Q1a) What is mobile computing?

Explain 4G: High-speed internet, enabling HD

various functions of mobile computing. video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP
Mobile computing refers to the services.5G Ultra-fast data speeds, low
technology that allows transmission of latency, massive device connectivity,
data, voice, and video via a computer or supporting IoT and smart cities.
any other wireless-enabled device without Q2a) Explain with diagram far and near
having to be connected to a fixed physical terminal problem.Far and Near Terminal
link. It involves mobile communication, Problem:In wireless communication, the
mobile hardware, and mobile software. far and near terminal problem arises when
Functions of Mobile Computing:Mobility: a receiver is located closer to one
Allows users to move freely while transmitter than another, leading to the
maintaining network connectivity. nearer transmitter’s signal overpowering
Connectivity: Ensures continuous network the farther one’s signal. This causes
access, enabling constant communication interference and makes it difficult for the
and data transfer.Portability: Devices are receiver to properly decode the signal
lightweight and compact, making them from the farther transmitter. This problem
easy to carry.Remote Access: Users can is particularly significant in CDMA systems.
access data and applications from remote Diagram omitted here but should illustrate
locations.Real-Time Data Exchange: a receiver located between two
Allows for real-time data processing and transmitters, with the nearer transmitter’s
communication. signal overwhelming the farther
Q1b) Compare the merits and demerits oftransmitter’s signal.
TDMA and FDMA multiple access Q2b) Explain (CSMA/CA). What is the
schemes. TDMA Merits:-Efficient use of Reason for implementing CSMA with CA
bandwidth by dividing it into time slots. strategy in wireless networks? CSMA/CA
Flexibility in allocating more time slots for is a network protocol that listens to a
high-demand users.-Easier to implement network channel before transmitting data
with digital signals.Demerits:-Requires to avoid collisions. If the channel is free, it
precise synchronization, which can be transmits; if not, it waits for a random
complex.-Time slot allocation may lead to backoff period before checking again.
delays in communication.-Sensitive to Reason for Implementation in Wireless
timing issues like propagation delays. Networks: In wireless networks, signals
FDMA Merits:-Simpler to implement with are prone to collision because devices
analog signals.-No need for cannot detect ongoing transmissions
synchronization since each user has a CSMA/CA reduces the likelihood of
distinct frequency.-Less complex hardware collisions by ensuring devices avoid
compared to TDMA.Demerits: transmission when the channel is busy
Less efficient use of available bandwidth and by using acknowledgments to confirm
compared to TDMA.-Fixed frequency successful transmissions.
allocation can lead to underutilization of (PRMA).Explanation: PRMA is a protocol
resources.-Prone to interference if used in wireless communication that
frequency bands overlap. combines features of TDMA and random
Q1c) Write a short note on access schemes like ALOHA. In PRMA,
Telecommunication generations time is divided into slots, and users
1G: Analog voice communication, low compete to reserve slots for packet
capacity, limited coverage, and poor voice transmission. Once a slot is reserved, it is
quality.2G: Digital communication, used exclusively by the reserving user until
introduced SMS and MMS, better voice the transmission is complete. If no
quality, and higher capacity than 1G. reservation is made, the slot is available
3G Faster data transmission, enabling for random access by other users. This
mobile internet access, video calls, and method increases efficiency and reduces
enhanced multimedia capabilities. the likelihood of collisions.
Q1a) List the applications of Mobile o Complex implementation due to
Computing. Explain in detail. code management.
Mobile Banking:. o Prone to interference from
E-commerce.Healthcare:.Education: users with similar codes.
Social Networking Q2a) Describe the operations of the
Q1b) Compare and contrast SDMA, following technologies:
TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA schemes. i) Classical ALOHA:Operation: Classical
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access): ALOHA is a simple communication
• Comparison: protocol where users transmit data
o Divides users based on physical whenever they have data to send. If two
space using directional transmissions overlap, a collision occurs,
antennas. and both need to retransmit after a
o Efficient for managing multiple random backoff period. It’s easy to
users in different spatial implement but suffers from high collision
locations. rates, leading to inefficiency.
• Contrast: ii) Slotted ALOHA:Operation: Slotted
o Requires sophisticated ALOHA improves on Classical ALOHA by
hardware to implement. dividing time into slots. Users are only
o Not ideal for environments with allowed to transmit at the beginning of a
high user mobility. time slot. This reduces the probability of
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): collisions by half, as potential collisions are
• Comparison: limited to the start of each slot, leading to
o Divides users by time slots, better channel efficiency.
allowing multiple users on the Q2b) Explain the following terms:
same frequency. i) Hidden Terminal and Exposed Terminal
o Efficient use of bandwidth with Problem:Hidden Terminal Problem:
time-based allocation. Occurs when two devices cannot detect
• Contrast: each other's signals due to obstacles or
o Requires precise time distance but can both communicate with a
synchronization. common receiver. This leads to collisions
o May cause delays due to time at the receiver, as the devices are unaware
slot allocation. of each other’s transmissions.Exposed
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Terminal Problem: Occurs when a device
Access): refrains from transmitting because it
• Comparison: senses another nearby transmission, even
o Assigns individual frequencies though its transmission would not cause
to each user. interference at the intended receiver. This
o Simple to implement with leads to unnecessary underutilization of
analog signals. the channel.ii) Far and Near Terminal
• Contrast: Problem: As discussed previously, this
o Less efficient bandwidth usage problem occurs when a receiver is closer
compared to TDMA and CDMA. to one transmitter than another, causing
o Fixed frequency allocation can the nearer transmitter’s signal to
lead to underutilization. overpower the farther one’s signal,
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): leading to communication difficulties.
• Comparison:
o Uses unique codes for each user
to share the same frequency
band.
o Efficient in environments with
high user density.
• Contrast: