k nsrk gSA bldk
™ /kjk ds m"eh; izHkko dh [kkst twy uked fo}ku us fd;k
izfrjks/ rFkk xyukad nksuksa gh mPp gksrk gSA FkkA
VaxLVu dk mi;ksx cYc rFkk Tubelight esa djrs gSaA ) tc fdlh pkyd esa /kjk izokfgr gksrh gS] og m"eh;
Blub ds Philament dks xksy DokWy ds :i esa yxk;k tkrk m"ek mRiUu djrk gS] ftls H }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
gSa ftlls yEckbZ Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA ftlds dkj.k izfrjks/ Hkh V
i= (vkse dk fu;e)
c<+ tkrh gSA R
V
(2) ukbØkse %& ;g vf/d mQ"ek rFkk de izdk'k nsrk gSA bldk R= (vkse dk fu;e)
i
izfrjks/ rFkk xyukad nksuksa gh mPp gksrk gS bldk iz;skx fgVj
V2
esa djrs gSA P = iV → P =
R
(3) Iron %& bldk uhpyk Hkkx ,LcsLVl dk cuk gksrk gS] ftlds
H = i 2 RT H = i 2 TR
mQij vHkzd ds pknj ls <dh gqbZ ukbØkse dh rkj gksrh gSA
V V
) vHkzd ukbØkse dh m"ek dh ,LcsLVl rd Hkst nsrk gSA i = j[kus ij R = j[kus ij
R i
fdUrq /kjk dks ugha Hkstrk gSA V 2
H =   RT
V
) Iron dk ckgjh Hkkx Bakelite dk cuk gksrk gSA H = i2 × × T
R i
V2
= × RT
vHkzd R2 H = VIT
V2 T
H= P = iV j[kus ij
R
,LosLVl ukbozQkse
H = PT
™ Tube Light (izfrnhfIr ufydk)% blds nksuksa fljks ij
H = mQ"ek
VaxLVu dk rkj gksrk gSA ftlds vkxs csfj;e ikjkDlkbZM dh
i = /kjk
ysi yxh gksrh gSa tc fo|qr izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS] rks VaxLVu
R = izfrjks/
xeZ gksrk gS vkSj og Berium ikjk vkWDlkbM ls Electron
fudky nsrk gS tc ;g Electron Tube esa Hkjs ikjk ;k Organ t = le;
ls Vdjkrk gS] rks ijkcSaxuh fdj.ks mRiUu djrk gSA ;g V = foHkokUrj
HkkSfrd foKku 117
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
Numerical Question 8. ,d pkyd esa izokfgr gks jgh 2A dh èkkjk 10 feuV
P = IV esa 80 Jule Å"ek mRiUu djrh gS pkyd dk izfrjksèk
D;k gS\
1. ,d ySai ftl ij 50 watt, 250 oksYV vafdr gS esa Sol. H = I2Rt
izokfgr èkkjk gS&
80 = 22 × R × 10
Sol. P = IV
80
P 50 1 R= = 2Ω
∴ I == = = 0.2 Amp 10 × 4
V 250 5
9. 2Ω izfrjksèk ls 5A dh èkkjk 30 feuV rd izokfgr djus
2. ;fn 200 V foHkokarj ij 10 W dh 'kfDr iznku dh tk ij vkarfjd ÅtkZ gksxh&
jgh gS rc izokfgr èkkjk gS& Sol. H2 = I2Rt
Sol. P = VI
= 52 × 2 × 30 × 60
P 10
I= = = 0.5 Amp = 25 × 2 × 30 × 60
V 200
= 50 × 30 × 60
3. ,d ikoj LVs'ku ls 1,00,000 V ij 20,000 kW dh
fo|qr 'kfDr 8 Ω izfrjksèk ds ykbu ij izsf'kr fd;k = 90000
tkrk gSA bl izs"k.k esa fdruh 'kfDr dk ßkl gks jgk gSA = 9 × 104 Joule
Sol. P = VI 10. 4 A dh ,d èkkjk 100Ω izfrjksèk ds rkj ls 15 feuV rd
P 20000 izokfgr gksrk gSA mRiUu m"ek dk eku dSyksjh esa fdruk
=I= × 1000 = 200 Amp
V 100000 gksxk\
4. ,d fgVj 220V dh lIykbZ ij pyk;k tkrk gS vkSj Sol. H = I2RT
og 15 A dh èkkjk ysrk gS bldh 'kfDr D;k gS\ = 42 × 100 × 15 × 60
Sol. P = VI = 16 ×100 × 15 × 60
3300
= 220 × 15 = 3300 Watt. = kW = 3.3 kW = 240 × 100 × 60
1000
5. 55 W ds ySai dks 220 V ds eq[; rkj ls la;ksftr fd;k = 144 × 10000
= 144 × 104 Jule
tkrk gSA ySai esa èkkjk gksxhA
Sol. P = IV 1
1 Jule = dSyksjh
4.2
P 55
I= = = 0.25 A
V 220 144
= × 104
6. 10 A Ý;wt ds lkFk 220 V iznk; ij 200 W ds dqy 4.2
fdrus cYc dks lqjf{kr mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gS\
Sol. P = IV 1440
= × 104
42
= 10 × 220 = 2200 W
2200
cYc dh la[;k (n) = = 11 = 34.28 × 104 = 3.4 × 105 dSyksjh
200
V = IR
7. 10 Ωds izfrjksèk ls 1 A èkkjk izokfgr djrs gSA ÅtkZ
foltZu izfr feuV gksxkA 1. ,d lqpkyd esa 2 A dh fo|qr dk izokg gksrk gSA
Sol. 2 2
H = I RT = (1) × 10 × 60 ftlds nksuksa var 4 V dh xfrt ÅtkZ ij gS lqpkyd
= 1 × 10 × 60 dh izfrjksèkdrk D;k gksxh\ [RRB Group D - 01.10.2015]
Sol. V = IR
= 600 J
V 4
H = I2 Rt R= = =2Ω
I 2

HkkSfrd foKku 118

fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
2. fdlh fi.M ds ekè;e ls fdruh fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr 4. ,d cYc ij 100 W, 220 V fy[kk gSA ;fn bl cYc dks
gksxhA ;fn ;g fdlh 12 V okys cSVjh ds VfeZuy 110 Volt ds Ïksr ls tksM+k tk, rks blds }kjk iznÙk
1,00,000 Ω izfrjksèk ij Nqrh gSA 'kfDr dh x.kuk dhft,\
 [RRB Group D 12.12.2018] V2 220 × 220
Sol. V = IR Sol. cYc dk izfrjksèk (R) = = = 484 Ω
P 100
V 12 vc vkiwfrZ voltage = 110 Volt
I
= = = 1.2 × 10–4 Amp
R 100000
V2 110 × 110
V T 2 'kfDr P = = = 25 W
P 484
H=
R
V = Pt
1. ,d fo|qr VksLVj ds rarq dk izfrjksèk 22Ω gSA bldks
110 V ds ?kjsyw ifjiFk ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA ;fn J 1. 210 Watt ds fo|qr cYc esa 5 feuV esa yxHkx fdrus
= 4.2 J/ dSyksjh] rc 1 feuV esa mRiUu m"ek gksxhA dSyksjh m"ek mRiUu gksxh\
Sol. H = P × t = 210 × 5 × 60 J
V2
Sol. H
= ×t = 1050 × 60 Jule
R
1050 × 60
(110 )
2
× 1× 60 110 × 110 × 1× 60
= dSyksjh
4.2
= = = 33000 J
22 22
1050 × 60 × 10
= = 15000 dSyksjh
42
33000
= = 7857.14 dSyksjh 2. 5 Watt. 'kfDr
dh èkkjk 3 feuV rd izokfgr gksus esa
4.2
fdruk Å"ek fudysxhA
V2 Sol. H=P×t
P=
R
= 5 × 3 × 60
1. 10Ω dk izfrjksèk ds lfdZV esa 100 V iz;qDr fd;k tkrk = 90 Jule
gSA bl izfrjksèk ds }kjk u"V fd;k x;k ikoj gSA
V 2 100 × 100 /kfjrk (Capacity)
Sol. P= = = 1000 W
R 10
™ vkos'k /kj.k djus dh {kerk dks /kfjrk dgrs gSA
2. 120 V AC ifjiFk dk izfrjksèk 40Ω gS rks ifjiFk dh
vkSlr 'kfDr gksxh\ ™ bls iQSjkMs (F) ekirs gSA
™ bldk O;ogkfjd ek=kd micro farade gksrk gSA D;ksafd iQSjkMs
V 2 120 × 120
Sol. P =
= = 360W cgqr gh cM+k ek=kd gSA
R 40
™ 1 µF = 10–6 F
3. ;fn 20Ω ds izfrjksèk dks 100 V ds lkFk tksM+k tk, rks
™ ;fn fdlh pkyd dks Q vkos'k nsus ls mldk foHko V ls
dqy fdruk 'kfDr [kir gksxk\ c<+rk gS rks
V2
Sol. P= q=v
R
V = 100 volt or, q = CV
R = 20Ω
q
or, C = tgk¡ C ,d fu;rkad gS ftls pkyd dh èkkfjrk
100 × 100 v
P= = 500 W
20 dgrs gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 119
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
™ bldk S.I. ek=kd C volt–1 1. ,d la/kfjr 200 Volt ls tqM+k gS 0.1 dqyEc dk vkos'k
™ ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA j[krk gSA tc bls vukosf'kr fd;k tkrk gS rks fdruk
mQtkZ nsxk\
1. ,d dSisflVj dks tc 6 V fn;k tkrk gS] rks 3 dwyEc vkos'k
Sol. vkos'k (Q) = VC
feyrk gS] rks bld dSislhVsal gSA
Sol. Q = CV Q = 0.1

Q 3 1 V = 200V
⇒ C= = = =0.5 iQSjkMs
V 6 2 C=?
Q = VC
la/kfj=k (Condenser/capacitor) 0.1 = 200 × C
™ ;g ,d LFkSfrd ;qfDr gS] tks fo|qr mQtkZ dks jksd dj j[krh 0.1
C=
gSA ;g A. C. rFkk D.C. nksuksa ij dk;Z djrh gS ;g izsj.k 200
(Induction) ds fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS C = .0005F
) lokZf/d iz;ksx lkekUrj IysV la/kfjr dk gksrk gSA ;fn
dqy mQtkZ E = ½ CV2
laèkkfjr ds IysV dk {ks=kiQy A gks rFkk la/kfjr ds IysV
1
ds chp dh nwjh d gksA = × .0005 × 200 × 200 = .0005 × 200 × 100
2
rks /kfjrk = 5 × 2 = 10
ε0 A q E = 10J
c= c=
d v
Conductive uksV
Parallel Plates
dksbZ la/kfjr mruk gh ,uthZ nsxk ftruk og LVksj djsxkA
Q+
-
+
+ - 2. nks la/kfj=k ftldh /kfjrk Øe'k% 1µF rFkk 1 µF gS dks
+
+
-
-
lekUrj Øe esa 200 V ls tksM+k tkrk gS dqy Hk.Mkfjr mQtkZ
+ - fdruh gksxh \
+ -
Sol. la/kfj=k tc lekarj Øe esa gks rks
Dielectric
+ - Symbol CT = C1 + C2 = 1 + 1 = 2µF
Voltage Vc 1
E= CV 2 LVksj ,uthZ
2
™ Remark : tc la/kfjr ds IysVksa dk {ks=kiQy c<+krs gS rks
èkkfjrk c<+ tkrh gSA 1
= × 2 × 10−6 × 200 × 200
™ Remark : tc Plate dh nwjh ?kVkrs gS] rks /kfjrk c<+ tkrh gS 2
rFkk tc nwjh c<+rh gS rks /kfjrk ?kVrh gSA 200 × 200 4
= = 0.04 Jule
) tc Plate dks vkil esa fpidk nsrs gS ;k nksuksa Plate dks 1000000 100
/krq ds NM+ }kjk tksM+ nsrs gS] rks /kfjrk vuUr gks tkrh E = .04 Jule
gSA
) tc v/krq dks NM+ ls tksM+k tkrk gS rks C = 0
(i) vkos'k /kfjrk vFkkZr vkos'k c<+us ls /kfjrk c<+rh gS rFkk
ijkoS|qr fLFkjkad (Di-electric Constant)
vkos'k ?kVus /kfjrk ?kVrh gSA ™ tc nksuksa IysVksa ds chp dksbZ dqpkyd inkFkZ j[kk gks rc
1 laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk vkSj tc nksuksa IysVksa ds chp gok ;k fuokZr~
(ii) foHko  vFkkZr Voltage c<+us ls /kfjrk ?kVrh gS
/kfjrk gks rc ml laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk dk vuqikr ml inkFkZ dk
rFkk Voltage ?kVus ls /kfjrk c<+rh gSA ijkoS|qr fLFkjkad dgykrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 120
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
1 1 1 1 1 3
vFkkZr~ = + + =
c 3 3 3 c 3

) fdlh oLrq dk ijkoS|qr fLFkjkad ges'kk 1 ls vfèkd gksrk c =1

gSA (ii) lekukarj Øe %& bl izdkj ds lewgu esa izR;sd laèkkfj=k dk
) vxj nksuksa lekukarj IysVksa ds chp j[ks dqpkyd inkFkZ dk igyk fljk ,d lkFk rFkk nwljk fljk ,d lkFk tqM+k gksrk gSA
ijkoS|qr foHko K gks rks mldh èkkfjrk K xquh gks tkrh gSA
+ - Q1
vFkkZr~ C1

+ - Q2
) 1 PF = 10–12 F C2
) ia[kk ds fy, → 2.5 µF/1.5 µF + - Q3
C3

laèkkfj=kksa dk lewgu V

(Combination of Capacitors)
™ laèkkfj=kksa dk lewgu nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
) bl rjg ds lewgu èkkjk dk eku vyx&vyx gksrk gS
(i) Js.kh Øe (series)
tcfd oksYVrk leku jgrh gSA
(ii) lekukarj Øe (Parallel) 4f
(1) Js.khØe lek;kstu%& bl Øe esa igys laèkkfj=k dk nwljk
fljk nwljs laèkkfj=k ds igys fljs ls rFkk nwljs laèkkfj=k dk 4f
nwljk fljk rhljs laèkkfj=k ds igys fljs ls tqM+k gksrk gS vkSj
4f
;gh Øe vkxs Hkh tkjh jgrk gSA
I C1 C2 C3

Earth
C1 C2 C3 c=4+4+4
c = 12
1. 18 µF, 16 µF, 42 µF vkSj 74 µF ds pkj dSisflVjksa ds
I
lekarj esa tqM+s gksus ij ifj.kkeh dSisflVh ---------- gksxhA
Sol : tc lHkh laèkkfj=k lekUrj esa gks rks
V
C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ....... Cn

Ceq = 18 + 16 + 42 + 74

Ceq = 150 µF
) bl izdkj ds lewgu esa èkkjk leku rFkk voltage
2. 16 µF, 16 µF vkSj 32 µF dSisflVh
ds rhu dSisflVjksa ds
vyx&vyx gksrk gSA Js.khØe esa tqM+s gksus ij dqy dSisflVsal --------------
3f 3f 3f gksxkA

16f 16f 16f

Sol :
A B
V

HkkSfrd foKku 121

fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + + +
Ceq 16 16 32 Ceq C C C C

1 4
2 + 2 +1 =
= Ceq C
32
C
1 5 Ceq =
= 4
Ceq 32
foHkokarj (Potential Difference)
32
Ceq = µF ™ foHko esa vkus okys varj dks foHkokarj dgrs gSaA
5
) foHkokarj ds dkj.k gh /kjk cgrh gSA
3. uhps fn;s x;s fp=k esa la/kfj=kksa dh lerqY; èkkfjrk
) ;fn foHko leku gksxk rks muds chp dk foHkokarj 'kwU;
gksxhµ gks tk,xkA vkSj /kjk ugha cgsxhA
) ,d ,slh i`"B ftlds lHkh LFkku ij foHko leku gks mls
4f 4f 4f
A B le&foHko i`"B dgrs gSaA
C C C ) le&foHko i`"B ij /kjk izokfgr ugha gksrh gSA
4f 4f 4f
Sol : A B oksYVehVj (Voltmeter)
™ foHko dks ekius ds fy, oksYV&ehVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
1 1 1 1
= + +
Ceq 4 4 4
gSA
™ oksYVehVj dks lekUrj Øe esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
™ ,d vkn'kZ oksYV&ehVj dk izfrjks/ gksrk gSA
1 3
=
Ceq 4
/kjkekih (Galvanometer)
4 ™ ;g /kjk dh mifLFkfr dks crkrk gS fdUrq /kjk dks ekirk ugha
Ceq = µF gSA
3
4. ih-,iQ- ds nks laèkkfj=k (dSisflVj) Js.kh esa tksM+s x,
gSaA dqy laèkkfjrk (capacitance) fdruh gS\ vehVj (Ammeter)
Sol :
4PF 4PF
™ ;g /kjk dks ekirk gS rFkk /kjk dh mifLFkfr dks crkrk gSA
1 1 1 ) bls Js.kh Øe esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
= +
Ceq 4 4 ) ,d vkn'kZ vehVj dk izfrjks/ 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
1 2
=
Ceq 4
Shunt
™ Shunt ,d de&izfrjks/ dk iryk&rkj gksrk gSA
4
Ceq = = 2 PF ) tc xSYosuksehVj dks Js.kh Øe esa Shunt ls tksM+k tkrk gS
2
5. cjkcj dSisflVh okys 4 dSisflVjksa dh dSisflVh D;k rks nksuksa dk NksVk izfrjksèk feydj cM+k gks tkrk gS vkSj
gksxh] tc os Js.kh esa tqM+s gksa\ og oksYVehVj dk dk;Z djrk gSA
Sol : ) tc xSYosuksehVj dks lekukUrj Øe esa Shunt ls tksM+k tkrk
C C C C gS rks nksuksa dk NksVk izfrjksèk feydj vkSj NksVk gks tkrk
tc laèkkfj=k dks Js.kh esa tksM+k tkrk gS rksµ gS vkSj og vehVj dk dk;Z djrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 122
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
G Voltage ) rkieku c<+us ij oS|qr vi?kV~; dk izfrjksèk ?kVrk gS rFkk

pkydrk c<+rh gSA
) ftl crZu esa oS|qr vi?kVu dh fØ;k gksrh gS mls
oS|qr vi?kVuh lsy] Electrolytic cell ;k Voltameter dgrs
gSaA
G A
™ fo|qr /kjk dk pqEcdh; izHkko (Magnetic Effect)µ iQSjkMs dk oS|qr vi?kVu fu;e
fo|qr èkkjkokgh pkyd ds pkjksa vksj tc pqEcdh; {ks=k iSnk ™ oS|qr vi?kVu dh fØ;k esa Cathode ij tek èkkrq dk
gks tkrk gS] rks ;g fo|qr èkkjk dk pqEcdh; izHkko dgykrk æO;eku (M) vi?kV~; ls izokfgr vkos'k (Q) ds lekuqikrh
gSA gksrk gSA
) bldh [kkst H.C. Orsted us dh FkhA ∴ m∝Q
™ jklk;fud çHkko ij vkèkkfjr midj.kµ or, m ∝ It (Q = It)
(d) lsy (Cell)
([k) fo|qr ysiu (Electro plating)
tgk¡ Z = èkkrq dk fo|qr jklk;fud rqY;kad
(x) èkkrq fu"d"kZ.k (Metal extraction)
(?k) fo|qr eqæ.k (Printing) 1. fo|qr cYc ds ,d fiQykesaV }kjk 3 feuV esa 0.8A dh
(Ä) lsy dh èkzqork Kkr djus esa èkkjk [khaph tkrh gSa ifjiFk ds ekè;e ls izokfgr gksus
™ fo|qr /kjk dk jklk;fud izHkko (Chemical effect)µ okyk vkos'k ----------- C gSA
vEyh; foy;uksa esa ls fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr djus ij foy;u (a) 1.44 (b) 144
esa ?kqys inkFkZ vius vo;oksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrs gSaA ;g fo|qr (c) 14.4 (d) 114
èkkjk dk jklk;fud izHkko dgykrk gSA
-+ Sol. A = It
t = 3 minute = 3 × 60 = 180 sec
I = 0.84
,uksM
Q = 0.8 × 108 = 144 C
oSQFkksM
2. ;fn ,d ifjiFk esa fdlh ¯cnq ls 1 lsdaM esa 20
oS|qr vi?kV;
dwyke vkos'k xqtjrk gS] rks mlesa izokfgr /kjk dk
vEyh; foy;u eku Kkr dhft,A
(a) 10 ,fEi;j (b) 20 ,fEi;j

(c) 15 ,fEi;j (c) 25 ,fEi;j

Sol. Q = It

Q = 20 C

t = 6 sec

Q
I
= = 20A
t
) bldh [kkst ekbdy iSQjkMs us dh FkhA ) fdlh èkkrq dk fo|qr jklk;fud rqY;kad ml èkkrq ds
) oSlk foy;u ftlesa fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gks ldrh gS oS|qr~ vi?kV~; ls 1 Coulomb dk vkos'k izokfgr djus ij
vi?kV~; dgykrk gSA oS|qr vi?kV~; esa èkkjk dk izokg Cathode ij tek èkkrq dk æO;eku gksrk gSA bldk S.I
Ions (èkuk;u ,oa Í.kk;u) ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ek=kd Kg/Coulomb gksrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 123
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
uksV

1 iSQjkMs = 96500 Coulomb 

™ ;g vkos'k dh og ek=kk gS tks fdlh èkkrq ds vi?kV~; ls 

izokfgr gksus ij ml èkkrq ds xzke jklk;fud rqY;kad ds cjkcj 
æO;eku dSFkksM ij tek djrk gSA n
™ pqEcdh; izHkko ij vkèkkfjr midj.kµ
(i) xSYosuksehVj (Galvanometer)
(ii) vehVj (Ammeter) vkus okyh = tkus okyh
(iii) oksYVehVj (Volt meter) 2+3+n=4+8

(iv) fo|qr ?k.Vh (Electric Bell) 5 + n = 12

(v) ia[kk (Fan) n=7

(vi) eksVj (Motor) bR;kfn ™ fdjpkWiQ dk f}rh; fu;e (oksYVst dk fu;e) %& èkkjk
™ fo|qr ysiuµ ftl èkkrq dk ijr p<+kuk gksrk gS mldk ,oa laxr izfrjks/ dk xq.kuiQy fu;r jgrk gSA
,uksM (+) ysrs gSa rFkk ftl ij ysi p<+kuk gksrk gS mldk IR = Constant,
dSFkksM (–) ysrs gSaA fiQj blh èkkrq dk fo|qr vi?kV~; Hkh ysrs
vFkkZr~ ∑ IR = ∑ E
gSaA tc vi?kV~; esa fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gksrh gS rks vi?kV~;
ls èkkrq dSFkksM esa rFkk ,uksM ls èkkrq vi?kV~; esa izos'k djrk ) fdjpkWiQ dk nwljk fu;e ÅtkZ laj{k.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA
gSA bl izdkj vi?kV~; dk lkaæ.k ugha cnyrk gSA tcfd èkkrq
Cathode ij tek gks tkrh gS rFkk Anode èkhjs& èkhjs iryk gks VªkaliQkWeZj (Transformer)
tkrk gSA
™ ;g ,d LFkSfrd ;qfDr gSaA bldks cukus ds fy, ueZ yksgk dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
) blesa usIFkk Oil dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
) ;g vU;ksu;u izsj.ku (Mutual Induction) ij dk;Z djrk
gS rFkk tcfd Auto Transformer Loizsj.ku ds fl¼kar ij
dk;Z djrh gSA
) Transformer A.C. ij dk;Z djrk gSA bls D.C ls tksM+us
ij ty tk,xA
) Transformer dh n{krk (Rating) Kilo Volt Ampear
(KVA) esa ekirs gSA tcfd blds 'kfDr dks fdyksokV esa
fdjpkWiQ dk fu;e (Kirchaff's Rule) n'kkZrs gSA
™ fdjpkWiQ dk izFke fu;e (èkkjk dk fu;e) %& fdlh ) dksbZ Hkh Transformer 90 – 95% gh n{k gksrk gS
laèkh ij vkus okyh /kjk dk ;ksx ml laèkh ls tkus okyh èkkjk Transformer 'kfDr dks fLFkj j[krk gSA
ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
P = IV
∑I=0
) fdjpkWiQ dk izFke fu;e vkos'k laj{k.k ij vkèkkfjr ) Transformer 'kfDr rFkk /kjk ds vko`fr esa dksbZ ifjorZu
gSA ugha ykrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 124
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
mPpkbZ VªkaliQkWeZj (Step Up Transformer) r=
NS
NP

Ip – izkFkfed èkkjk
Is – f}rh;d èkkjk
Np – izkFkfed iQsjksa dh la[;k
NS– f}rh;d iQjksa dh la[;k
VP = izkFkfed dk oksYVst

Step up r > 1 V ↑ I ↓ VS – f}rh;d dk oksYVst

™ Transformer tc Voltage c<+k,xk rks /kjk ?kVk nsrk gSA bls Ns Vs Ip

= =
Step up Transformer (mPpkbZ VªkaliQeZj) dgrs gSaA Np Vp Is

) bl Transformer ds f}rh; dqaMyh esa iQsjks dh la[;k ™ VªkaliQkWeZj esa mQtkZ dh gkfuµ VªkaliQkeZj esa tc /kfjrk
vfèkd jgrh gSA izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks nksuksa daqMfy;ksa ds chp pqacdh; ÝyDl
) bldk VªkWliQesZ'ku vuqikr ,d ls vfèkd gksrk gSA mRiUu gks tkrk gSA ftlls VªkaliQkeZj esa mQtkZ dh gkfu gksus
) ;g Low AC Voltage dks High AC voltage esa cnyrk gSA yxrh gS blh gkfu dks de djus ds fy, VªkaliQeZj esa iVfyr
yksgs dh ØksM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA blls pqacdh; ÝyDl dk
vipk;h VªkaliQkWeZj (Step down Transformer) {k; de gks tkrk gSA
1. ,d VªkaliQkWeZj dks 80 Volt dk Current nsrs gSaA ;fn
™ Transformer tc Voltage fxjkrk gS rks /kjk mBk nsrk gS bls VªkaliQkWeZj vuqikr 5 / 2 gksrk gS rks fdrus oksYV dk
Step down Transformer ;k vipk;h Transformer dgrs gSaA Current mBsxk\
) bl VªkaliQkWej ds f}rh; dqaMyh esa iQsjks dh la[;k de NS Vs
Sol : =
gksrh gSA NP Vp
) bldk VªkaliQesZ'ku vuqikr ,d ls de gksrk gSA
5 Vs
) ;g High AC Voltage dks Low AC voltage esa cnyrk gSA =
2 80
Vs = 200 V

™ fdlh Transformer ;k Steplizer dk Cutt off Voltage :–

) og U;wure Voltage ftls mBkdj dksbZ Transformer 220
Voltage dj ns ml U;wure Voltage dks gh Cutt off
Voltage dgrs gSA
Step down r < 1 V ↓ I ↑
) Transformer/Steplizer [kjhnrs le; cutt off dks de ls
de ysuk pkfg, rkfd og U;wure Voltage dks Hkh c<+kdj
220 Volt dj ldsA
2. ,d VªkaliQkWeZj dk vuqikr 5@2 gS ftldk Cutt off Kkr djsa
vFkkZr ;g crk,¡ fd ;g U;wure fdrus oksYV ds Current
dks 220 V dj nsxk\

Step up r > 1 V ↑ I ↓ NS Vs
Sol. =
Transformer vuqikr (r) NP Vp

HkkSfrd foKku 125

fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
5 220 (ii) vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa (Industrial field)
= = 88 V
2 1 (iii) izdk'k m"ek] B.Md] ;kaf=kd mQtkZ iznku djus okys
midj.kkasa dks izpkfyr djus esaA
™ /kjk dqaMyh rFkk Voltage esa laca/ :–
(ii) D.C. current (fn"V /kjk)µ bl /kjk dh fn'kk rFkk
Ns Vs Ip
= = ifj.kke ugha cnyrk gS fdUrq blessa mtkZ gkfu vf/d
Np Vp Is
gksrh gS vr% bls nwj rd ugha Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
3. ,d VªkaliQkWeZj dk vuqikr 3/2 gks ;fn blesa 2 ,sfEi;j ) bls Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% bldk iz;ksx charging
dh /kjk 180 oksYV ij tk jgh gS rks nwljs dq.Myh dh ds fy, djrs gSA
vksj fdrus /kjk rFkk oksYV vk,xh\
) A.C. dks D. C. esa cnyus ds fy, Rectifire dk
NS Vs
Sol. = (fn"Vdkjh) iz;ksx gksrk gSA
NP Vp
) D. C. dks A.C. essa cnyus ds fy, Inverter dk iz;ksx djrs
3 x gSA
=
2 180
) ;s èkkjk lsy] cSVjh] tujsVj vkfn ls izkIr dh tkrh
x = 270V
gSA
™ mi;ksxµ
Ns Ip 3 2 ] 4
= ] = x= A
N p Is 2 x 3 (i) bysDVªksIysfVax (Electro-Plating) esa
™ LVsIykbtjµ ;g ifjofrZr iQsjks okyk ,d Transformer gksrk (ii) vkdZ osfYMax (Arc-welding) esa
gSA tks Stepup rFkk Step down nksuksa dk dk;Z djrk gSA (iii) cSVªh pkft±x (Battery-charging) esa
(iv)bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa ds izpkyu esa bR;kfn
fo|qr èkkjk ds çdkj
(Types of Electric Current) ™ A.C. rFkk D.C. esa varjµ

™ ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaµ A.C. D.C.

(i) Alternative Current (izR;korhZ /kjk)µ oSlk current A.C. ds lkFk fo|qr ysiu] D.C. dh lgk;rk ls fo|qr
tks viuh fn'kk rFkk ifjek.k cny ns mls A.C. current Battery charging tSlh izfØ;k ysiu] Battery charging dh tk
dgrs gSA ugha dj ldrs gSaA ldrh gSA
) A.C. current esa ÅTkkZ dh gkfu de gksrh gS vr% bls nwj A.C. dks nwj rd Hkstuk lqfo/ D.C. dks nwj rd Hkstuk
rd Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ktud gS D;ksafd blesa mQtkZ lqfo/ाtud ugha gS D;ksafd bls
) A.C. current dks lafpr djds ugha j[kk tk ldrk gSA ßkl de gksrk gSA mQtkZ ßkl vf/d gksrk gSA
) A.C. Current dh Frequency 50 Hz gksrh gSA bldk ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk bldk ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk le;
le; ds lkFk cnyrk gSA ds lkFk ugha cnyrk gSA

Im vko``fÙk 50 Hz gksrh gS rFkk
  
blesa ifjorZu dh NwV +3% D.C. dh vko`fÙk 0 Hz gksrh gSA

gSA
,d iwjs pØ ds fy, A.C.
D.C. dk vkSlr eku ewy eku
dk vkSlr eku 'kwU; (0)
ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
) ;s èkkjk Alternator ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA gksrk gSA
™ mi;ksxµ
(i) ?kjsyw mi;ksx (Domestic Applications)
HkkSfrd foKku 126
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
pqEcdh; izHkko ij vk/ाfjr gS Ýys¯ex ds nf{k.k&gLr fu;e ykxq djus ij bu Hkqtkvksa esa
pqEcdh; izHkko ij vk/kfjr AB rFkk CD fn'kkvksa ds vuqfn'k izsfjr fo|qr /kjk izokfgr
Ammeter ,oa Voltmeter ls
Ammeter ,oa Voltmeter ls gksus yxrh gSA
A.C. dks ugha ekik tk ldrk
D.C. ekik tk ldrk gS tks
gSA D;ksafd blls A.C. dk eku
mldk okLrfod eku n'kkZrk gSA lsy (Cell)
'kwU; (0) Kkr gksrk gSA
A.C. dks ekius ds fy, rIr
Red hot wire ,oa Ammeter ls ™ ;g jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
rkj (Red hot wire) Ammeter
D.C. Hkh ekik tk ldrk gS tks
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tks mlds ™ ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSµ
mldk okLrfod eku n'kkZrk gSA
RMS eku dks n'kkZrk gSA
(1) izkFkfed
A.C. dks Battery esa lapf;r D.C. dks Battery esa lapf;r
ugha dj ldrs gSaA dj ldrs gSaA (2) f}rh;d
A.C. ds lkFk Transformer D.C. ds lkFk Transformer dk (1) izkFkfed Cell dks nqckjk pktZ ugha dj ldrs tcfd fd
dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA f}rh;d dks nqckjk pktZ dj ldrs gSA
A.C. dks D.C. esa cnyus ds
D.C. dks A.C. esa cnyus ds ™ izkFkfed Cell ds mnkgj.kµ
fy, Rectifier (fn"Vdkjh)
fy, Inverter dk iz;ksx fd;k
;k Ítqdkjh dk iz;ksx fd;k (1) Voltaic Cell (oksYVh; lsy)µ loZizFke bls oksYV
tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA uked fo}ku us cuk;k Fkk vkSj jklk;fud mtkZ ls fo|qr
okgd cy mRiUu fd;k blls Electrolight (liquid) ds
tfu=k (Generator) :i esa H2SO4 dk iz;ksx djrs gS rFkk Anode (+)
™ fo|qr tfu=k dk fl¼karµ fo|qr tfu=k mQtkZ dk mi;ksx tLrk] rFkk (–) Cathode ds fy, rkack dk iz;ksx djrs
pqacdh; {ks=k esa j[ks fdlh pkyd dks ?kw.khZ xfr iznku djus gSA
esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlds iQyLo:i fo|qr /kjk mRiUu gksrh ) blls 1.08 volt dk current mRiUu gksrk gSA
gSA
) ;g vkdkj esa cgqr cM+k gksus ds dkj.k bldk lkekU;
iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
™ Msfu;y lsyµ blesa Cathode ds :i esa csyukdkj rkack dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
) blesa Electrolight (Liquid) ds :i esa Copper lYiQsV dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
) blls 1.1 Volt dk E. m. f mRiUu gksrk gSA
™ fo|qr tfu=k esa ,d ?kw.khZ vk;rkdkj daqMyh ABCD gksrh gS ™ ysdykals lsyµ blesa electrolight ds :i esa veksfu;e
ftl fdlh LFkk;h pqacd ds nks /zqoksa ds chp j[kk tkrk gSA DyksjkbM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
bl dqaMyh ds nks fljs oy;ksa R1 rFkk R2 ls la;ksftr gkssrs ) Cathode ds :i esa dkcZu NM+ dkA
gSaA nks fLFkj pkyd czq'kksa B1 rFkk B2 dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls
Øe'k% oy;ksa R1 rFkk R2 ij nckdj j[kk tkrk gSA nksuksa oy; ) Anode ds :i esa tLrk NM+ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
R1 vkSj R2 Hkhrj ls /qjh gksrs gSaA paqcdh; {ks=k ds Hkhrj fLFkr ) fo/zqod ds :i esa eSfXutMkbZvkDlkbM dk iz;ksx gksrk
dqaMyh dks ?kw.kZu xfr nsus ds fy, bldh /qjh dks ;kaf=kd :i bldk m.m 1.4 gksrk gSA
ls ckgj ls ?kqek;k tk ldrk gSA LFkk;h pqEcd }kjk mRiUu
pqacdh; {ks=k esa] xfr djrh gS rks dqaMyh paqcdh; {ks=k js[kkvksa ) bldk vkdkj csyukdkj gksrk gS] tks tLrk dk cuk jgrk
dks dkVrh gSA tc dqaMyh ABCD dks nf{k.kkorZ ?kqek;k tkrk gS rFkk Anode dk dk;Z djrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 127
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
) blds chp esa dkcZu dh ,d NM+ gksrh gS tks Cathode ™ fofHkUu lsyksa ds oS|qr vi?kV~; ds ,uksM@dSFkksM :–
dk dke djrh gSA lsy dk emf oS|qr Í.k /u
) bldk iz;ksx lokZf/d gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g ifjogu esa uke (V) vi?kV~; oSQFkksM [,uksM]
vklku gksrk gSA 1- oksYVsbd lsy 1.08 H2SO4 Cu Zn
™ 'kq"d lsyµ ;g ysdykals lsy dk gh lq/kjk gqvk :i
2- Msfu;y lsy 1.08 CuSO4 Cu Zn
gSA
™ f}rh;d lsyµ bls iqu% pktZ dj fy;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g 3- ysdykals lsy 1.50 NH4Cl C Zn
vkos'kksa dks lafpr dj ysrk gSA NH4Cl
+ZnCl2 +
izkFkfed lsy f}rh;d lsy 4- 'kq"d lsy 1.50 C Zn
IykLVj
;g dsoy ,d ckj mQtkZ bls igys fo|qr nsdj vkosf'kr vkWiQ isfjl
LVksj djrk gS। djuk iM+rk gSA 5- eoZQjh lsy 1.35 KOH ZnO Steel Zn

bls iqu% pktZ ugha fd;k tk rc ;g fo|qr okgd cy (V) 6- flYoj

Ag2O Silver Zn
ldrk gS। mRiUu djrk gSA bls iqujkosf'kr vkWDlkbM lsy
fd;k tk ldrk gSA 7- ySM ,flM (ysM Liath
blesa jklk;fud fØ;k blesa jklk;fud fØ;k lsy ;k lhlk 2 H2SO4 vkWDlkbM) lhlk
vuqRØe.kh; gksrh gSA mRØeणkh; gksrh gSA lapkyd lsy PbO2 (Pb)
KOH
8- ,fMlu lsy …… ……
bldk fo|qr okgd cy f} blesa fo|qr okgd cy vfèkd Ni-Fe lsy
rh;d dh vis{kk de gksrk gksrk gSA 9- fufdy
KOH-Li Ni Cd
gSA oSQMfe;e lsy
bls lafpr lsy Hkh dgk tkrk uksV
gSA
flYoj vkWDlkbM lsy dh n{krk vfèkd gksrh gS blfy,
™ izkFkfed lsy ds mnkgj.k % bldk mi;ksx NksVs dSydqysVj esa djrs gSaA
Emf (V) ) cSVjh dk Í.kkRed IysV vfèkdre ¯td dk cuk gksrk
1. oksYVsbd lsy → 1.08 Volt gSA
2. Msfu;y lsy → 1.08 Volt ™ cSVjh (Battery)µ lsyksa ds lewgu (Group) dks cSVjh dgrs
gSa A bldk la;kstu eq[; nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
3. ySdykals lsy → 1.50 Volt
(1) Js.kh lek;kstu
4. 'kq"d lsy → 1.50 Volt (2) lekukUrj lek;kstu
5. edZjh lsy ™ vkUrfjd izfrjks/µ fdlh Hkh cSVjh ds vUnj fojks/ djus
dk xq.k gksrk gS] ftl xq.k dks gh vkUrfjd izfrjks/ (r) dgrs
6. flYoj vkWDlkbM lsy gSaA
™ f}rh;d lsy ds izdkj % ) tc lsy ds chp dh nwjh c<+rh gS rks vkUrfjd izfrjks/
1. ySM&,flM lSy [2 volt] c<+ tkrk gSA rFkk cSVjh esa Mkys x, nzo ;fn xk<k gksxk
rks vkUrfjd izfrjks/ c<+ tk,xkA blhfy, cSVjh dk
2. ,fMlu lsy@fudsy lsy
vkUrfjd izfrjks/ ?kVkus ds fy, blesa fMLVhy Water
3. fudsy dSMfe;e lsy (vklqr ty) feyk nsrs gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 128
fo|qr ,oa fo|qr èkkjk
™ lsyks dk Js.kh Øe lek;kstuµ tc lsy dk vkUrfjd uksV
izfrjks/ cgqr de jgrk gS] mUgsa Js.kh Øe esa yxkrs gSaA
fo|qr ysiu esa ftl ij ysiu fd;k tkrk gS mls dSFkksM
bl Øe esa /kjk I=
ne ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gS A
nr + R
1. 2 lsyksa ftuesa izR;sd dk fo|qrokgd cy 1.5 V gSA budk
™ lekUkkUrj Øe lek;kstuµ tc lsyks dk vkUrfjd izfrjks/ vkarfjd izfrjks/ 2 vkse gSA buesa fdruk /kjk izokfgr gksrk
vfèkd gks vFkkZr~ n'keyo u gks rks mUgsa lekukUrj Øe esa gS \ ;fn bUgsa ,sls izfrjks/ ls tksM+k tkrk gSA ftldk izfrjks/
tksM+rs gSA 1 vkse gksA
ne ne
I= I=
nR + r ne
Sol. I= nR + r
nR + r
tgk¡ e = fo|qr ckgd cy pwafd vkarfjd izfrjks/ vf/d gSA vr% bls lekukarj Øe esa
tksM+saxsA
n = lsy dh la[;k
2. 3 lsy ftlesa izR;sd fo|qr okgd cy 2V gS mudk

r = vkarfjd izfrjks/ vkarfjd izfrjks/ 0.5 vkse gSA buesa fdruh /kjk izokfgr
gksxhA ;fn bls 8 vkse ds ifjiFk ls tksM+ nsa rFkk vfèkd
R = cká izfrjks/ /kjk izkIr djus ds fy, mls fdl Øe esa tksM+saxs\
2 × 1.5 3 ne
I = /kjk =
Sol. = I=
1× 2 + 2 4 nR + r

HkkSfrd foKku 129

pqEcd

vè;k; pqEcd
22 (Magnet)

™ ;g dkys jax dk ,d inkFkZ gksrk gSA bldh izkfIr eSXusVkbV

ls gksrh gSA
) pqEcd esa vkd"kZ.k rFkk izfrd"kZ.k dk xq.k gksrk gSA
) pqEcd dk eq[; xq.k izfrd"kZ.k dk gksrk gSA
) pqEcd ds f'kjks dks /zqo dgrs gSa /zqo ij pqEcd vf/d N S
'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA
) pqEcd ds mÙkjh /qzo dks /ukRed rFkk nf{k.kh /zqo dks
Í.kkRed ekurs gSaA
) lkeku /zqoks ds chp izfrd"kZ.k rFkk foijhr /qzoksa ds chp
vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA (ii) nks cy js[kk,¡ ,d nwljs dks dHkh Hkh ugha dkVrh gSA
) pqEcd esa ,d tksM+h /zqo gksrs gSaA ;fn pqEcd dks ‘n’
(iii) pqEcd {ks=k tgk¡ izcy gksrk gS ogk¡ cy js[kk,¡ ikl&ikl
VqdM+ksa esa rksM+ fn;k tk, rks /zqo Hkh n tksM+h gks tk,sxhA gksrh gSA
) pqEcd dks ;fn rksM+dj ,d ijek.kq dk vkdkj fn;k tk, (iv) ,d leku pqEcdh; {ks=k dh cy js[kk,¡ ijLij lekUrj
rks og ,d Lora=k pqEcd dk dk;Z djsxkA ,oa cjkcj&cjkcj nwfj;ks ij gksrh gSA
) pqEcd ds ijek.kqvksa dks Mksfeu dgrs gSaA ™ pqEcdh; ÝyDl (Magnetic flux)– pqEcdh; cy js[kkvksa
) pqEcd vius T;kfefr; yEckbZ dk ek=k 84% gksrk gSA ds lewg dks pqEcdh; ÝyDl dgrs gSA
) pqEcd dks jxM+us] fiVus ;k xeZ djus ij pqEcdh; 'kfDr bldk SI ek=kd ^csoj* gksrk gSA
?kVrh gSA CGS ek=k ^eSDlosy* gksrk gSA
+Ve –Ve 1 osoj = 108 maxwell
84%
N S pqEcdh; ÝyDl dk fofe; lw=kµ [ML–2T–2A–2]
Note :- pqEcdh; ÝyDl rFkk izsjdRo dk fofe; lw=k leku
™ pqEcdh; {ks=k (Magnetic field)– pqEcd ds pkjks vksj dk gksrk gSA
og {ks=k ftlesa pqEcd ds izHkko dk vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk ™ pqEcdh; {ks=k dh rhozrkµ pqEcdh; ÝyDl ds dkj.k yxus
gSA pqEcdh; {ks=k dgykrk gSA okys >Vdk dks pqEcdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk dgrs gSaA
™ pqEcdh; cy js[kk,¡ (Magnetic line of force)– lkeku bldk SI ek=kd = Vslyk (T)
pqEcdh; {ks=k dks feykus oky js[kk dks pqEcdh; cy js[kk CGS ek=kd = xkWl
dgrs gSaA
1 T = 104 xkWl
™ pqEcdh; cy js[kk,¡ ds xq.kµ
bldk ek=kd Vslyk (T), N/A-m ;k oscj@m2 gksrk gSA
(i) pqEcdh; cy js[kk,¡ lnSo pqEcd ds mÙkjh /zqo ls
bldk fofe; lw=k [MT–2A–1]
fudyrh gS rFkk oØ cukrh gqbZ nf{k.kh /zqo esa izos'k dj
tkrh gSA fdUrq pqEcd ds vUnj ;g js[kk nf{k.k ls mÙkj ) /kjk → pqEcd = vksjsLVsM
tkrh gSA ) pqEcd → /kjk = iSQjkMs
HkkSfrd foKku 130
pqEcd
™ Ýys¯ex dk oke&gLr fu;eµ ;g fu;e /kjk] cy rFkk f
pqEcdh; {ks=k dks n'kkZrk gSA ;fn ge vaxwBk] rtZuh rFkk
eè;ek vaxqfy;ksa dks bl izdkj fudkys dh rhuksa ,d nwljs
ds ledks.k gks rks
vaxwBk = cy dh fn'kk
rtZuh = pqEcdh; {ks=k B
i
eè;ek = /kjk 1. Ýys¯ex dk cka, gkFk dh fu;e dk iz;ksx djds fn, x, fp=k
Trick : – FBI esa cy dh fn'kk Kkr djsaA
Ýysfeax ds ck,a gkFk dk fu;e Ýysfeax ds nk;ka gkFk dk fu;e

blds vuqlkj ;kfn ck;sa gkFk dk vaxqBk] rtZuh] eè;ek dks ™ ;fn nk,a gkFk ds izFke nks maxfy;ksa rFkk vaxwBs dks ijLij
,d&nwljs ds yEcor iSQyk;k tk, rks& ledks.k cukrs gq, bl izdkj iSQyk;k tk, fd&
vaxwBk& pkyd dh xfr dh fn'kk dks crk,xkA
vaxwBk& pkyd dh xfr dh fn'kk (cy dh fn'kk) dks crk,xkA
eè;ek& pkyd esa cgus okyh izsfjr/kjk (foúokú cy) dh
eè;ek& pkyd esa cgus okyh /kjh dh fn'kk dks crk,xkA
fn'kk dks crk;sxhA
rtZuh & pqEcdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk dks crk,xkA rtZuh & pqEcdh; rkj ds dkj.k mRiUu
™ pqEcdh; {ks=k ij yxus okys cy dh fn'kk ck;sa gkFk ds fu;e
ls fn;k tkrk gSA pkyd dh
/kjk xfr
v¡xwBk (cy) i
pqEcdh; {ks=k
rtZuh ({ks=k)

eè;ek {ks=k
/kjk
eè;ek
ck;k¡ gkFk izsfjr
rtZuh ck;k¡ gkFk /kjk
(a) v¡xwBk (b)
Ýysfeax ds oke&gLr fu;e dk izn'kZu
™ pkyd ij cy dh fn'kk ™ ?kqerh dq.Myh ds dkj.k mRiUu izsfjr /kjk dh fn'kkA

™ eSDlosy nk,a gkFk ds vaxwBk dk fu;eµblls èkkjkokgh

rkj ds dkj.k mRiUu pqEcdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk Kkr fd;k tkrk
pqEcdh; {ks=k
gSA I
èkkjkokgh rkj
) ;fn èkkjkokgh rkj dks gkFk ls bl izdkj idM+s dh vaxwBk
rkj ls izokfgr èkkjk dh fn'kk dks rk,a rks eqM+h gqbZ vaxqyh
pqEcdh; cy dh fn'kk dks crykrk gSA nkfguk gkFk

HkkSfrd foKku 131

pqEcd
™ yast dk fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k fu;eµ izsfjr /kjk dh fn'kk uksV
lnSo ,slh gksrh gS fd og mls mRiUu djus okys ifjorZu
dk fojks/ djsA ;fn dksbZ vkos'k pqEcdh; {ks=k ds lekukarj tk,xk rks
q = 0 gks tk,xk vkSj dksbZ cy ugha yxsxkA
pqEcdh; izjs.k dk fofe; lw=k
™ xfr'khy vkos'k ds dkj.k mRiUu pqEcdh; cyµ bl cy ™ /kjkokgh pkyd ds dkj.k yxus okyk pqEcdh; cyµ
dk [kkst ykWjsat us fd;k Fkk vr% bls ykWjsat cy dgrs gSaA
F = iBl sin θ
=F qvBsin θ

tgk¡] i = /kjk

vkos'k
q= B = pqEcdh; {ks=k
v = vkos'k dh xfr l = yEckbZ
B = pqEcdh; {ks=k 1. 2 cm yEck ,d pkyd [k.M 8 cm dh nwjh ij 30º ds
Note :–;fn dksbZ vkos'k pqEcdh; {ks=k ds lekukarj tk,xk dks.k ij 2 micro Amp dh /kjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks
rks q = 0 gks tk,xk vkSj dksbZ cy ugha yxsxkA mRiUu pqEcdh; {ks=k D;k gksxkA
) tc vkos'k yEcor~ tk,xk rks ykWjsat cy maximum F = iBl sinθ
yxsxkA = 2 × 8 × 2 × sin30°
1. 2 dwyke dk ,d vkos'k 4 m/s2 ds osx ls 2 × 105 xkWl
=2×8×2×
okys pqEcdh; {ks=k esa izos'k djrk gSa rks bldk ykWjsat
cy D;k gksxk\ = 16
F = qvBsinθ 2. 4 cm yEck ,d pkyd [k.M 6 cm dh nwjh ij lekukUrj
= 2 × 4 × 2 × 105
2 micro Amp dh /kjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks mRiUu
= 2 × 4 × 2 × 105 × 10–4 pqEcdh; {ks=k D;k gksxkA
= 16 × 10 = 160 F = iBl sinθ

2. 4 dwyke dk ,d vkos'k 2 m/s2 ds osx ls 2 × 105 xkWl =2×6×4×0

okys pqEcdh; {ks=k esa 30° dks.k ls izos'k djrk gSa rks =0
bldk ykWjsat cy D;k gksxk\ ™ nks pqEcdh; {ks=k ds chp pqEcdh; cyµ
q = 4 coulomb
v = 2 m/s2 M1 M2
B = 2 × 105 xkWl r
= 2 × 105 × 10–4
= 20 tesla M 0 M1M 2
f= .
F = qvBsinq 4πε0 r2
= 4 × 2 × 20
= 160 tesla 1. nks pqEcdksa ds chp dh nwjh dks vk/h dj nsus ij muds
3. 6 dwyke dk ,d vkos'k 8 m/s ds osx ls 2 × 10
2 5 chp yxus okys pqEcdh; cy ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA
xkWl okys pqEcdh; {ks=k esa lekukUrj izos'k djrh gSa rks
bldk ykWjsat cy D;k gksxk\ M1 M2
r
F = qvBsinθ
= 6 × 8 × 2 × 105 × 10–4 × 0 M 0 M1M 2
f= .  ...(i)
=0 4πε0 r2

HkkSfrd foKku 132

 pqEcd
M 0 M1M 2 ™ LFkkbZ pqEcd (Permanent Magnet)µ oSlk pqEcd tks
f'= .
4πε0  r  2 dfBurk ls pqEcd curk gS vkSj dfBurk ls gh pqEcdRo
  lekIr gksrk gSA LFkk;h pqEcd dgykrk gSA
2
M 0 M1M 2 ) ;g bLikr dk cuk gksrk gSA
f'= . 2
4πε0 r ) bls cukus ds fy, pqEcdh; feJèkkrq dk iz;ksx fd;k
4 tkrk gSA
M 0 M1M 2 ) bldk iz;ksx ykmM Lihdj] fnd~lwpd] xSYosuksehVj vkfn
=f' . ×4
4πε0 r2 esa fd;k tkrk gSA
f '= f × 4 ™ vLFkkbZ pqEcd (Temporary Magnet)µ ;g ueZ yksgs dk
cuk gksrk gS vkSj ;g detksj gksrk gSA
™ pqEcd ds izdkj (Types of Magnet)µ
) bldk iz;ksx DC esa djrs gSaA
(i) izfrpqEcdh; (Diamagnetic Substance)µ oSlk inkFkZ
™ fo|qr pqEcd (Electro-Magnet)
ftudh pqEcd'khyrk 1 ls de (M < 1) gksrh gS izfrpqEcdh;
dgykrs gSaA ) ;g LVhy dk cuk gksrk gSA tcrd bldks fo|qr /kjk fn;k
tkrk gS rcrd ;s pqEcd dk dk;Z djrk gSA
) ;s pqEcd fd vksj FkksM+k lk Hkh vkd£"kr ugha gksrs gSaA
tSlsµ Au, Ag, Pt, Cu etc. ) isQjks dh la[;k (Voltage) ifjorZu dj ds pqEcd dh
{kerk Hkh ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) vuqpqEcdh; (Paramagnetic Substance)µ budh
pqEcd'khyrk ,d gksrh gSA (M = 1) ) /kjk dh fn'kk cnydj /zqokas dks Hkh cnyk tk ldrk gSA

) ;s pqEcd fd vksj vkaf'kd :i ls vkd£"kr gksrs gSaA ) orZeku le; ls lokZf/d iz;ksx fo|qr pqEcd dk gksrk gSA
tSlsµ O2, Ca, Na, K ™ ikfFkZo pqEcd (Terrestrial-Magnet)
Trick :- buds last esa ‘;e’ gksrk gSA (lksfM;e) ) i`Foh ,d fo'kky pqEcd dk xksyk gSA i`Foh ds pqEcd
(iii) ykSg pqEcdh; (Ferro-Magnetic Substance)µ budh dk mÙkjh èkzqo HkkSxksfyd mÙkjh /zqo ls nwjh ij gSA
pqEcd'khyrk ,d ls vf/d gksrh gSA (M > 1) Nm Ng
) ;s pqEcd fd vksj lcls rst vkd£"kr gksrs gSaA 18°
tSlsµ yksgk (fe), dksckYV (Co), fudy (Ni), bLikrA
™ D;wjh rkieku (Curie Temperature)µ tc fdlh pqEcdh;
inkFkZ dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks mldh pqEcdh; {kerk de Sg Sm
gksus yxrh gS vkSj og vuqpqEcdh; dh Hkkarh dk;Z djrk gSA
™ HkkSxksfyd v{k (Geographical Axis)µ i`Foh ds HkkSxksfyd
;fn bls vkSj xeZ xeZ djs rks viuh pqEcd'khyrk [kks nsxkA
mÙkj rFkk nf{k.k dks feykus okyh dkYifud js[kk dks HkkSxksfyd
) og vf/dre rkieku ftls pqEcd lg ldrk gSA D;wjh v{k dgrs gSaA
rkieku dgykrk gSA
™ pqEcdh; v{k (Magnetic Axis)µ i`Foh ds mÙkj rFkk
) D;wjh rkieku ds mQij inkFkZ izfrpqEcdh; rFkk uhps
nf{k.kh pqEcdh; èkzqo dks feykus okyh dkYifud js[kk dks
vuqpqEcdh; ds Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA pqEcdh; v{k dgrs gSaA
) vyx&vyx inkFkks± dk D;wjh rkieku vyx&vyx gksrk
) pqEcdh; v{k rFkk HkkSxksfyd v{k ds chp 18º dk dks.k
gSA curk gS blh dkj.k fdlh Lora=k pqEcd dks yVdkus ij
Co —— 1400 k og 18º dk dks.k cuk ysrk gSA
) pqEcd mÙkjh /zqo dks crk nsrk gS ftl dkj.k bls fn'kk
Fe —— 1043 k
;k fnd~lwpd (Load Star) dgrs gSaA
Ni —— 621 k Ng = Geographical North

HkkSfrd foKku 133

pqEcd
Nm = Magnetic North gqbZ gSA
Sg = Geographical South ™ ueu dks.k (Bow Angle)µ fdlh LFkku ij i`Foh dk
Sm = Magnetic South lEiw.kZ pqEcdh; {ks=k {kSfrt ry ds lkFk ftruk dks.k cukrk
™ HkkSxksfyd ;kE;ksÙkj (Geographical Meridian)µ i`Foh ds gS mls ml LFkku dk ueu dks.k dgrs gSaA
HkkSxksfyd v{k ls xqtjus okyh yEcor~ js[kk dks HkkSxksfyd ) i`Foh ds /zqo ij ueu dks.k dk eku 90º rFkk fo"kqor~
;kE;ksÙkj dgrs gSaA js[kk ij 0º gksrk gSA
™ pqEcdh; ;kE;ksÙkj (Magnetic Meridian)µ pqEcdh; v{k uksV
ds yEcor~ xqtjus okys js[kk dks pqEcdh; ;kE;ksÙkj dgrs gSaA
™ fnd~ikr dks.k (Declination Angle)µ fdlh LFkku ij i`Foh ,d cgqr cM+k pqEcd gS] bldk pqEcdh; {ks=k
HkkSxksfyd ;kE;ksÙkj rFkk pqEcdh; ;kE;ksÙkj ds chp ds dks.k nf{k.k ls mÙkj fn'kk esa foLr`r gksrk gSA
dks fnd~ikr dks.k dgrs gSaA ;g 11.3º ds dks.k ij >qdh

HkkSfrd foKku 133

izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko

vè;k; izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko

23 Electrical Effect of Light

™ gsYol uked fo}ku us crk;k fd fuokZr esa /krq ls bysDVªkWu Iykad fu;rkad h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js
fudkyuk vklku gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fuokZr esa fo|qr foltZu bldk foeh; lw=k [ML2 T–1]
vklku gks tkrk gSA
™ dk;Z iQyu (Work Function)µ fdlh /krq dh ry ls
) ysukMZ ,oa fefydu us vius iz;ksxksa ls bl dFku dks fl¼ bysDVªkWu mRlftZr djus ds fy, nh xbZ mQtkZ dks dk;Z iQyu
fd;k] fdUrq bldk O;k[;k ugha dj ldsA dgrs gSaA
) izdk'k fo|qr izHkko dh liQy O;k[;k vkbaLVhu us dhA ) dk;Z iQyu dh mQtkZ dks bysDVªkWu oksYV (eV) esa ekirs gSa
blh dkj.k vkbaLVhu dks 1921 bZ- esa ukscsy iqjLdkj vFkkZr~ (eV) mQtkZ dk ek=kd gSA
feykA
dk;ZiQyu W = h0
) vkbaLVhu us crk;k fd tc Í.k IysV ij izdk'k dks yk;k
x;k] rks Í.k IysV ls Electron mRlftZr gks x,A pwafd uksV
bysDVªkWu Í.kkRed gksrs gSa] vr% Í.k IysV bUgas izfrd£"kr y izdk'k fo|qr izHkko ls d.k gksus dk irk pyrk gSA
djrh gS rFkk /u IysV bUgsa vkd£"kr djds ifjiFk dks y Electric Volt mQtkZ dk ek=kd gSA
iwjk djrh gS ftl dkj.k /kjk izokfgr gksrk gSA bl ?kVuk
dks izdk'k fo|qr izHkko dgrs gSaA Remark :- izdk'k ,d rjax gS fdUrq izdk'k fo|qr izHkko ls
bls d.k Hkh fl¼ fd;k tk pqdk gS] vr% blesa d.k rFkk
rjax nksuksa dk xq.k gSA
Remark :- bysDVªkWu ,d d.k gS fdUrq dSFkksM fdj.k esa
bysDVªkWu dks fdj.k Hkh fl¼ dj fn;k gS vFkkZr~ bysDVªkWu esa
Hkh d.k rFkk fdj.k nksuksa dk xq.k gSA
™ nsgyh vko`fÙk (Threshold Frequency)µ fdlh /krq dh ™ Electrode– /krq dh pknj dks bysDVªksM dgrs gSa tks bysDVªkWu
lrg ls bysDVªkWu mRlftZr djus ds fy, izdk'k dks ftl dks mRlftZr dj ldrk gSA
U;wure vko`fÙk dh vko';drk gksrh gS mls nsgyh vko`fÙk
dgrs gSaA blls de vko`fÙk ds izdk'k esa bysDVªkWu mRlftZr ) dsoy ,d fn'kk esa Hkstrk gS] vr% bls okY; dgrs gSaA
ugha gksxkA (i) Forwardwise– tc Mk;ksM dk mQijh fljk /ukRed gksrk
) lqcg rFkk 'kke ds le; izdk'k dh vko`fÙk nsgyh vko`fÙk gS rc gh Mk;ksM dke djrk gS] bls Forwardwise dgrs
ls de gks tkrh gS ftl dkj.k izdk'k fo|qr izHkko dke gSaA
ugha djrkA (ii) Reversewise– tc Mk;ksM dk mQijh fljk Í.kkRed gksrk
™ Iykad fu;rkad (Planks Constant)µ eSDl Iykad us crk;k gS rc Mk;ksM dk;Z ugha djrk gS] bls Reversewise dgrs
fd lw;Z ls vkus okyh mQtkZ NksVs&NksVs iSdsV ds :i esa vkrh gSaA
gS ftUgsa iQksVkWu dgrs gSaA
™ tsuj Mk;ksMµ ;g forwardwise rFkk Reversewise nksuksa esa
ε = hν
dke djrk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku 134
izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko
Diode +

Forwardwise Reversewise -
+ –

– + ™ LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Radiation)µ LASER vilkjh gksrk gS rFkk dyk lacaè; gksrk
™ Mk;ksM }kjk AC ls DC (n`f"Vdkjh)µ gSA LASER ds fy, ,d o.khZ; izdk'k dh vko';drk gksrh
+
–
gSA
+ +
) blds }kjk fdlh oLrq dks Hksnk tk ldrk gSA
AC – – ) orZeku esa bldk iz;ksx vkWijs'ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA
™ MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated

DC Emission of Radiation)µ ;g LASER dk gh detksj :i

+
– gSA
™ Light Emiting Diodeµ ;g fo|qr ysdj izdk'k mRiUu djrk ™ izfrnhfIr inkFkZ (Fluorescence Substance)µog inkFkZ
gSA bl ij vklsZfud iQkWLiQsV dk ysi yxk gksrk gSA ftu ij izdk'k nsus ij og pedus yxs] izfrnhfIr dgykrk
™ Photo Diodeµ blesa mRltZu izdk'k ds }kjk gksrk gSA
gSA
) tc bUgsa izdk'k fn;k tkrk gS rks budk bysDVªkWu Ground
State dks NksM+dj Existing State esa pyk tkrk gS vkSj tc
(i) Diode
bUgsa izdk'k nsuk can djrs gSa rks budk bysDVªkWu okil
Ground State esa pyk tkrk gS ftl dkj.k ls peduk can
dj nsrs gSa_ tSlsµ [krjs dk ladsr] lkbu cksMZA
(ii) tsuj Mk;ksM
izdk'k

Existing State

(iii) LED

Ground State

™ LiqQjnhfIr inkFkZ (Phosphorescence Substance)µog inkFkZ

(iv) Photo Diode
ftu ij izdk'k nsus ij pedrs gSa rFkk izdk'k can djus ds
ckn Hkh pedrs jgrs gSa] LiQqjnhfIr inkFkZ dgykrs gSaA
™ TRIODEµ tc nks v¼Zpkydksa ds chp ,d rhljk bysDVªkWM ) tc bu ij izdk'k fn;k tkrk gS rks buds bysDVªkWu Ground
tksM+k tkrk gS rks mls Triode dgrs gSaA State dks NksM+dj Existing State esa pys tkrs gSa vkSj tc
) Triode ds }kjk fjlhoj VªkalfeVj rFkk ,EIyhiQk;j dk dk;Z izdk'k can gksrk gS] rks ;s bysDVªkWu Metastablised State esa
fd;k tkrk gSA iQal tkrs gSa vkSj ogk¡ ls /hjs&/hjs Ground State esa fxjrs
HkkSfrd foKku 135
izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko
jgrs gSa ftl dkj.k ;s cgqr nsj rd pedrs gSaA tSls fdµ ™ Mks¯ix(Dopping)– 'kq¼ v/Zpkyd eas v'kqf¼ feyk nsuk
jsfM;eA Dopping dgykrk gSA
™ v/Zpkyd ds izdkjµ
Existing State 1. p-Type v/Zpkydµ p-Type v/Zpkyd esa dksVj dh
Metastablised State la[;k vf/d gksrh gSA
) blesa f=kla;kstd v'kqf¼ (Al) feyk;k x;k jgrk gSA
) ;g Positive gksrk gSA
Ground State + + + + +
™ v¼Zpkyd (Semiconductor)µ bUgsa mi/krq Hkh dgrs gSaA – – – – –
+ + + + +
;s cgqr lhfer ek=kk esa /kjk dks izokfgr djrs gSaA – – – – –
) budk iz;ksx bysDVªkWfud fMokbl esa djrs gSaA + + + + +
) buesa /kjk dksVj rFkk bysDVªkWu nksuksa ds ekè;e@enn ls – – – – –
tkrh gSA –
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
+

™ dksVj (Hole)µ tc fdlh v/Zpkyd ls ,d bysDVªkWu

P-Type
fudky fy;k tkrk gS rks ogka ,d [kkyh LFkku cukrk gS] ftls
Positive (+ve)
dksVj dgrs gSaA f=kla;kstd (Al) – Aluminium
) dksVj /ukosf'kr gksrk gSA blds [kkyh LFkku dks Hkjus ds
2. n-Type v/Zpkydµ blesa bysDVªkWuksa dh vf/drk gksrh
fy, bysDVªkWu vkrs gSa vkSj /kjk izokfgr gksus yxrk gSA
gS vkSj dksVj de gksrk gSA
) lcls izeq[k v¼Zpkyd flfydkWu rFkk tesZfu;e gSaA
) orZeku esa flfydkWu dk iz;ksx Printed Circuit Board
) blesa iapla;kstd v'kqf¼ ds :i esa iQkWLiQksjl feyk;k
tkrk gSA
(PCB) ds :i esa yxHkx gjsd bysDVªkWfud Device esa
gksrk gSA ) ;g Negative gksrk gSA

+ + + + +
– – – –
+ + + + +
– – – –
+ + + + +
– – – –
+ + + + +
– – – –

n-Type
PCB Negative (–ve)
iapla;ksth (P) – Phosphorus
™ 'kq¼ v/Zpkyd (Pure Semiconductor)µ og vèkZZpkyd
3. PN-Junction–tc p-Type rFkk n-Type v/Zpkyd dks
ftlesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh v'kqf¼ ugha jgrk gS] 'kq¼
vkil esa tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rks bls PN-Junction dgrs
v/Zpkyd dgykrk gSA
gSaA
) ;g vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk gSA
) blesa /kjk dsoy ,d fn'kk esa izokfgr gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ N
™ v'kq¼ v/Zpkyd (Impure Semiconductor)µ blesa ls P dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gSA
v'kqf¼ feykbZ xbZ jgrh gSA
) blesa /kjk dsoy ,d fn'kk esa cgrh gS vr% bls PN
) ;g vPNk ekuk tkrk gSA -Junction diode Hkh dgrs gSaA
HkkSfrd foKku 136
izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko
+ + + + + + PNP Transistor
– – – – – –
+ + + + + + C
– – – – – – E
+ + + + + +
– – – – – –
CB B
E
+ +
– – –
+
–
+
–
+ ™ NPN Transistorµ blesa /kjk Collector ls Emittor dh vksj
+ + tkrh gS vFkkZr~ ckgj dh vksj tkrh gSA
+ + +
– – – – –
NPN Transistor
+ + + + +
– – – – –
E C

p-type junction n-type

PN-Junction ;k PN-Junction Diode C B B

E
) detksj ¯lXuyu µ etcwr ¯lxyu
™ Note :- NPN-Transistor dks Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA
™ Transistorµ blesa rhu v/Zpkyd dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
™ Solid Stateµ og ;qfDr ftlesa v/Zpkyd dk iz;ksx gksrk gS]
) Transistor Amplifire, Voltage, Regulator rFkk Switch dk
Solid State dgykrk gSA
dke djrk gSA
Ex. 1. PN-Junction, Mk;ksM] Vªk;ksMA
Radio Wave  Audio
2. v/Zpkyd
3. PCB-Printed Circuit Board
4. Transistor

tfu=k (Generator)

e.m.f
™ Transistor ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gaSµ
Startor
1. Emitter (E)µ blesa Dopping vf/d gksrk gSA ;g
mRltZu dk dk;Z djrk gSA
Armeture
2. Collector (C)µ blesa Dopping de gksrk gSA ;g
Brush
bysDVªkWu xzg.k djus dk dke djrk gSA
3. Base (B)µ ;g Emittor rFkk Collector dks tksM+us dk
dke djrk gSA slipring AC

™ PNP Transistorµ blesa /kjk Emittor ls Collector dh vksj commutator DC

tkrh gSA

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izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko
Generator gS rks ,d eghus dk fcy D;k gksxk] ;fn fctyh dh nj 4
#- Unit gks\
P× t
Alternating Current Direct Current Unit =
1000
(AC) (DC)
P – cYc

Alternator Dynamo P2 – ia[kk

Slipring Commutator P3 – fxtj
Right hand rule Left hand rule
;g fo|qr èkkjk mRiUu djrk gSA ( P1 t1 ) + ( P2 t 2 ) + ( P3 t 3 )
) × 30days
1000
) ,d fLFkj pqEcd ds chp tc fdlh nwljs pqEcd dks
?kqek;k tkrk gS rks blls fo|qr okgd cy mRiUu gksrk gSA
(15 ×10 ×10 ) + (100 × 3 × 8) + (1500 × 2 )
× 30days
1000
) ?kweus okys pqEcd dks jksVj ;k vkesZpj dgrs gSaA
1500 + 2400 + 3000
) tfu=k }kjk mRiUu e.m.f. dks cz'k ds ekè;e ls ckgj × 30days
fudky fy;k tkrk gSA 1000
) ;fn bl e.m.f. dks slipring ls Hkstk tk,xk rks A.C. current 6900
× 30days
mRiUu gksxkA 1000
) ;fn bl e.m.f. dks commutator ls Hkstk tk,xk] rks ;g DC Unit = 207
current mRiUu gksxkA
Bill = Unit × Rate

fctyh fcy fudkyus dk lw=k = 207 × 4 = 828 #i;k

mQtkZ = 'kfDr × ?k.Vk 3. fdlh ?kj esa 20 W ds 30 cYc] 100 W ds 10 ia[ks rFkk
,d 2000 W dk ,d AC yxk gSA ;fn cYc 20 ?kaVk] ia[kk

unit  'kfDr ?k.Vk 24 ?kaVk rFkk AC 5 ?kaVk izfrfnu pyrk gS rks ,d eghus dk
1000
fcy D;k gksxk] ;fn fctyh fcy 5 #-@unit gks\
Bill = Unit × Rate
20 × 30 × 20 + 100 × 10 × 24 + 2000 × 5
Unit =
uksV 1000

Voltage dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA 12000 + 24000 + 10000

=
1000
1. fdlh cooler ij 700W rFkk 220 V fy[kk gS] bls izfrfnu
8 ?kaVs iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ;fn 3 # @ unit gks] rks ikjfèkr 46, 000
= × 30days
30 days
(15d) dk fctyh fcy D;k gksxk\ 1000
Unit = 1380
700 × ( 8 × 15 )
Sol. Unit= Bill = Unit × Rate
1000
= 1380 × 5 = 6900 #i;k
Unit = 84
™ Rectifierµ AC dks DC esa cnyrk gSA
Bill = Unit × Rate
™ Invertorµ ;g DC dks AC esa cnyrk gSA
= 84 × 3
= 252
fo|qr dh gkfu (Losses of Current)
2. fdlh ?kj esa 15W dk 10 cYc rFkk 100W ds rhu ia[ks
,oa 1500 W dk ,d xhtj yxk gSA ;fn ia[kk izfrfnu 8 ™ tc ge fdlh oLrq esa Input ftruk nsrs gSa rFkk Output mruk
?kaVk] cYc izfrfnu 10 ?kaVk rFkk xhtj izfrfnu 2 ?kaVs pyrk ugha feys] rks mls Loss (gkfu) dgrs gSaA
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izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko
™ Electricity esa rhu izeq[k gkfu gksrh gSaµ
1. ;kaf=kd gkfu (Mechanical Loss)µ ;g gkfu mlh device A
Y
esa gksrh gS tks device ?kwe jgk gksrk gSA ;g gkfu ?k"kZ.k dh B
otg ls gksrh gSA
) tc vkesZpj esa ok;q ds ?k"kZ.k ls] cz'kksa ds E;wVsVj ?k"kZ.k ls
rFkk fo;fjax ds ?k"kZ.k ls gksus okyh gkfu] ;kaf=kd gkfu Y = AB
(Mechanical Loss) dgykrh gSA A B Y
1 1 1
) bls de djus ds fy, Lubricant dk iz;ksx djrs
0 1 0
gSaA
1 0 0
2. rkack gkfu (Copper Loss)µ ;g bysfDVªd ikoj dh gkfu
0 0 0
gksrh gS tks vkesZpj rFkk iQhYM ckb±fMax ds izfrjksèk o cz'kst
ds laidZ ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA (ii) OR GATEµ bl xsV esa ;fn ,d fLop vkWu gS rks èkkjk
cgsxhA
) èkkjk esa gksus okys gkfu dks rkack gkfu dgrs gSaA
3. yksgk gkfu (Iron Loss)µ vkesZpj rFkk iQhYM ds ØksMksa A
Y
esa gksus okyh bysfDVªd ikoj dh gkfu] ykSg gkfu dgykrh B
gSA
Y= A + B
Hk¡oj èkkjk (Eddy Current) A

™ fdlh pkyd ds Hkhrj ifjorhZ pqEcdh; {ks=k gksus ij mlesa

fo|qrèkkjk mRiUu gksrh gSA pw¡fd ;g èkkjk,¡ ty esa cus Hk¡oj B
ds leku fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] blfy, bu èkkjkvksa dks Hk¡oj èkkjk,¡
dgrs gSA
) èkkjk dh Hk¡ojs pqEcdh; {ks=k iSnk djrs gSa vkSj ;g A B Y
pqEcdh; ckgj ls vkjksfir pqEcdh; {ks=k ds ifjorZu dk 1 1 1
fojksèk djrh gSaA 0 0 1
) ;g èkkjk,a can iFkksa esa izokfgr gksrh gS rFkk bu èkkjkvksa 1 1 1
dh fn'kk pqEcdh; {ks=k osQ yacor~ gksrh gSA 0 0 0
(iii) NOT GATEµ blesa tc Signal ,d (1) jgrk gS rks ;g
Logical Gate Output esa 0 (Zero) nsrk gS vFkkZr~ ;s Signal dks myV nsrk
™ ;s electronic signal dkvknku&iznku djrk gSA gS ftl dkj.k bls Invertor gate dgrs gSaA
) ;g ,d izdkj dk fLop gksrk gSA
A
) ;g cwfy;u Algebra ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA blesa dsoy Y

Binary dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

ON = 1 —

OFF = 0 Y=A
(i) AND GATEµ bl Gate eas tcrd nksuks gh Input –
A Y=A
Signal (On or High) ,d u gks tk,] rc rd Output 1 0
signal ugha feysxk vFkkZr~ blesa nks gh Switch dk On 0 1
gksuk vko';d gSA
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(iv) NAND GATEµ ;g AND GATE rFkk NOT GATE NOT + OR = NOR GATE
nksuksa ls feydj curk gSA
A
NOT + AND = NAND GATE Y
B
A
Y
B A
Y
B
A

B
Y
Y  A B

Y  A.B
Remark :- NAND rFkk NOR GATE dks Universal Gate
(v) NOR GATEµ ;g NOT GATE rFkk OR GATE ls dgrs gSaA
feydj curk gSA

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izdk'k dk fo|qr izHkko
egRoiw.kZ [kkstsa (Important Discoveries)
fl¼kar vkfo"dkjd fl¼kar vkfo"dkjd
प्रकाश का विद्युत चुंबकीय सिद्धांत
लघुगणक को संकल्पना जान नेपियर
(Electromagnetic Theory मैक्सवेल
(Concept of Logarithm) (1614)
of light)
गुरुत्वाकर्षण के नियम न्यूटन जड़त्व की संकल्पना
गैलीलियो
(Law of Gravitation) (1687) (Concept of Inertia)
यूरेनियम का विखंडन आटोहान
प्रकाश का कणिका सिद्धांत न्यूटन
(Fusion of Uranium) (1941)
विद्युत धारा का चुंबकीय प्रभाव
X- किरणें रॉण्टजन ओर्स्टेड
(Magnetic Effect of
(X-Rays) (1895) (Oersted)
Electricity)
व्यतिकरण रंगीन फोटोग्राफी
होलोग्राफी डी.गबोर गेब्रियल लिपमैन
(Interference colour
(Holography) (1970) (1908 फ्रांस)
Photography)
इलेक्ट्रॉन जे.जे. थामसन प्रकाश का क्वाण्टम सिद्धांत एवं आइंस्टीन
(Electron) (1897) प्रकाश विद्युत प्रभाव (1921 जर्मनी)
पॉजीट्रॉन एण्डरसन इलेक्ट्रॉन का आवेश मिलिकन
(Positron) (1932) (Charge of an electron) (1921- अमेरिका)
विद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण
मसान एच०युकावा फैराडे
(Electro magnetic
(Meson) (1935) (1831)
Induction)
प्रोटॉन गोल्डस्टीन धातुओं में फोटोग्राफी F. टालबट
(Proton) (1886) (Photography on Paper) (1835)
परमाणु संरचना नील बोहर व रदरफोर्ड फिल्म पर फोटोग्राफी J. कार्बट
(Atomic Structure) (1913) (Photography on Films) (1888)
विद्युत प्रतिरोध के नियम
मार्कोनी ओम
बेतार का तार (Law of Electric
(1901) (1827)
Resistance)
सर जे. एस. फ्लेमिंग द्रवों के प्रवाह की बरनौली प्रमेय तथा
डायोड वाल्व डेनियल बरनौली
(1904) गैसों का गतिक सिद्धांत
डॉ. ली. डी. फारेस्ट
ट्रायोड वाल्व अनिश्चितता का सिद्धांत हैजनबर्ग
(1907)
अतिचालकता एच.के. आऑनस
(Super Conductivity) (1911 नीदरलैंड)

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विज्ञान के महत्वपूर्ण आविष्कार व आविष्कर्ता (Important Inventions of Science and Inventors)
आविष्कार आविष्कारक आविष्कार आविष्कारक
छपाईयंत्र बाईसिकल
जॉन गुटेन बर्ग के० मैकमिलन
(Printing Press) (Bicycle)
(जर्मनी) (स्काटलैंड)
(1455 AD) (1839)
सुक्ष्मदर्शी
जेड. जॉनसन बर (टायर) थॉमस हॉनकाक
(Microscope)
(नीटरलगट) (1846) (ब्रिटेन)
(1590 AD)
लॉगपद्धति सेफ्टीपिन
कजॉन नैपियर वाल्टर हंट
(Logarithm) (Safety Pin)
(स्कॉटलैण्ड) (USA)
(1614 AD) (1849)
वायुदाबमापी डायनामाइट
ई० टारसेली एल्फ्रेड नोबेल
(Barometer) (Dynamite)
(इटली) (स्वीडेन)
(1644 AD) (1867)
भाप इंजन पिस्टन युक्त टेलीफोन
थामस न्यूकोमैन ग्राहम बेल
(Steam Engine) (Telephone)
(ब्रिटेन) (USA)
(1712 AD) (1876)
मशीनगन माइक्रोफाेन
जेम्स पॅकेल इमाइल बर्लिनर
(Machine Gun) (Microphone)
(ब्रिटेन) (USA)
(1718 AD) (1876)
क्रोनोमीटर ग्रामोफोन
जेन हेरीसन थामस अल्वा एडीसन
(Chronometer) (Gramo Phone)
(जर्मनी) (USA)
(1735 AD) (1878)
वाष्प इंजन (कंडेसर युक्त) फाउण्टेनपेन
जेम्स वाट लेविस वाटरमैन
(Steam Engine with condenser) (Fountain Pen)
(स्कॉटलैण्ड (USA)
(1769) (1884)
द्वि-फोकसी लेंस डीजल इंजन
बेंजामिन फ्रैंकलिन रुडोल्फ डीजल
(Bio-focal Lense) (Diesel Engine)
(USA) (जर्मनी)
(1780) (1895)
लाउडस्पीकर होरेस शार्ट
हेलीकॉप्टर (प्रारुपिक) लाउन्वाय एवं बियेन्वेयू
(Loud Speaker)
(1784 AD) (फ्रांस) (ब्रिटेन)
(1900)
परासूट नियॉन लैंप
जीन पियरेक्ल
‍ ानचार्ड जार्ज क्लाउड
(Parasuit) (Neon Lamp)
(फ्रांस) (फ्रांस)
(1795) (1910)
कार्बन पेपर टेलीवीजन
राल्फ वेजवुड जे० एल० वेयर्ड
(Carbon Paper (Television)
(ब्रिटेन) (ब्रिटेन)
(1806) (1926)

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क्रेस्‍कोग्राफ
सेफ्टीलंप हम्फ्रेंडवा डॉ० जगदीश चंद्र बोस
(Crescograph)
(1816) (फ्रांस) (भारत)
(1928)
विद्युत चुम्बक रडार
विलियम स्टारजन राबर्ट वाटसन (वॉट)
(electro magnet) (Radar)
(ब्रिटेन) (स्कॉटलैण्ड)
(1824) (1930)
रिवाल्वर
पार्ट लेण्ड सीमेण्ट जोसेफ एस्पडिन सैमुअल कोल्ट
(Revolver)
(1824) (ब्रिटेन) (USA)
(1935)
डायनमो जेट इंजन
माइकल फैराडे फ्रेंक होटल
(Dynamo) (Jet Engine)
(ब्रिटेन) (ब्रिटेन)
(1831) (1937)
ट्रांसफार्मर ट्रॉजिस्टर
माइकल फैराडे जानबर्डीन, शाकलेव बर्टन
(Transformer) (Transister)
(ब्रिटेन) (USA)
(1831) (1948)
कंप्यूटर लेजर
चार्ल्स बेबेज थियोडोर मेमैन
(Computer) (Leser)
(ब्रिटेन) (USA)
(1834) (1960)
™ vYVhehVj (Altimeter)– ;g mM+rs gq, foeku dh Å¡pkbZ ™ cSjksehVj (Barometer)– ;g ok;qe.Myh; nkc ekius okyk
ekius dk ;a=k gSA Å¡pkbZ c<+us ij ok;qnkc esa gksus okyh deh ;a=k gSA
ds vk/kj ij ;g dk;Z djrk gSA ™ ckbuksdqylZ (Binoculars )& ;g nwj dh oLrqvksa dks ns•us
™ ,fDVuksehVj (Actinometer)– ;g lw;Z fdj.kksa (Sun Rays) okyk ;a=k gSA
dh rhozrk (Intensity) ekius dk ;a=k gSA ™ dkckZsjsVj (Carburetor)– ;g isVªksy ls pkfyr varnZgu batuksa
™ ,aVhuksehVj (Antinometer)– ;g lkS;Z fofdj.kekih ;a=k gSA esa ç;qÙkQ gksus okyk midj.k gSA
™ ,VeksehVj (Atmometer)– ;g ok"ihdj.k ekih ;a=k gSA ™ ØksuksehVj (Chronometer)– ;g ikuh ds tgktksa esa lVhd
™ ,fueksehVj (Anemometer)– ;g cgrs ok;q dh xfr o 'kfÙkQ le; Kkr djus okyk midj.k gSA
ekius dk ;a=k gSA ™ dE;wVsVj (Commutator )– (fnd~ ifjorZd ;a=k ) ;g fo|qr
™ vehVj (Ammeter)– ;g fo|qr /kjk dh rhozrk ekius okyk /kjk dh fn'kk cnyus okyk ;a=k gSA
;a=k gSA ™ fnd~lwpd (Compass–Box)– pqEcdh; lwbZ ;qÙkQ ,d ckDl
tks fn'kk Kkr djus ds dke vkrk gSA
™ ,;j daMh'kuj (Air Conditioner )– ;g fdlh dejs ds rki]
vkæZrk (Moisture) o gok dh xfr dks fu;af=kr djus okyk ™ lkbDyksVªku (Cyclotron )– ;g vkosf'kr d.kksa rFkk& bysDVªku]
midj.k gSA çksVku vkfn dks Rofjr (accelerate) djus okyk ;a=k gSA
™ ,fidksLdksi (Apiscope)– ;g vikjn'khZ fp=kksa dk inZs ij ™ lkbVksVªku (Cytotron )– ;g Ñf=ke ekSle mRiUu djus okyk
çfrfcEc çkIr djus ds dke vkrk gSA ;a=k gSA
™ vkfM;ksehVj (Audiometer)– ;g èofu dh rhozrk ekius dk ™ foHkoekih (Volt Meter)– ;g ifjiFk (Circuit) esa nks fcanqvksa
;a=k gSA ds chp dk foHkokUrj ekius okyk ;a=k gSA
™ Mk;useks (Dynamo )– ;g ;a=k ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ
™ vkfM;ksiQksu (Audiophone)– ;g ,d Jo.k lgk;d ;a=k gS esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA bldk ç;ksx fo|qr~ tfu=k (Electric
ftls de lquus okys O;fÙkQ vius dku esa yxkrs gSaA Generator) esa gksrk gSA

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™ ?kuRoekih (Densitymeter)– ;g fdlh inkFkZ o ?kuRo ekius ™ fiDuksehVj (Pycnometer)– ;g æoksa ds fof'k"V xq#Ro dk
ds dke vkus okyk ;a=k gSA ekiu djus okyk ;a=k gSA
™ isfjLdksi (Periscope )– ;g ikuh ds vanj ls ikuh ds ckgj ™ iksyhxzkiQ (Polygraph)– ;g >wB idM+us okyk midj.k
dk n`'; ns•us ds dke vkrk gSA bldk ç;ksx çk;% iuMqfCc;ksa gSA
esa fd;k tkrk gSA ™ jMkj (Radar)– bldh lgk;rk ls nwj fLFkr oLrqvksa] çk;%
™ ik;jksehVj (Pyrometer)– ;g lqnwj fLFkr mPp rki ;qÙkQ ok;q;kuksa] ;q¼d foekuksa dh nwjh o fLFkfr dk irk yxk;k tkrk
fi.Mksa dk rki Kkr djus ds dke vkus okyk midj.k gSA lw;Z] gSA
rkjksa vkfn dk rki bldh lgk;rk ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ™ jsDVhiQk;j (Rectifier)– ;g ,d oS|qr ;qfÙkQ (Electrical
™ iksVSf'k;ksehVj (Potentiometer)– ;g rhu fljs okyk ,d device) gS tks çR;korhZ /kjk ;k vkWYVjusfVax djsaV (AC) dks
çfrjks/ gksrk gS] ftlesa nks fljs fu;r gksrs gSa] vkSj bu fljksa fn"V /kjk ;k Mk;jsDV djsaV (DC) esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA
ds chp dk rhljk fljk ifjorhZ gksrk gS bl ;a=k dk ç;ksx ™ ç'khrd (Refrigerator)– ;g fdlh LFkku ;k d{k
fo|qr ifjiFk vFkok lsy dk foHko ekius esa fd;k tkrk (Compartment) ds rki dks de djus ds dke vkus okyk
gSA midj.k gSA

भारत के भौतिक एवं रसायन विज्ञान से सम्बद्ध अनुसंधान संस्थान

(Important Research Centers Related to Physics & Chemistry)
संस्थान स्थान राज्य
भारतीय तकनीकी अनुसंधान संस्थान लखनऊ उत्तर प्रदेश
केन्द्रीय भवन निर्माण व अनुसंधान संस्थान रुड़की (हरिद्वार) उत्तराखंड
भारतीय सर्वेक्षण विभाग देहरादून उत्तराखंड
भारतीय पेट्रोलियम संस्थान देहरादून उत्तराखंड
केन्द्रीय सड़क अनुसंधान संस्थान नई दिल्ली दिल्ली
भा० मौसम विज्ञान व अनु० संस्थान नई दिल्ली दिल्ली
भारतीय भौतिकी प्रयोगशाला नई दिल्ली दिल्ली
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग प्राधिकरण नई दिल्ली दिल्ली
केन्द्रीय ईंधन अनुसंधान संस्थान जादूगाड़ा झारखण्ड
केन्द्रीय खनन अनुसंधान संस्थान धनबाद झारखण्ड
राष्ट्रीय धातु विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला जमशेदपुर झारखण्ड
टाटा इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ फंडामेण्टल रिसर्च मुंबई महाराष्ट्र
इंडियन इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ जियो मैग्नेटिज्म मुंबई महाराष्ट्र
इंडियन सिक्योरिटी प्रेस पुणे महाराष्ट्र

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राष्ट्रीय रासायनिक प्रयोगशाला पुणे महाराष्ट्र
भारतीय उष्ण मौसम विज्ञान संस्थान पुणे महाराष्ट्र
भारतीय मौसम वेधशाला पुणे महाराष्ट्र
केन्द्रीय पर्यावरण इंजीनियर अनुसंधान संस्थान नागपुर महाराष्ट्र
भाभा परमाणु अनुसंधान संस्थान ट्राम्बे महाराष्ट्र
केन्द्रीय यांत्रिक इंजीनियरिंग अनुसंधान संस्थान दुर्गापुर प० बंगाल
केन्द्रीय चमड़ा अनुसंधान संस्थान चेन्नई तमिलनाडु
केन्द्रीय विद्युत रासायनिक अनुसंधान संस्थान कराईकुड़ी तमिलनाडु
केन्द्रीय नमक एवं समुद्री रसायन अनु० संस्थान भावनगर गुजरात
भारत इलेक्ट्रानिक लिमिटेड जलाहली कर्नाटक
राष्ट्रीय वैमानिकी प्रयोगशाला बंगलुरु कर्नाटक
रमण अनुसंधान संस्थान बंगलुरु कर्नाटक
राष्ट्रीय समुद्र विज्ञान संस्थान पणजी गावा
उच्च अक्षांश अनुसंधान संस्थान गुलमर्ग कश्मीर

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