2.
3 Acceleration
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
• Acceleration occurs whenever an object
– Speeds up
– Slows down
– Changes direction
∆𝑣 𝑣−𝑣0
Average acceleration: 𝑎 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡−𝑡0
Instantaneous acceleration:
∆𝑣
𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.
∆𝑡
Exercise
1. Over a short interval near t=0 the velocity of an
automobile in m/s is given by v 𝑡 = 15 − 2𝑡
Find
a) Average acceleration of the automobile between
t=1s and t=3s
b) Instantaneous acceleration of the automobile at
t=6.5s
• Exercise 2.11-2.13
• Review questions #1-4 page 35
2.4 Equations of motion with constant
acceleration
1. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
2. s= 𝑣𝑎𝑣 𝑡 = 12 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑡
3. s=ut+12𝑎𝑡 2
4. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
5. S=vt − 12𝑎𝑡 2
See examples 2.7-2.9
Review question #2 page 41
Exercise
1. A car, initially at rest, travels 20 m in 4 s along
a straight line with constant acceleration.
Find the acceleration of the car
2. An object with an initial velocity of 11 m/s
west experiences a constant acceleration of
3 𝑚/𝑠 2 west for 2 seconds. How far does the
object travel during this time?
Free fall
A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the
influence of gravity alone, regardless of its initial motion.
e.g. a stone dropped from certain height
an ball thrown vertically upward
Free fall is an example of uniformly accelerated motion
You can apply all the SUVAT equations With 𝑎 = −𝑔, 𝑠 = ℎ
See example 2.10
Review questions #1, 3 page 41
Exercise
1.
2. An object is thrown straight up from ground level with a speed of 40
m/s. determine its distance above ground level 1.0 s later If 𝑔 = 10𝑚/𝑠 2
3. An object is thrown vertically upward at 30 m/s. Determine the velocity
of the object 5s later.
2.5 Graphical representation of
uniformly accelerated motion
Exercise 2.16
• Would you remember the graphs of a uniform
motion that you learnt in grade 9?
Review Questions
• The motion of in graph below is initially
towards East.
Position versus time graph
25
20
15
10
Position in m
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-5
-10 Time in s
-15
Review Questions
1. Describe each type of motion represented by
the s-t graph above.
2. Calculate:
a) total distance covered
b) resultant displacement
c) Average speed
d) Average velocity
e) Instantaneous velocity at t=3.5 s
U.A.M. graphs
Exercise 2.17 How does uniform acceleration
motion differ from uniform motion?
Position-time graphs
Position-time graphs
• Velocity = the slope of the tangent to the graph of
position-time.
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑡
Example
1. A train starts from rest and accelerates at
12 𝑚/𝑠 2 for 10 seconds.
a) Draw position-time graph for the motion
b) Determine slope (velocity) of the graph at t=1s
Activity 2.5
Velocity-time graphs
U.A.M. graphs
• Acceleration = slope of Velocity-time graph
• Displacement = area between Velocity-time
graph and time axis
Example
Review questions
• The motion of an object the v-t graph below
• Use +y-direction as North.
velocity-time graph
25
20 6, 20
15
10
Velocity in m/s
5
0
-5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10
-15
-20
-25
time in seconds
Review questions
1. Describe each type of motion in the graph.
2. What is the object’s initial velocity?
3. At what time did the object change direction?
4. During what time interval did the object speed up?
5. During what time interval did the object slow down?
6. At what time was the object stopped?
7. Calculate total distance covered by the object.
8. Determine the resultant displacement of the object.
9. Find instantaneous acceleration of the object at t=4.3
s
Acceleration-time Graphs
• Change in velocity= area under acceleration-
time graph
Activity 2.6
• Exercise 2.19
• Review Questions #1-2
3.6 Relative Velocity in one dimension
Exercise 2.20
• Relative velocity is the velocity of one object as observed
from another object.
• Or it is how fast and in what direction one object is moving
with respect to the other.
• Velocity object A with respect to object B:
𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐵
• Velocity object B with respect to object A:
𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴
𝑣𝐵𝐴 =−𝑣𝐴𝐵
Exercise 2.21
Review Questions # 1-3
