Written Assignment

Math-1201 Unit-1

Task 1

1. Domain and Range of the Graph

(i) Domain:

● The domain of a graph represents the set of all possible input values (x-values) for which the
function is defined.
● Observing the graph, it stretches horizontally from x=−10x = -10x=−10
to x=10x = 10x=10 along the x-axis. However, since the graph does not
seem to have any vertical breaks or gaps within this interval, the domain
appears to be: Domain=[−10,10]\text{Domain} = [-10,
10]Domain=[−10,10] This means the graph is defined for all x-values
between -10 and 10.

Range:

● The range of a graph represents the set of all possible output values (y-values) the function
can produce.
● From the graph, the lowest point seems to be around y=−10y = -
10y=−10, and the highest point appears near y=10y = 10y=10. There are
no discontinuities in the vertical direction. Therefore, the range appears to
be: Range=[−10,10]\text{Range} = [-10, 10]Range=[−10,10] This
indicates that the graph takes on y-values from -10 to 10.

2. Is this graph a function and is it one-to-one?

(ii) Does this represent a function?

● A graph represents a function if it passes the vertical line test, which means that for every x-
value, there is exactly one corresponding y-value.
● If we visualize or draw vertical lines through any part of the graph, each vertical line
intersects the curve at exactly one point. This means the graph does represent a function.

Is it a one-to-one function?

● A function is one-to-one if it passes the horizontal line test, meaning no horizontal line
intersects the graph at more than one point.
● In this graph, horizontal lines (such as those drawn at y=5y = 5y=5 or
y=−5y = -5y=−5) intersect the graph at multiple points. Therefore, the
graph fails the horizontal line test.

This means the function is not one-to-one because there are different x-values that correspond to the
same y-value.
Summary:
● Domain: [-10, 10]
● Range: [-10, 10]
● The graph is a function (it passes the vertical line test).
● The function is not one-to-one (it fails the horizontal line test).

Task 2

Scenario:
The export of avocados from Indonesia is modeled by the relation:

E(P)=P−10000,P≥10000E(P) = P - 10000, \quad P \geq

10000E(P)=P−10000,P≥10000

where PPP represents the production of avocados (in thousands).

(i) Drawing the Graph of E(P)E(P)E(P)

This is a linear equation, E(P)=P−10000E(P) = P - 10000E(P)=P−10000, where
the slope is 1 and the y-intercept is -10000. However, this equation is only valid
for P≥10000P \geq 10000P≥10000.

To graph this:

1. The x-axis represents production PPP in thousands.

2. The y-axis represents export E(P)E(P)E(P) in thousands.
3. The equation suggests that when P=10000P = 10000P=10000, E(P)=0E(P) = 0E(P)=0,
meaning no avocados are exported if the production is 10000 thousand.
4. As production PPP increases beyond 10000, the export increases linearly by the same amount
as production minus 10000.

We will draw the graph starting from P=10000P = 10000P=10000 and beyond.

I’ll generate this graph for you:

Let me create the graph.

Here is the graph of the export function E(P)=P−10000E(P) = P -
10000E(P)=P−10000, where P≥10000P \geq 10000P≥10000. The x-axis
represents production PPP in thousands, and the y-axis represents export
E(P)E(P)E(P) in thousands.

(ii) Is E(P)E(P)E(P) a function of PPP?

Yes, E(P)E(P)E(P) is a function of PPP because, for each value of production
P≥10000P \geq 10000P≥10000, there is exactly one corresponding export value
E(P)E(P)E(P). This satisfies the definition of a function.

(iii) Domain and Range of E(P)E(P)E(P)

● Domain: The domain is restricted to P≥10000P \geq 10000P≥10000, so the
domain is:
Domain=[10000,∞)\text{Domain} = [10000, \infty)Domain=[10000,∞)
● Range: Since E(P)=P−10000E(P) = P - 10000E(P)=P−10000, the smallest
export occurs when P=10000P = 10000P=10000, giving
E(10000)=0E(10000) = 0E(10000)=0. As production increases, exports
increase without bound. Hence, the range is:
Range=[0,∞)\text{Range} = [0, \infty)Range=[0,∞)

(iv) Export for 70,000 and 20,000 production

● For P=70000P = 70000P=70000 (70 thousand production):
E(70000)=70000−10000=60000E(70000) = 70000 - 10000 =
 60000E(70000)=70000−10000=60000
So, the export is 60,000 (60 thousand).
● For P=20000P = 20000P=20000 (20 thousand production):
E(20000)=20000−10000=10000E(20000) = 20000 - 10000 =
10000E(20000)=20000−10000=10000
So, the export is 10,000 (10 thousand).

(v) Dependent and Independent Variables

● Independent Variable: The independent variable is PPP (production of avocados in
thousands).
● Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is E(P)E(P)E(P) (export of avocados in
thousands), as it depends on the production level.

Task 3

Overview of the Graph:

The graph represents two functions:

● f(x)f(x)f(x): Represented by the red curve, f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2, which appears to

describe the weight of one animal in terms of its length.
● g(x)g(x)g(x): Represented by the blue line, g(x)=5xg(x) = 5xg(x)=5x, which likely represents
the weight-length relationship of another animal.
● Both functions intersect at the point A(5,25)A(5, 25)A(5,25), which indicates that at x=5x =
5x=5 feet of length, both animals have the same weight of 252525 tons.

(i) Rates of change at the intersection (x = 5 feet):

The rate of change in length concerning weight is represented by the slope (or derivative) of the
respective functions at the intersection point.

● For g(x)=5xg(x) = 5xg(x)=5x:

○ The slope of this linear function is constant, mg=5m_g = 5mg=5. This means that for
every additional foot of length, the weight of the second animal increases by 5 tons.
● For f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2:
○ The derivative of f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 gives the slope at any point. The
derivative is f′(x)=2xf'(x) = 2xf′(x)=2x. At x=5x = 5x=5, the slope is: f
′(5)=2(5)=10f'(5) = 2(5) = 10f′(5)=2(5)=10
● This means that at x=5x = 5x=5, the rate of weight change for the first animal is 10 tons per
foot.

Conclusion:
● At the intersection point x=5x = 5x=5, the first animal’s weight increases at a faster rate (10
tons per foot) compared to the second animal (5 tons per foot). Although they have the same
weight at 5 feet of length, the first animal gains weight faster as its length increases.

(ii) Selecting two points on each function and calculating the slopes:
Let’s choose two arbitrary points on each graph and calculate the slopes between them.
 ● On f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 (Red Curve):
○ Select two points: C(2,4)C(2, 4)C(2,4) and D(4,16)D(4, 16)D(4,16) (from the red
curve y=x2y = x^2y=x2).
○ The slope of the line connecting points CCC and DDD is:
mCD=y2−y1x2−x1=16−44−2=122=6m_{CD} = \frac{y_2 - y_1}
{x_2 - x_1} = \frac{16 - 4}{4 - 2} = \frac{12}{2} = 6mCD=x2−x1
y2−y1=4−216−4=212=6
● On g(x)=5xg(x) = 5xg(x)=5x (Blue Line):
○ Select two points: E(2,10)E(2, 10)E(2,10) and F(4,20)F(4, 20)F(4,20) (from the blue
line y=5xy = 5xy=5x).
○ The slope of the line connecting points EEE and FFF is:
mEF=20−104−2=102=5m_{EF} = \frac{20 - 10}{4 - 2} = \
frac{10}{2} = 5mEF=4−220−10=210=5

Insights from the Slopes:

● The slope between CCC and DDD on the function f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 is 6, which
indicates that between 2 and 4 feet of length, the weight of the first animal increases by 6 tons
for each additional foot.
● The slope between EEE and FFF on the function g(x)=5xg(x) = 5xg(x)=5x is 5, consistent
with the fact that g(x)g(x)g(x) is a linear function, and its rate of change (weight gain per
foot) is constant.

Conclusion:
● The slope of f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 increases as xxx increases, meaning the first animal’s
weight increases at an accelerating rate as its length grows.
● The slope of g(x)=5xg(x) = 5xg(x)=5x remains constant, indicating that the second animal
gains weight at a steady rate as its length increases.

Thus, while both animals weigh the same at 5 feet, the first animal experiences faster growth in
weight for greater lengths compared to the second animal.

Task 4

Local Extrema:
Local extrema are points where the function reaches either a local maximum or a local minimum.

1. Local Maximum: A point where the function’s value is higher than any other points nearby
(within a small neighborhood).
2. Local Minimum: A point where the function’s value is lower than any other points nearby
(within a small neighborhood).
Global maxima and minima differ because they represent the highest or lowest points over the entire
domain of the function, while local extrema are relative to their immediate surroundings.

Analysis of Points on the Graph:

● Point A (-11, 1):
○ This is a local maximum because it is a peak, and the function decreases on both
sides of this point.
● Point B (-8, -1):
○ This is a local minimum because it is a trough, and the function increases on both
sides of this point.
● Point C (-5, 1):
○ This is another local maximum, similar to Point A.
● Point D (-1, -1):
○ This is a local minimum, as the graph reaches a low point here before increasing.
● Point E (1.57, 1):
○ This is a local maximum, where the graph reaches another peak.
● Point F (4.71, -1):
○ This is a local minimum, marking a trough.
● Point G (7.85, 1):
○ Another local maximum, similar to the previous peaks.
● Point H (10.99, -1):
○ This is a local minimum, similar to previous troughs.

Intervals of Increase and Decrease:

The graph alternates between increasing and decreasing as it moves from one local extremum to the
next. Here are the intervals and their behaviors:

● Increasing Intervals:
○ From B (-8, -1) to A (-11, 1): The function increases as it moves from B to A.
○ From D (-1, -1) to C (-5, 1): The function increases from D to C.
○ From F (4.71, -1) to E (1.57, 1): The function increases from F to E.
○ From H (10.99, -1) to G (7.85, 1): The function increases from H to G.
● Decreasing Intervals:
○ From A (-11, 1) to B (-8, -1): The function decreases as it moves from A to B.
○ From C (-5, 1) to D (-1, -1): The function decreases from C to D.
○ From E (1.57, 1) to F (4.71, -1): The function decreases from E to F.
○ From G (7.85, 1) to H (10.99, -1): The function decreases from G to H.

Summary:
● The function shows local maxima at points A, C, E, and G, and local minima at points B, D,
F, and H.
● The function alternates between increasing and decreasing behavior between these extrema.
● These extrema are local because they represent peaks and troughs in their immediate
neighborhoods but may not represent the absolute highest or lowest values of the function
over its entire domain.

Task 5
(i) Representing the Taxation Rule as a Piecewise Function
The income tax system consists of three different segments, so we can express it as a piecewise
function T(I)T(I)T(I), where III represents the income, and T(I)T(I)T(I) represents the tax:

T(I)={0.10I,0≤I≤22000.10×2200+0.185×(I−2200),2200<I≤89450.10×2200+0.185×(8945−2200)+0.3
0×(I−8945),I>8945T(I) = \begin{cases} 0.10I, & 0 \leq I \leq 2200 \\ 0.10 \times 2200 + 0.185 \
times (I - 2200), & 2200 < I \leq 8945 \\ 0.10 \times 2200 + 0.185 \times (8945 - 2200) + 0.30 \
times (I - 8945), & I > 8945 \end{cases}T(I)=⎩⎨⎧
0.10I,0.10×2200+0.185×(I−2200),0.10×2200+0.185×(8945−2200)+0.30×(I−8945),
0≤I≤22002200<I≤8945I>8945

Explanation of the function:

● First Segment: If the income III is less than or equal to $2200, the tax is simply 10% of the
income, i.e., 0.10×I0.10 \times I0.10×I.
● Second Segment: If the income exceeds $2200 but is less than or equal to
$8945, the first $2200 is taxed at 10%, and the remaining amount
(I−2200)(I - 2200)(I−2200) is taxed at 18.5%.
● Third Segment: If the income exceeds $8945, the first $2200 is taxed at 10%, the income
between $2200 and $8945 is taxed at 18.5%, and the income above $8945 is taxed at 30%.

(ii) Calculate the Tax for Each Segment

Calculate each segment’s tax by choosing an income value in each slab.

1. Income of $2000 (First Segment):

The income is less than $2200, so:
T(2000)=0.10×2000=200T(2000) = 0.10 \times 2000 = 200T(2000)=0.10×2000=200
Tax: $200
2. Income of $5000 (Second Segment):
The income is between $2200 and $8945, so:
T(5000)=0.10×2200+0.185×(5000−2200)T(5000) = 0.10 \times 2200 +
0.185 \times (5000 - 2200)T(5000)=0.10×2200+0.185×(5000−2200)
T(5000)=220+0.185×2800=220+518=738T(5000) = 220 + 0.185 \times
2800 = 220 + 518 = 738T(5000)=220+0.185×2800=220+518=738
Tax: $738
3. Income of $10,000 (Third Segment):
The income exceeds $8945, so:
T(10000)=0.10×2200+0.185×(8945−2200)+0.30×(10000−8945)T(10000
) = 0.10 \times 2200 + 0.185 \times (8945 - 2200) + 0.30 \times (10000 -
8945)T(10000)=0.10×2200+0.185×(8945−2200)+0.30×(10000−8945)
T(10000)=220+0.185×6745+0.30×1055T(10000) = 220 + 0.185 \times
6745 + 0.30 \times 1055T(10000)=220+0.185×6745+0.30×1055
T(10000)=220+1247.825+316.5=1784.325T(10000) = 220 + 1247.825 +
316.5 = 1784.325T(10000)=220+1247.825+316.5=1784.325
Tax: $1784.33

Summary of Calculations:
● Income of $2000: Tax = $200
● Income of $5000: Tax = $738
● Income of $10,000: Tax = $1784.33
References

Stitz, C., & Zeager, J. (2013). College algebra. Stitz Zeager Open-Source Mathematics. [Link]
[Link]/[Link]