Mekelle University

Ethiopian Institute of Technology-Mekelle (EIT-M)

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Stream: Communication and Electronics Engineering.
Internship Report and Project:

Hosting company:

Title- Introducing MIMO to improve the capacity of wireless

communication link in Ethio-telecom.

Prepared by: Fiseha Hagos

ID: Eitm/ur82251/07

Advisor name: Mrs.Samrawit Haylu (MSc)

Submission date: 15/02/2011e.c
 Declaration
I, the undersigned below declare that this internship project is my original work, has not been
done for internship projects in this or another university, and all source of materials used for the
project are fully acknowledged.

Fiseha Hagos
Name Signature

Samrawit Haylu (MSc)

Advisor’s Name Signature
 Abstract
The internship program introduces several new concepts and terms that will be used in the
practical application of Electrical & computer engineering, and this Internship program is
mainly concerned in communication & networking Engineering to create productive, skilled and
knowledgeable generation. This report is an outcome of the practice I conducted during my
internship period at NR Ethio telecom, Mekelle. This brings to me a great opportunity to realize
my theoretical knowledge by practical works, which I gained for the last four years of study in
Mekelle University.
The purpose of this report is to put in paper the work experience I had performed and the
knowledge I had obtained from performing specific tasks while working in a professional
environment. In this program I develop theoretical knowledge through practical work. This thing
makes me to be active and confidential.
This report is organized in to two, the first part describes the report which includes describing
briefly the back ground of ethio-telecom (including its history, objective, vision, mission, and
services and products), describing the overall internship experience I had gained during the
practical periods( including how I get in to the company, the section of the company I have been
working in, the procedure I used while preforming my task ) and describing the benefits I gained
from my internship program in terms of improving my practical skills, team playing skills,
leadership skills, upgrading theoretical knowledge and work ethics. The second part includes the
project that deals about introducing MIMO to improve the capacity of wireless communication
link in Ethio-Telecom and finalized by conclusions and recommendation.

II
 Acknowledgement
First and for most, I would like to give a special thanks and glory to almighty God, who have
been helped me through thick and thin in all the ways of my life. Then I would like to give a
great regards and thanks to my department, in coordination with ethio telecom for providing me
to take an opportunity of this internship program in NR ethio telecom.
Second, I would like to express my sincere and special thanks of gratitude to my advisor Mrs.
Samrawit (MSc), who has given me excellent advice and has treated me with infinite patience
throughout this internship period.
Third, I would like to acknowledge and extend my deepest gratitude to Mr.Zelealem, Mr.Berihu,
Mr.Mearg, Mr.Teame, Mr.Kahsay (my supervisor), Mr.Gebremeskel, and other technicians of
the section. Their valuable and essential guidance, hints, motivation, ideas, support, and
constructive comments were so much beneficial. They have always been willing to help me any
time anywhere, even though they were busy, and the project may not been possible without their
help. Really thank you very much.
At the last but not least, I would like express my heartfelt thanks to my parents and relatives who
have given me a valuable financial and moral support, and my friends (students of other
university) in which we were together for the internship period for their constant encouragement
in doing my project.
Thank you ALL!!!

III
 Table of Contents
Declaration ................................................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ II
Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................................... III
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ VI
List of Table .............................................................................................................................................. VII
ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... VIII
CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................................................... 1
OVER VIEW OF ETHIO TELECOM .................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Historical Background........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Vision and Mission of Ethio telecom .................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Vision.............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Mission ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Services and Products of Ethio-Telecom .............................................................................. 3
1.4.1 Mobile Services .............................................................................................................. 3
1.4.2 Broadband internet services............................................................................................ 5
1.4.3 Business Service ............................................................................................................. 5
1.4.4 Fixed line services .......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 End users of Ethio-Telecom .................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Organizational Structure of Ethio-Telecom .......................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................................ 9
THE OVER ALL INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND EXPRIENCES .............................................. 9
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 The Way of Entrance to the Hosting Company .................................................................... 9
2.3 Working section of the company ........................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 Operation and Maintenance .......................................................................................... 11
2.4 Procedures and methods I had been using while performing my task ................................ 34
2.5 Challenges I had been faced while performing my task ..................................................... 34
2.6 Measures I had been taken in order to overcome the challenges ........................................ 35
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................. 36
OVER ALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP ....................................................... 36

IV
 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 36
3.2 Interms of upgrading theoretical knowledge ....................................................................... 36
3.3 Interms of improving practical skills .................................................................................. 36
3.4 Interms of improving industrial problem solving capability ............................................... 37
3.5 Interms of improving team playing skills ........................................................................... 37
3.6 Interms of improving leadership skills ................................................................................ 38
3.7 Interms of understanding about work ethics issues ............................................................. 38
3.8 Interms of Entrepreneurship skills ...................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER-FOUR.................................................................................................................................... 40
INTRODUCING MIMO TO IMPROVE THE CAPACITY OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION LINK IN ETHIO-TELECOM ......................................................................... 40
4.1 Short summary of the project .............................................................................................. 40
4.2 Literature review ................................................................................................................. 40
4.3 Statement of problem .......................................................................................................... 41
4.4 Objective ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.4.1 General Objective ......................................................................................................... 41
4.4.2 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................... 42
4.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 42
4.6 System Model and Design................................................................................................... 43
4.7 Simulation Results and Discussion ..................................................................................... 44
4.7.1 SISO Performance discussion ...................................................................................... 44
4.7.2 Investigating the effect of increasing SNR ................................................................... 47
4.7.3 Investigating the performance of MIMO system ......................................................... 49
CHAPTER-FIVE...................................................................................................................................... 54
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATION................................................................................... 54
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 54
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 55
5.2.1 Recommendation to ethio telecom NR ......................................................................... 55
5.2.2 Recommendation to Mekelle University ...................................................................... 55
5.2.3 Recommendation to future intern students ................................................................... 55
References ................................................................................................................................................. 56
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................... 58

V
 List of Figures
FIGURE1.1: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ETHIO TELECOM ....................................................... 8
Figure2.1: Organizational structure of NR ethio-telecom……………………………….............11
FIGURE2.2: IMEI AND IMSI .......................................................................................................... 13
FIGURE2.3: THE BBU FOUND IN NR ETHIO TELECOM .................................................................... 14
FIGURE2.4: THE FIVE TYPES OF RRUS FOUND IN ETHIO-TELECOM NR .......................................... 14
FIGURE2.5: SECTORED ROOF TOP ANTENNA ................................................................................... 15
FIGURE2.6: GSM INTERFACES ....................................................................................................... 17
FIGURE2.7: UMTS/GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................... 23
FIGURE2. 8 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................... 25
FIGURE2. 9: DUPLEX TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................... 25
FIGURE2.10: PROCESSING PROCEDURE OF WCDMA SYSTEM ....................................................... 26
FIGURE2.11: CORRELATION ........................................................................................................... 26
FIGURE2. 12: MODULATION OVERVIEW ......................................................................................... 28
FIGURE2.13: WIRELESS PROPAGATION .......................................................................................... 29
FIGURE2. 14: WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ................................................................. 30
Figure4.1: Methodology flow chart……………………………………………………...............43
FIGURE4.2: SYSTEM MODEL FLOW CHART ..................................................................................... 43
FIGURE4.3: CAPACITY VS SNR OF SISO SYSTEM .......................................................................... 45
FIGURE4.4: BER VS SNR OF SISO SYSTEM .................................................................................. 46
FIGURE4.5: PICTURE OF ADIHA MEKELLE ..................................................................................... 47
FIGURE4.6: ECNO MEASUREMENT OF ADIHA MEKELLE ................................................................ 47
FIGURE4.7: ECNO MEASUREMENT OF ADIHA MEKELLE ................................................................ 48
FIGURE4.8: CAPACITY OF SISO AND MIMO SYSTEMS VS SNR .................................................... 49
FIGURE4.9: BER OF SISO AND MIMO SYSTEMS VS SNR ............................................................. 50
FIGURE4.10: ARRAY FACTOR OF MIMO SYSTEM @ LAMBDA/4 .................................................... 51
FIGURE4.11: ARRAY FACTOR OF MIMO SYSTEMS @ LAMBDA/2 ................................................... 52
FIGURE4.12: 3D DIRECTIVITY WITH 2 TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS ................................................. 53
FIGURE4.13: 3D DIRECTIVITY WITH 3 TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS ................................................. 53

VI
 List of Table
TABLE2.1: GSM INTERFACE DESCRIPTION [2] ............................................................................... 17
TABLE2.2: CLASSIFICATION OF LOGICAL CHANNELS IN GSM [5] .................................................. 17
TABLE2.3: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2G AND 3G [1] ......................................................................... 23
TABLE2.4: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NETWORKING DEVICE [12] ....................................................... 34

VII
 ACRONYMS
ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
AGCH Access Grant Channel
AMPS Advanced mobile phone system
ASG Aggregation Service Gateway
AUC Authentication Center
BCCH Broad Cast Control Channel
BCH Broad Cast Channel
BR Back Bone Router
BS Base Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Sub System
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAAZ Central Addis Ababa Zone
CCH Common Channel
CCCH Common Control Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CN Core Network
CO-OFDM Coherent Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
CPE Customer Premise Equipment
CR Core Router
CS Circuit Switched
CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DCCH Dedicated Common Control Channel
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
EAAZ East Addis Ababa Zone
ER Edge Router
ETC Ethiopia Telecommunication Corporation
ETA Ethiopia Telecommunication Authority
FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel
FDMA Frequency Division Multiplexing Access

VIII
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing Access
FEC Forward Error Correction
FT France Telecom
GOTA General Open Trucking Access
GPON General Passive Optical Network
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
HLR Home Location Register
IBTE Imperial Board of Telecommunication Ethiopia
IF Intermediate Frequency
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
IP-RAN Internet Protocol Radio Access Network
IP-NGN Internet Protocol Next Generation Network
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IDU Indoor Unit
LTE Long Term Evolution
MSAG Multiservice Access Gateway
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MSS Mobile Station Sub System
NAAZ North Addis Ababa Zone
NodeB Node Base Station
NR North Region
NSS Network Station Sub System
ODU Outdoor Unit
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OMU Optical Multiplexer Unit
OSS Operation Station Sub System
OTU Optical Transport Unit

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PCH Paging Channel
PS Packet Switched
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RNC Radio Network Controller
RTN Radio Transport Network
SWAAZ South West Addis Ababa
SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
TCH Traffic Channel
TDMA Time Division Multiplexing Access
TDD Time Division Duplexing Access
UE User Equipment
UIL University Industry Linkage
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UTRAN UMTS Radio Access Network
VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal
VLR Visitor Location Register
VPN Virtual Private Network
WAAZ West Addis Ababa Zone

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 CHAPTER ONE
OVER VIEW OF ETHIO TELECOM
1.1 Introduction
In this chapter it is going to discuss about the back ground of my hosting company which is ethio
telecom. Including its history, its products and services and its main customers or end users, and
also it’s over all organization and work flow process of production and maintenance system.
1.2 Historical Background
Telecommunication service was introduced in Ethiopia in 1894 during the rule of Emperor
Menelik II. The first major telephone line construction spanned a total distance of about 477
kilometers and connected Harare a major trade center in the eastern region with Addis Ababa.
Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the construction of
the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia. With a construction period of two years 880km North
to South telephone line connecting Asmara with Addis Ababa was constructed and made
operational in 1904. The verbal repeater system was used to facilitate long distance calls, making
use of the several intermediate stations opened at the small towns and villages along the route.
By 1930 a route distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by
the telephone network. International communication service, however took long to develop.
Until 1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the only cities connected.
Later, in 1932, Ethiopia became a member of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
immediately before the Italian invasion of 1935 and radio communication was introduced
following the establishment of radio circuit links with Djibouti, Aden, Cairo and London. By
1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio telephone links with Cairo, Djibouti, Aden and
London and soon after radio communications training sectors for Ethiopians in order to replace
the expatriates handling the nation’s traffic. Administratively the country telecommunication
sector is run by an office in imperial palace.
During the Italian invasion, all the telephone lines that were build destroyed and they started to
build a new telephone route again in new format. By 1941 they build a telephone line in Addis
Ababa and Asmara with a capacity of 1,500 and 1,200 respectively. But after all when Italy left
Ethiopia, they left nothing in the sector, they destroyed all things they have deployed. The main
thing done after the war was rehabilitation of the destroyed telephone network. In this period the

1
ministry of Telephone, Telegraph and post was re-established to facilitate the rehabilitation
work.
By 1952 the communications sector comes one step to the front due to the establishment of IBTE
(Imperial Board of Telecommunications In Ethiopia) by proclamation number 132/52 on
October which was independent of telegraph and post. The purpose of the Board, as stated in its
3 establishment charter of article 5, as follows: “To rehabilitate, extend, repair and maintain the
telecommunication facilities of Ethiopia and to engage in the business of telecommunication for
profit.” Under the Derg regime, the IBTE reorganized as Ethiopian Telecommunications Service
on October 1968 which was in turn reorganized. By 1972 a new organizational structure was
made and Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority (ETA) was established.
Both ETA and Ethiopian Telecommunications service were in charge of both the operation and
regulation of telecommunications service in Ethiopia. Specifically ETA was responsible for
service quality check and price setting. On November 1996 the Ethiopian Telecommunication
service becomes Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation by council of ministers regulation
No 10/1996. The subsequent proclamation 49/1996 expands the ETC duties and responsibilities.
Ethio Telecom is a Governmental institution that provides telecommunication service in
Ethiopia. It has been established as per proclamation number 197/2010. Following its
establishment, it undergone huge transformation. Accordingly a new organization structure, job
descriptions for various positions, has been developed. Ethio Telecom is now operational in all
regions of the country with six Zones, fourteen Regions. It has around 17,000 permanent and
20,000temporary employees. It has ambitious goal to become a world class operator by applying
international standards.
1.3 Vision and Mission of Ethio telecom
1.3.1 Vision
Ethio Telecom vision encompasses the following crucial points.
 To be a world-class telecommunications service provider.
 To be committed to understand, meet and exceed the telecommunication needs and
expectations of country at large and customers in particular.
 To be a center for advancement of ICT, via research, innovation, transfer, adoption,
diffusion, adaptation, integration and dissemination in Ethiopia in particular and in
East/Horn of Africa in general.

2
1.3.2 Mission
Ethio Telecom mission runs in parallel with Ethiopian government’s mission, supporting the
steady growth of Ethiopia by transforming and modernizing telecommunication and services.
That is:
 To connect every Ethiopian through ICT.
 To provide products and services that enhances the development of our nation.
 To build a successful brand known for its customer consideration.
 To build its managerial capability that enables Ethio telecom to operate at an
international standard.
1.4 Services and Products of Ethio-Telecom
1.4.1 Mobile Services
 Mobile Telephone Service GSM, CDMA, WCDMA/3G and 4G
 Bulk SMS Service and GOTA (Push to Talk) Service
 Roaming Service and Satellite Mobile Telephone Service
1.4.1.1 Mobile Telephone Services (Prepaid/ Postpaid)
Under this category ethio telecom provides the services of GSM, UMTS, and LTE. These are the
evolution of mobile and wireless communication generations, but in ethio telecom of north
region LTE is not introduced. They have differences in terms of capacity, coverage, and also
architecture. Now let’s discuss its highlight and the detailed explanation will come in chapter
two as it is my placement section which is called RAN (Radio access technology).
The service is given using SIM (Subscriber Information Module). It has voice, data, SMS, and
other value added capabilities, In order to use the service in pre-paid scenario; it is required to
charge using scratch able cards and for postpaid services, users are charged at the end of every
month (usage charge + Rent). Services provided in addition to Voice, data, video and images are:
 Call divert: It allows an incoming call to a called party to be redirected to another mobile
or fixed telephone number. It can be activated from the phone.
 Call waiting: it is a feature that alerts someone using the phone to an incoming call and
allows switching between calls. It can be activated from the phone.
 Call Conference: which enables to a group of two up to five call active at a time.

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1.4.1.2 GOTA (Push to Talk) and Bulk SMS Service
GOTA service allows two or more individuals to communicate and also use private and group
calls. It allows two or more individuals to communicate by using push to talk. This service also
allows the subscriber to make external calls after subscribing to the mobile wireless service.
GOTA Service Benefits are affordability, can be used as GSM mobile, one-to-one private calls
and one-to-many group calls, the ability to set the user‘s priority, the ability to perform forced
insertion/ forced release based on the user‘s priority, the ability to classify the groups, in which
the group members can be managed by the user.
Bulk SMS service: allows sending SMS messages to a group of mobile subscribers
simultaneously. It helps to avoiding the need for using a mobile phone and making large cost.
1.4.1.3 Mobile Roaming
Mobile roaming is a service that helps subscribers to automatically make and receive voice calls,
send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage
area of ET, by means of using a visited country‘s operator‘s network.
1.4.1.3.1 Inbound Roaming
Inbound roaming is a service given to customers of foreign operator who has a roaming
agreement with ethio (like tourists, foreigner investors). Currently, this service is provided only
for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) post paid subscribers.
1.4.1.3.2 Outbound Roaming
An out bound roaming is a service given to ET customers who want to use their mobile phone
abroad (out of Ethio network coverage). Features of Roaming mobile services are mobility,
accessibility, all features of postpaid GSM service. Benefits of roaming are enable customer to
be accessed globally, single Phone, single Number and one Bill benefits, charges related to calls
made on visited networks will be paid along with local bill back home, prevent customers from
high hotel telephone bills charge, and enable customers to continue and control business or any
other affair without geographical limits.
1.4.1.4 Satellite Mobile Telephone
Satellite mobile telephone is a mobile phone that provides voice, SMS, low-band width internet
access and data services by using low earth orbit satellites connects to orbiting satellites instead
of terrestrial network. It enables customers in every part of the globe to be beneficiaries of
telecom services through satellites stationed on the universe. Satellite phone is one of the greatest
innovations in communication.

4
The satellite mobile telephone provides similar features of communication services to that of
earthly mobile telephones. Satellite phone vital communication tool in remote area where local
telecom are unreliable and this kind of service needs special telephone apparatus and SIM.
Satellite telecommunication is essential in remote areas where no service is available.
1.4.2 Broadband internet services
Broadband is a relatively fast Internet service provided through wired and wireless connections
with a speed level from 256 Kbps.
 Wired broadband internet is provided through copper or fiber with different access
methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON.
 Wireless BB internet service is device or system used to connect different fixed locations
with a radio or other wireless link.
 Wireless broadband internet is an Internet service which can be given through different
access methods like, AIRONET, supports up to 54 Mbps downloading capacity, VSAT
(supports up to 2Mbps downloading capacity), and EVDO.
1.4.2.1 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Internet
Fixed Broadband Internet service is an Internet service with wired access. It can be provided
through copper or fiber depending on the speed requested and other factors. Ethio Telecom
provides this service in two options:
 Limited ADSL: is a packaged service based on volume; mainly targeting residential
customers.
 Unlimited ADSL: It is unlimited in volume and sold with a fixed monthly rent with
different access speed options.
1.4.2.2 Evolution Data Only (EVDO)
EVDO is a Broadband mobile Internet service with high speed using CDMA technology. The
service works wherever CDMA network is available. The service is available in Addis Ababa
and more than 200 cities and town throughout the country. It is provided in three alternative
packages: 1GB, 2GB and 4GB for both prepaid and postpaid customers.
1.4.3 Business Service
1.4.3.1 Virtual Private Network
Virtual Private Network (VPN) enables private and public institutions to connect their various
branches and to establish their own private networks. VPN enables you to share information and
activate all information technology systems inside your branches via fixed and mobile options.

5
The service is available all over Ethiopia in areas covered by Ethio telecom terrestrial and mobile
network that support data services.
1.4.3.2 VSAT
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) is an internet or VPN service using a satellite access
mechanism. It is a way of establishing private satellite communication network for large
organizations that have widely dispersed locations.
1.4.4 Fixed line services
The services given under this section are:
 Fixed Line Telephone Service (PSTN)
 ISDN – E1 Service
1.4.4.1 Public switched telephone network (PSTN)
Public switched telephone network is a service used only at homes and offices.
1.4.4.2 ISDN-E1 Service
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a service sending voice, video, and data over
digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires with data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits
per second). E1 has 32 channels. Ethio telecom provides 30 channels to users, and the rest 2 are
used for internal purpose (signaling purpose).
1.5 End users of Ethio-Telecom
Ethio-telecom offers a wide range of products and services tailored made for Enterprises
customers and non-enterprise customers. Generally the customers of Ethio Telecom are every
one that he or she has fulfilled the requirements to use the service. In order to use the service,
prepaid customers are required to charge using scratch able cards which are available in different
denomination to meet customers need, and post-paid customers are billed at the end of the month
based on their usage. Ethio Telecom customers are divided into two:
 Residential
 Enterprise
The Enterprise customers are Owing to nationwide huge capacity. Ethio telecom provide
Enterprise customers a reliable and affordable Internet and data services which facilitate their
business and increase their productivity by connecting them to local and international partners
like governmental organizations, private companies and nongovernmental organizations. On the
other hand, the residential customers are those customers who are single users.

6
1.6 Organizational Structure of Ethio-Telecom
Ethio Telecom gets organized under the control of France Telecom (FT) as it is scheduled on the
transformation of Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporations to Ethio Telecom for five years.
These years after the reborn of telecommunications service in Ethiopia. There are deputy officers
besides the France Telecom officers to take their place when the transition is takes place after the
France Telecom finishes its contract. The Ethio telecom company has been organizational
structured by one head quarter, six zonal offices which are found in Addis Ababa, fourteen
regional offices the six are added this year.
The six regional offices are:
 EAAZ
 NAAZ
 CAAZ
 WAAZ
 SAAZ
 SWAAZ
The fourteen regional offices are
 ER (DIRE DAWA)
 JIJIGA
 NR(MEKELLE)
 NER(DESSIE)
 SEMERA
 NWR (BAHIRDAR)
 WR (NEKEMET)
 ASSOSA
 SWR (JIMMA)
 GAMBELLA
 SR&SSWR(HAWASSA)
 SER(ADAMA)
 GONDER
Generally, the organizational structure of the Ethio telecom can be depicted as shown in below.

7
Figure1.1: Organizational structure of ethio telecom

8
 CHAPTER TWO
THE OVER ALL INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND EXPRIENCES
2.1 Introduction
The contents under this chapter are about the way of entrance to hosting company, the working
section I had been placed and the experiences shared, the procedures and methods I had been
using while performing my task, the challenges I had been faced and what measurements I had
been taken to overcome the challenges.
2.2 The Way of Entrance to the Hosting Company
It is clear that when we were 4th year students in 2010 e.c we are ordered to find hosting
company according to our preference. But I hear that there was a UIL for placing students for
their internship program then according this we ask the UIL office and they don’t give us a
response. The reason that we ask them initially was if they place us in such opportunistic places
we have not to occupy other places (to give the place for other students). Thus accordingly I have
tried to find hosting company by placing the request paper to DWET, TV Tigray, Mekelle Ethio
Telecom. I get an acceptance in DWET as they receive according first come first served, but in
the others they told as that as they accept based on the UIL. We wait until the 2011 e.c university
entrance time which is on 14/02/2011e.c as stated condition. After entering to our University we
ask the UIL office and they told as that 13 students get the opportunity of entering Ethio
Telecom according CGPA and I have been one of these. Then we were told to choose our
preferred regional places. After choosing we are ordered to take two days induction training on
01-02/11/2018 in Addis Ababa. On the first day, 270 students who came from 23 different
universities had met at the Micro Wave building office In front of Tikur Ambessa referral
Hospital. The UIL training given by Ethio Telecom was for two days as mentioned before with a
tea time and lunch break covered by the company in between, the induction training introduce us
with the overall Mission, Vision, and Services and products of Ethio Telecom. By the end of the
first day induction training students who are placed at the regional offices and in Addis Ababa
are known which is sent by the ministry of education. Among these 160 students are placed in
Addis Ababa the rest are distributed to regions. Students who are going to place in Addis Ababa
are going to know their zonal placement at the end of the second day based on placement lottery.
Therefore I know my placement is in north region ethio telecom Mekelle in the first day training.
Lastly they told us that we have to report or inform to our placement in 12/11/2018. Then by this
day morning I went to Human Resource office found in ethio telecom in front of Shaba College,

9
and we were 16 students from different universities with five of which are from Mekelle
University. Mr.Asmamaw who is the manager of HR told us that to give them photo for making
temporary entrance ID and come back after noon. Then after noon they take us to the main office
which is found at mazoria (near dejen menafesha). We meet with manager of Operation and
Maintenance Mr.Kiflay, and he introduce us the working sections found in the NR ethio telecom
and told us that we are going to place based on placement lottery.
2.3 Working section of the company
Ethio-telecom has many workers that works in different places in different department sector. In
this Company there are different working sections. Among those are;
 Customer service
 Enterprise
 Information system
 Network engineering
 Fixed access network
 Project management office
 Operation and maintenance
From the above section I was working in operation and maintenance especially in RAN. The
O&M section is classified as following:

10
 Figure2.1: Organizational structure of NR ethio-telecom
2.3.1 Operation and Maintenance
The Operation and maintenance department is responsible for controlling the operation of the
communication system and for maintenance of network and communication equipment’s. This
department has seven sections which are listed above.
2.3.1.1 Radio Access Network (RAN) and Core Network
A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile Telecommunication system which implements
a Radio access technology. It resides between Mobile station and Mobile switching center
(MSC).thus it consists of the mobile station, base station sub system (BSS), and the entry part of
network station sub system (NSS) which is the MSC. RAN has three Sections in NR (north
region): GSM for 2G, UMTS for 3G and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Among these
we had seen GSM and UMTS (WCDMA).
2.3.1.1.1 THE GSM cellular Network
The second generation (2G) of cellular networks was based on digital communications and was
first deployed in the early 1990s. The shift from analog to digital technology improved the
quality, capacity, cost, power, speed, security and quantity of services. GSM is based on TDMA
and operates at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. the means of communication between MS and BS (to

11
send and receive at the same time) is called duplexing, this is based on frequency for 2G and is
called FDD. GSM technology is a combination of frequency division multiple accesses (FDMA)
and time division multiple access (TDMA). In primary GSM 900 MHz the uplink frequency
band is 890_915 MHz and the down link frequency band is 935_960 MHz. This 25 MHz
bandwidth is subdivided into 124 carrier frequency channels each spaced 200 kHz apart (guard
band). Each carrier frequency is then divided in to 8 time slots using TDMA. For GSM1800
uplink and downlink frequency bands are 1710-1785 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz respectively
which has same guard band as 2G with 324 carrier frequency.
In summary, a GSM network can be divided into three sub networks: the radio access
network, the core network and the management network. These sub networks are further
extended in to sub systems in the GSM standard. The respective four subsystems are called the
Mobile station (MS) Base Station Subsystem (BSS), the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
and the Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS). [1]
1) The MS (mobile station)
The MS consists of the mobile equipment (ME; the actual device) and a smart card called the
subscriber identity module (SIM). The SIM offers personal mobility since the user can remove
the SIM card from one mobile device and place it in another device without informing the
network operator. The SIM contains a globally unique identifier, the international mobile
subscriber identity (IMSI), as well as a secret key used for authentication and other security
procedures. The IMSI (or a variation of it for security purposes) is used throughout the network
as the identifier for the subscriber. This system enables a subscriber to change the mobile
equipment and still be able to make calls, receive calls and receive other subscriber information
by simply transferring the SIM card to the new device. Any calls made will appear on a single
user bill irrespective of changes in the mobile device. The mobile equipment is also uniquely
identifiable by the international mobile equipment identity (IMEI). The IMEI and IMSI are
independent, thus providing the user flexibility by separating the concept of subscriber from
access device.

12
 Figure2.2: IMEI and IMSI [1]
2) The BSS (Base Station Sub System)
This station subsystem consists of BTS (Base Trans receiver Station) & BSC (Base Station
Controller). The MS and the BTS communicate across the Um interface. It is also known as the
air interface or the radio link. The BSS communicates with the NSS center across the A interface.
[5]
a) The BTS (Base Trans receiver Station)
Base stations, which are also called, base transceiver stations (BTSs), are the most visible
network elements of a GSM system. Compared to fixed-line networks, the base stations replace
the wired connection to the subscriber with a wireless connection, which is also referred to as the
air interface. In theory, a base station can cover an area with a radius of up to 35 km. This area is
also called a cell. As a base station can only serve a limited number of simultaneous users, cells
are much smaller in practice, especially in dense urban environments. This consists of:
1. BBU (Base Band Unit)
This unit converts the baseband signal to IF signal and vice versa. It is also an interface to the
BSC.

13
 Figure2.3: the BBU found in NR ethio telecom
In its board it consists of an interfaces to the 900MHz, 1800MHz and 2100MHz operating RRUs
which are the UBRI and WBBP consecutively. This is configured one per RRU and is connected
to the RRU through CPRI cable. This also has UMPTS(universal main processing transmission
unit), which is used for configuring, managing RRUs using U2000 sotware.
2. RRU (radio remote unit)
The RRU converts the RF signal to IF signal and Vice versa. This can be mounted on a pole and
is connected to the Antenna through coaxial cable, and is also connected to the BBU through
CPRI cable. There are 5 RRUs in NR these are as following.

Figure2.4: The five types of RRUs found in ethio-telecom NR [16]

3. Antennas
The purpose of an antenna is to convert electric current into electromagnetic waves, which then
radiate or move away from the antenna at the transmitting end. At the receiving end, antennas
convert the EM waves back into an electrical current.
Antennas play a key role in the successful deployment of any kind of wireless connection.
Proper planning and installation of antennas is required to ensure good signal coverage, to
permit user mobility, minimize or eliminate interference
Typically there are two types of antennas i.e. Omnidirectional and Directional. Omni directional
antenna sends message in any direction and receives message from any direction with only one
sector &the transmitted power radiates out in all directions. So only a small portion of the power
is received by the desired station. Directional antenna uses three sector antennas placed at 120o,
and the transmitted power can be focused into a narrow beam directed towards the station of
interest. Currently Ethio telecom is using a directional antenna in order to reduce noise and
interference.

14
 Figure2.5: Sectored roof top antenna
4. Cables
Some of the cables found in BTS are: [16]
 The IF cable
 The DC power cable
 The CPRI cable
 Grounding cable
Generally the functions of BTS are as following:
 It can transmits and receives the radio signal
 Modulating/ demodulating
 Encoding/ decoding
 Encryption/ decryption
It is also concerned with the measurement of signal strength.

15
 b) The BSC (Base Station Controller)
While the base station is the interface element that connects the mobile devices with the network,
the BSC is responsible for the establishment, release and maintenance of all connections of cells
that are connected to it.
If a subscriber wants to establish a voice call, send an SMS, and so on, the mobile device
sendsachannelrequestmessagetotheBSC.TheBSCthenchecksifanSDCCHisavailable and activates
the channel in the BTS. Afterward, the BSC sends an immediate assignment message to the
mobile device on the AGCH that includes the number of the assigned SDCCH. The mobile
device then uses the SDCCH to send DTAP messages that the BSC forwards to the MSC.
The functions performed by BSC are:
 radio channel allocation
 control of the BTS
 channel setup
 Management of handovers.
Typically, several BTSs are controlled by one BSC. BTS and BSC together form the radio access
network. In ethio telecom of north region there are two BSCs which are found in Mekelle and
shire, 650BTS and 1MSC. [5]
c) Transcoding and rate adaption unit (TRAU)
Although the TRAU is actually seen as being logically part of the BSS, it usually resides close to
the MSC since this has significant impact on reducing the transmission costs. The voice data is
sent in a 16 kbps channel through to the TRAU from the mobile device via the BTS and BSC.
The TRAU will convert this speech to the standard 64 kbps for transfer over the PSTN or ISDN
network. Over the air interface, speech uses 13 kbps (full-rate) and data 9.6 or 14.4 kbps, with
each of these requiring a 16 kbps link through the BSS. [5]
3) The GSM Interfaces

16
 Figure2.6: GSM interfaces [2]

Table2.1: GSM interface description [2]

4) The GSM CHANNELS

The channels in GSM can be categorized in to two these can be physical channels and logical
channels. [5]
I. Physical channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel
II. Logical channel: GSM defines a series of logical channels, which are made available
either in random access mode or in a dedicated mode assigned to a specific user. Logical
channels are divided into two categories traffic channels and signaling (control) channels.
Table2.2: Classification of logical channels in GSM [5]

17
 A. Traffic channels
The Traffic Channels (TCHs) are used for the transmission of user payload data (speech, data).
They do not carry any control information of Layer 3. Communication over a TCH can be
circuit-switched or packet-switched.
A TCH may either be fully used (full-rate TCH, TCH/F) or be split into two half-rate
channels (half-rate TCH, TCH/H), which can be allocated to different subscribers.
B. Signaling channels
The control and management of a cellular network demands a very high signaling effort.
Even when there is no active connection, signaling information (for example, location update
information) is permanently transmitted over the air interface. The GSM signaling channels
offer a continuous, packet-oriented signaling service to MSs in order to enable them to
send and receive messages at any time over the air interface to the BTS.
They are further divided into:
i. Broadcast Channel (BCH)
ii. CommonControlChannel(CCCH)
iii. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
i. Broadcast Channel (BCH)
The unidirectional BCHs are used by the BSS to broadcast the same information to all
MSs in a cell. The group of BCHs consists of three channels.

18
 1. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): On this channel, a series of information elements
is broadcast to the MSs which characterize the organization of the radio network, such
as radio channel configurations (of the currently used cell as well as of the neighboring
cells), synchronization information (frequencies as well as frame numbering) and
registration identifiers (LAI, CI, BSIC). In particular, this includes information about
the structural organization (formats) of the CCCH of the local BTS. The BCCH is
broadcast on the first frequency assigned to the cell (the so-called BCCH carrier).
2. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH): On the FCCH, information about correction
of the transmission frequency is broadcast to the MSs.
3. Synchronization Channel (SCH): The SCH broadcasts information to identify a BTS.
ii. Common Control Channel (CCCH)
The CCCH is a point-to-multipoint signaling channel Used for control information: registration,
paging, call origination/termination.
It comprises of the following.
1. Random Access Channel (RACH): an uplink channel used to request a SDCCH
channel. The functions performed by this are:
 Responses to paging messages
 Location update (registration)
 Call Origination
2. Access Grant Channel (AGCH): The AGCH is the downlink part of the CCCH. It is
used to assign an SDCCH or a TCH to a MS.
3. Paging Channel (PCH): The PCH is also part of the downlink of the CCCH. It is used
to send pages to mobile devices. Which are Notifications of incoming services (e.g.,
voice, data, SMS)
iii. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
The last type of signaling channel, the DCCH is a bidirectional point-to-point signaling
channel. The group of Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) comprises the following.
1. Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): The SDCCH is a dedicated point
to-point signaling channel (DCCH) which is not tied to the existence of a TCH
(‘standalone’), i.e. it is used for signaling between a MS and the BSS when there is no
active connection. The SDCCH is requested from the MS via the RACH and assigned via
the AGCH. After the completion of the signaling transaction, the SDCCH is released and

19
 can be reassigned to another MS. Examples of signaling transactions which use an
SDCCH are the updating of location information or parts of the connection set up until
the connection is switched through.
2. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): An SACCH is always assigned and
used with a TCH or an SDCCH. The SACCH carries information for the optimal
radio operation, e.g., commands for synchronization and transmitter power control and
reports on channel measurements. Data must be transmitted continuously
over the SACCH since the arrival of SACCH packets is taken as proof of the existence
of the physical radio connection. When there is no signaling data
to transmit, the MS sends a measurement report with the current results of the
continuously conducted radio signal level measurements
3. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): By using dynamic preemptive
multiplexing on a TCH, additional bandwidth can be made available for signaling. The
signaling channel created this way is called FACCH. It is only assigned in connection
with a TCH, and its short-time usage goes at the expense of the user data transport. [5]
5) The NSS (network station sub system)
The NSS is divided into circuit-switched and packet-switched domains. Some of
the circuit-switched elements are Mobile Services Switching Centers (MSCs), the Visitor
Location Register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. The packet-switched elements are the Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Other network
elements, like the Equipment Identity Register (EIR), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor
Location Register (VLR) and Authentication Centre (AUC), are shared by both these domains.
[2]
a) Mobile switching Centre (MSC)
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the center-piece of the circuit-switched core network.
The same MSC can be used to serve both the GSM-BSS and the UTRAN connections. In
addition to the radio access networks, it has interfaces to the fixed PSTN network, other MSCs,
the packet-switched network (SGSN) and various core network registers (HLR, EIR, AuC).
Physically, the VLR is implemented in connection with the MSC, so the interface between
them (the B interface) exists only logically.
The functions of an MSC include paging, coordination of call setup from all MSs in
the MSC’s jurisdiction, dynamic allocation of resources, location registration, interworking

20
functions (IWFs) with other type of networks, handover management (especially the complex
inter-MSC handovers), billing of subscribers (not the actual billing, but collecting the data for
the billing center), encryption parameter management, signalling exchange between different
interfaces, frequency allocation management in the whole MSC area. [2]
b) Gateway MSC (GMSC)
The GMSC is the switch at the point where GSM/UMTS PLMN is connected to
external CS networks. All incoming and outgoing CS connections go through
GMSC.
c) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
The Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) functionality is
similar to that of MSC/VLR but is typically used for Packet-Switched (PS) services. The
part of the network that is accessed via the SGSN is often referred to as the PS domain. [3]
d) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) functionality is closes to that of GMSC but is in
relation to PS services. [3]
e) Home Location Register
The HLR stores the identity and user data of all the subscribers belonging to the area of the
related GMSC. These are permanent data such as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI) of an individual user, the user’s phone number from the public network (not the same as
IMSI), the authentication key, the subscribers permitted supplementary service and some
temporary data. The temporary data on the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) may include
entries such as:
 the address of the current VLR
 the number to which the calls may be forwarded
 some transit parameters for authentication and ciphering
For the purpose of routing in coming transactions to the UE (e.g. calls or short messages), the
HLR also stores the UE location on the level of MSC/VLR and/or SGSN. [2]
f) Visitor Location Register
The VLR stores the data of all mobile stations that are currently staying in the administrative
area of the associated MSC. A VLR can be responsible for the area of one MSC. Mobile Stations
are roaming freely and therefore, depending on their current location, they may be registered in
one of the VLRs of their home network or in the VLR of a foreign network. [2]

21
 6) Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS)
The network operation is controlled and maintained by the Operation and Maintenance
Subsystem (OMSS). Network control functions are monitored and initiated from an Operation
and Maintenance Centre (OMC). The OMC has access to both the GMSC and BSC. Some of its
functions are:
 Security management
 Network configuration, operation, performance management;
 Maintenance tasks.
The OMC configures the BTS via the BSC and allows the operator to check the attached
components of the system. [5]
a) Authentication Centre (AUC)
The Authentication Centre (AUC) is the ‘responsibility’ for the policing actions in the
network. This has all the data that is required to protect the network against false subscribers
and protection of the calls of the regular subscribers. There are two major keys in the GSM
standards, for example one which is the encryption of the mobile users and the other which is
‘authentication’ of the mobile users. The encryption keys are held both in the mobile equipment
and the AUC and the information is protected against non-authorized access.
b) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Each item of mobile equipment has its own personal identification, which is denoted by
a number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This number is
installed during the manufacture of the equipment itself, stating the conformation to the GSM
standards. Thus, whenever a call is made, the network would check the identity number and if
this number is not found on the approved list of the authorized equipment, the access is denied.
The EIR contains this list of the authorized numbers and allows the IMEI to be verified. [5]
2.3.1.1.2 The UMTS Cellular Network
UMTS- universal mobile telecommunications system provides mainly speech, video, and data
services. UMTS can be considered as an evolution of GSM. While UMTS has its own radio
access network known as UTRAN (UMTS Radio Access Network), usually UMTS and
GSM/EDGE have a shared core network. Generally UMTS networks are built up on existing
GSM networks and both networks co-exist. UMTS networks in general have lesser coverage due
to the fact that most of them operate at higher frequency bands. This is not a big issue as UMTS-
GSM handover is possible. [1]

22
 1) UMTS Network Architecture

Figure2.7: UMTS/GSM network architecture [1]

Please note that this network architecture has a common core network for both 2G and 3G
i. Why do we need 3G?
3G gives much higher data rates compared to 2G. 2G was mainly designed keeping in mind the
requirements for Speech traffic. 3G has been developed mainly to cater to data services, in
addition to Speech traffic. Multiplexing of services with different QOS requirements on a single
connection is possible with 3G.
ii. What is the main difference between 3G and 2G?
Some of the characteristics which make difference among them are.
Table2.3: Difference between 2G and 3G [1]
WCDMA GSM
Carrier bandwidth 5MHz 200kHz

23
 Frequency re-use factor 1 1-18

iii. Why 3G has less coverage compared to GSM900?

GSM900 works at a lower frequency band than 3G, Thus lower frequency signals are attenuated
less, which gives them greater propagation capability.
iv. Why WCDMA is called wide band CDMA?
WCDMA has a higher bandwidth of 5 MHz compared to IS-95 (cdmaOne), which has
only 1.25MHz.
v. What are the frequency bands used in 3G?
FDD – Frequency Division Duplexing is mainly used for UMTS. Hence, for uplink and
downlink, we have different frequency bands.
UL-Uplink (mobile to base station) 1920-1980 MHz
DL-Downlink (base station to mobile) 2110-2170 MHz
2) Multiple Access Technology
a) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
This multiple access technology means dividing the whole available spectrum in to many single
radio channels (transmit/receive carrier). Each channel can transmit one-way voice or control
information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of FDMA structure. [7]
b) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
This multiple access technology means that the wireless carrier of one band width is divided into
multiple time division channels interms of time (or called time slot). Each user occupies a time
slot and receives/transmits signals within this specified time slot. This multiple access mode is
adopted in digital cellular system.
c) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
This is a multiple access mode implemented by spreading Modulation. Unlike FDMA and
TDMA, both of which separate the user information interms of time and frequency, CDMA can
transmit the information of multiple users on the same channel at the same time. The key is that
every information before transmission should be modulated by different spreading code, then all
the signals can be mixed and send. The mixed signal would be demodulated by different
spreading code at the different receiver.
In mobile communication system GSM adopts TDMA and FDMA while WCDMA, cdmaOne
adopts CDMA. [8]

24
 Figure2.8: Multiple Access Technology [8]
3) Duplex Technology
In third generation mobile communication systems, WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt frequency
division duplex (FDD), TD-SCDMA adopts time division duplex (TDD).

Figure2.9: Duplex Technology [4]

4) Processing procedure of WCDMA System

25
 Figure2.10: Processing procedure of WCDMA System [10]
 Source coding can increase the transmission efficiency.
 Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.
 Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
 Scrambling can make transmission in security.
 Through modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals. [10]
a) Bit, Symbol, Chip
 Bit: data after source coding
 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
 Chip: data after spreading
b) Correlation
Correlation is used to measure similarity between two signals.

Figure2.11: Correlation [10]

26
 It is computed by multiplying the two signals and the summing (integrating) the result
over a defined time window. If two signals are the same their correlation is 1 or 100
percent, if the are different their correlation is zero means orthogonal signals, and
therefore knowing one of them does not provide any information on the other. [10]
c) Spreading
By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence assigned to
the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted over the physical channel
along with other spread symbols.
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
i. Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols in to chips.
ii. Scrambling operation, which is used on top of spreading, so it does not change the signal
band width but only makes the signals from different sources separable from each
other.as the chip rate is already achieved in channelization by the channelization codes,
the chip rate is not affected by the scrambling.
SF = chip rate/symbol rate
Where: SF is spreading factor
High data rate implies low SF code and vice versa.
i. Purpose of channelization code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter.
 For down link, channelization code is used to separate different physical channels of one
cell.
 For uplink, channelization code is used to separate different physical channels of one UE.
ii. Purpose of scrambling code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters.

 For down link, Scrambling code is used to separate different cells in one carrier.
 For uplink, Scrambling code is used to separate different UE in one carrier.
In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the scrambling operation. This is
needed to separate terminals or base stations from each other.
There are totally 512 primary scrambling codes defined by 3GPP. Each cell is allocated with
only one primary scrambling code.
d) Dispreading

27
The receiver dispread the chips by using the same code in the transmitter. Notice that under no-noise
condition, the symbols or digits are completely recovered without any error. In reality, the channel is not
noise free, but CDMA system employ Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of noise
and enhance the performance of the system. When the wrong is used for dispreading, the resulting
correlation yields an average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the orthogonal
property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used by the target user or other users
attempting to decode the received signal, the resulting correlation is always zero beacause of the
orthogonal property of codes.
e) Process Gain
𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
Process gain=10log ( 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )

 Process gain differs for each service

 If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this
service, and then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
For common service, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone is 64kbps,
and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps. After the spreading, the chip rate of different
service all become 3.84Mcps. [10]
5) Modulation Overview

Figure2.12: Modulation overview [13]

28
A data-modulation scheme defines how the data bits are mixed with the carrier signal, which is
always a sine wave. There are three basic ways to modulate a carrier signal in a digital sense:
a) Amplitude shift keying (ASK): the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the
digital signal.
b) Frequency shift keying (FSK): the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the
digital signal.
c) Phase shift keying (PSK): the phase of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
This is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular system.[13]
6) Wireless propagation
A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel and any transmitted signal
reaches a receive end by means of multiple transmission paths, such as direct transmission,
reflection, scatter, etc. [6]

Figure2.13: Wireless propagation [6]

a) Diversity technique
Diversity technique means that after receiving two or more input signals with mutually
uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates these signals and adds them up.
Thus, the system can receive more useful signals and overcome fading. [4]
 Reduce the effect of fading
 Improve the reliability of communication
 Increase the coverage and capacity

29
2.3.1.2 Transmission Network
Transmission network is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an Analog signal or
Digital signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint Transmission medium, either
wired, or wireless. Transmission technologies and schemes typically refer to Physical layer
protocol duties such as Modulation or Demodulation; Line coding, Equalization, Error control,
Bit synchronization and Multiplexing. This department is responsible to ensure the transmission
of signals from one local switch to other and maintain the transmission between the local
switches.
2.3.1.2.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of the transmission capacity and
service categories are becoming bigger, under this background, WDM technology emerged. A
powerful aspect of an optical communication link is that many different wavelengths can be sent
along the fiber simultaneously. The technology of combining a number of wavelengths onto the
same fiber is known as wavelength-division multiplexing or WDM. Each wavelength differ from
each other by their color i.e. every single wavelength (channel) have their own color. In WDM
different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a fiber for transmission as shown
in the figure below. [17]

Figure2.14: Wavelength Division Multiplexing [17]

1) Advantages of WDM
 Have ultrahigh capacity
 There is no data mixing
 Used for long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fiber
 High network flexibility
2) Types of WDM

30
 a) Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM): as its name indicates the spacing
between the channels is large. i.e. 20nm and is used in metro networks.
 Covers distance up to 100 Km.
 Uses regenetor.
 Have small number of channel i.e 20 channels.
 Its cost is cheaper as compared to DWDM.
 Has less capacity as compared to DWDM.
b) Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM): as its name indicates the spacing
between the channels is very small for this reason we can have large number of channel
and this is used in backbone network.
 Covers distance up to 5000Km with amplifier.
 Have many channels as compared to CWDM such as 40, 80, 160 and 192.
 It is costly.
2.3.1.2.2 Micro wave
Micro wave can be RTN or NEC (backbone). Optix Radio transport network (RTN) 900 is a new
generation TDM/hybrid/packet integrated microwave transmission system developed by Huawei.
It provides seamless microwave transmission solution for mobile communication or private
networks. [15]
There are three types of Optics RTN 900 products:
1. Optix RTN 905 - covers one or two sites.
2. Optix RTN 950 - covers seven sites.
3. Optix RTN 980 –covers fourteen sites.
Micro wave transmission has the following components:
I. In Door Unit (IDU)
 Converts baseband frequency in to intermediate frequency and viceversal.
 Consists of IF board, control and switching board, Ethernet and TDM service.
II. Intermediate Frequency (IF)
 Used to carry IF signal from RTN to ODU.
 Contains -48 volt DC power from battery.
III. Outdoor Unit (ODU)
 Used to covert intermediate frequency in to radio frequency and viceversal.

31
  Has high power loss.
IV. Microwave Antenna
 Used to collect and transmit Electromagnetic wave information.
V. Jumper cable
 Connects ODU with microwave antenna.
VI. Tower
 Is used to carry ODU, microwave antenna and hybrid coupler.
NEC (Backbone)-is used to connect the core network of Mekelle with the core network of A.A.
 Has high capacity as compared to RTN [15]
2.3.1.2.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
 Is a legacy network that uses TDMA service
 It gives three services CDMA,PSTN and GSM
 At this time from the three services we only use CDMA by using SDH but the other two
services are completely replaced by RTN.
2.3.1.3 IP-RAN
In Ip department we try to see what Ip mean, and the networking devices used in Ip department
like Routers and Switch.
2.3.1.3.1 Internet Protocol (IP)
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing
information and some control information that enables packets to be routed or Rules to be
followed by communicating devices across a network for exchange of data. In other word, IP is a
protocol which is used to relay (forward) packet data to the end devices by their IP address. The
most known IP protocols now a day are TCP/IP.
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each device on an IP network. It designates the
specific location of a device on the network. An IP address is a software address, not a hardware
address the latter is hard coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a
local network. IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a
host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.
IP address is classified into two namely: private and public IP address. Private internet protocol
is a protocol which is assigned to a private network access (national IP), whereas public internet
protocol an international IP which is assigned to public network. [12]
1) Router

32
Router is a layer3 network gate way device, meaning that it connects two or more networks and a
hardware device which operate at network layer that routes data from one network to another
network.in other word router is a network device that forwards data packets from one network to
another network based on the address of the destination network in the incoming data. Based on
relay of data from one network to another network router classified in to four: namely:
 Backbone router
 Core router
 Edge router
 Gateway router
a) Backbone router
As its name indicates it is a back bone for forwarding packet data hierarchically to core and edge
routers. There are ten (2*5) back bone routers in our country Ethiopia, which are located in
DireDawa, Mekelle, Bahirdar, Addis Ababa (Bole area) and Shashemane. All these routers are
interconnected to each other by fiber optic cables.
b) Core Router
Core router is a router in which its primary function is to transmit data packet that it
receives from backbone router to edge router.
c) Edge Router
It is a Router that comprises IP address which is used to relay data packets to the end users. This
forwards to the Access layer which is switch.
d) Gateway Router
Gate way router is called an international router because it transfer block of data to and from
international , which mean from one country to another country. In ET there are eight Gate way
routers. Which are found in: AA, Bahirdar, Shashemane and diredawa.2*4=8.
2) Switch
 Rather than forwarding data to all the connected ports (like hub), a switch forwards data
only to the port on which the destination system is connected.
 It looks at the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the devices connected to it to
determine the correct outgoing port.
 Ports of a switch work in full duplex.
 But switches and hub networks are within the same broadcast domain.

33
In ET the fifth layer which is the access layer is the only switch among the rest four which are
routers.
Table2.4: Difference between networking device [12]
Hub works in physical layer of Switch works in Data Link Router works in Network
OSI model. Layer of OSI model. Layer of OSI model.
Hub is a broad cast Device Switch is a multicast device Router is a routing device
Uses to connect device in the Uses to connect device in the Uses to connect two or more
same network same network different network
Sends data in the form of Sends data in the form of Sends data in the form of
packet frame packet
Works in half duplex Works in full duplex Works in full duplex
Only one device can send data Multiple device can send data Multiple device can send data
at a time at the same time at the same time
Does not store any MAC/IP Stores and uses MAC address uses IP address of device to
address to send data of device to send data send data

2.4 Procedures and methods I had been using while performing my task
The procedures and methods that I had been using while performing my tasks are first of all
respecting the rules and regulations, and work ethics issues of ethio telecom.to list some among
these attending daily with an entrance certificate which was given me for four months, arriving
punctually, and feeling responsible. Second performing my tasks on time and earlier like reading
modules and revising the related courses that I had been learnt during class lesson, next
integrating these to the practical session performed under the section. Then formulating
statement problem according to my observation, propose a solution to the formulated statement
problem next contact my supervisor, but as he was busy I try to have other solution which is
contacting with other experts, even they may be from other sections if required, and also
formulating team playing with the students of other university and technicians of the section.
2.5 Challenges I had been faced while performing my task
The challenges that I faces during my internship period was as following:
 Lack of computer
 Wastage of time due to temporary entrance certificate lost: as I have tried to mention
before in ethio telecom there is an entrance certificate given for internship students,

34
 without this we are not allowed to enter. When they give us the card first the manager of
HR Mr.Asmamaw told us that if the certificate is lost we have to inform immediately,
and redone again. When I lost my card I inform to the guards and HR office as required, I
need to thank to the guards why beacause they allow me to enter, but without laptop.
Entering without laptop has no meaning in RAN section beacause there was no Desktop
in this section, and as we were ordered to read by ourselves. Thus the solution is to come
up with the card, but the response that I get from HR office was not satisfactory and
tedious, beacause they told me to bring a support letter from police station which has no
relation. When I went to the police station they ordered me to go to other police station,
when I went there also they told me to go to other police station, in such like procedures I
waste my time. Finally they told me as I cannot get any support beacause of unrelated
issue. Then I inform the existing situation to the managers of HR and Security, but still
they cannot to solve it in an easier way (as they told us initially how to solve such like
problem) unless I bring a support letter.
 Lack of supervisor contact due to his busyness
 Lack of further investigation due to software privileges, and live network
 Lack of transportation or service
2.6 Measures I had been taken in order to overcome the challenges
 Even though I face challenges I take measures to overcome the challenges. The measure
that I take to solve for the entrance certificate lost was first filling patience for the whole
period that I pass until I get an entrance card again. Next and the final solution were
bringing a support letter from electronics and communication engineering office, and this
solves my first challenge.
 Formulating a strong team with the students placed in my section as well as in other
sections.
 Introducing and having good relation with the technicians of the different sections.
 Wakeup earlier and arrive punctually.
 But among the challenges which are left unsolved are software privilege and lack of
Desktop in RAN section.

35
 CHAPTER THREE
OVER ALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
3.1 Introduction
Under this chapter it is going to discuss about the overall benefits that I gained during my
internship period stay interms of upgrading theoretical knowledge, improving practical skills,
team playing skill, leadership skill, industrial problem solving capability, entrepreneurship skill,
and understanding about work ethics issues.
3.2 Interms of upgrading theoretical knowledge
Theoretical knowledge is the base of doing anything practically; as a result doing anything
without theoretical knowledge will be dangerous some times. During my internship period, I
have got a lot of things on the upgrading of my theoretical knowledge. Since I have been
working on the Ethio Telecom NR, the tasks performed in the section found under this company
are almost related to the courses that I had been learned before among these are such as: Wireless
and mobile communication, Telecommunication network, Antenna and wave propagation, optics
and optical communication. As I get such related concepts it helps me to have a depth
understanding, beacause practical issue supported theoretical knowledge can be easily
remembered and analyzed at required situations, and is also extremely important to understand
why and how specific procedures are carried out. As a result it lets me to have a conceptualized
theoretical knowledge.
3.3 Interms of improving practical skills
During my stay in the campus, most of the courses I had been taken were theoretical based. Even
though there was some courses supported with laboratory they have lack of equipment’s, and
also some of them are software based. When I was taken these courses I raise a question in my
mind i.e. how the theoretical concepts I learnt can be applied in the real world. By now I
understand even though a theoretical knowledge is a basis for practical knowledge, getting
theoretical knowledge has no value until it is applied for practical purpose. Generally this
internship helps me in becoming independent and increases my confidence, also to better
remember something as I do with my own hands, encourages myself learning, introduces me
with tools and equipment’s that I know them theoretically or by name i.e. which are not found in
the university may be due to their expensiveness, and some new devices which I have not hear
them before. Some of these equipment’s are:

36
BBU, RRU, RTN, IF cable, CPRI cable, MSAG, Antenna (Dipole, microwave), Router, Switch,
and ODU. It also introduce me with some software’s which are used in practical scenario for
operation and maintenance, and performance and optimization of radio networks. Among these
software’s are U2000, Net Numen, and Actixanalyser, but there was a challenge with these
software in which they are privileged. Generally intern ship is the environment or area for
students to show the theoretical knowledge practically.
3.4 Interms of improving industrial problem solving capability
During this my internship period first I try to observe and understand the working principle of
some tasks by reading some literature. In each and every my observations I try to formulate a
statement problem, then raise a questions to the technicians found around for data collection. The
technicians are also so happy due to that because they are also engaged to revise some modules if
necessary according to the questions that I raise in data collection for the stated statement
problem. Next I try to propose a solution for that formulated statement problem and then consult
some experts. Finally I can get a comment on the formulated statement problem and proposed
solution whether it is valid or not. Once it is invalid it gives me a great understanding on that
scenario beacause how I see (consider) it and how it fails. Learning through failure is also the
best educator for me as I do my work earlier and on time. From such like my appearance the
technicians allow me to participate in their field travel to sites for maintenance and optimization
purposes. This helps me to upgrade my problem solving capability beacause setting a solution to
statement problem from practical observation is better than theoretically and also helps me in
observing how they solve the problem. Generally this internship helps me in improving my
problem solving capability to become as a problem solver for my future works.
3.5 Interms of improving team playing skills
As team work is a prerequisite to the success of organization as well as to the success of
individuals who works there, I try to improve my team playing skill very well. Why beacause
team playing is not an easy issue, starting from scratch and winning, but requires mainly being
positive and optimistic, being open, honest, and willingly making sacrifice for the team. During
my internship period I was placed with 3 students from other university in the section that I had
been performed my tasks. Means we were altogether in the whole internship period prior to the
students placed in the other section, although we meet with the students placed in the other
section as well. This organizational structure helps me to express my idea openly and freely,
listen the idea of others especially as we were from different universities we were willing in

37
experience sharing that we gain during our university stay at the initial period of time. Later we
proceed to perform our tasks by team. For example to understand the tasks performed in our
section first we assign to ourselves in taking home work to read some literatures and come up
with our understanding and discuss together finally reaching a conclusion. If there exist
confusion in different scenario or if we need a material support for improving our practical skill
we proceed to ask to the technicians or supervisors. But almost we did not feel confusion as we
perform our tasks in team manner, unless requiring material support or further investigation.
Nothing is impossible with team playing; this is beacause of the thing which is difficult for one
may be easy for the other. Unless we perform our tasks in team we may feel lots of confusions,
as the supervisors were feeling busy as a result we cannot get them at the required time. For
example for the whole period of first month we did not get our supervisor, but due our team
playing skill was strong we proceed in an efficient way. The team has to be strong to perform
different tasks in an efficient manner if not it results in failer and disturbance. as our team
playing was strong it helps us also in reducing the load of supervisor by becoming familiar with
technicians and employed experts, performing future plan how to proceed, create a coordination
with students of different university placed in other section in becoming problem solvers, and
entrepreneurs.
3.6 Interms of improving leadership skills
According to my understanding becoming a leadership is not to mean ordering or guiding
someone, but becoming a role model in different cases such as: honesty, open-mindedness,
performing impartiality, respecting others, punctual, doing his/her task on time, motivator,
listening the idea of others and expressing his/her idea politeness or not aggressively. If
leadership skill is like this my leadership skill improves greatly, why because strictly speaking
the employs/workers of NR ethio telecom are the owners of good leadership skill. For example
as internship student I greatly appreciate their open-mindedness, they are highly volunteer to ask
them, and if they do not know it they told us that whom to ask or if they can to come up by
referring it even with polite expression. I cannot to express their strong leadership skill in words,
but generally their strong leadership skill helps me in practicing or exercising to become a good
leadership for my future works.
3.7 Interms of understanding about work ethics issues
The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one’s behavior towards
appreciating the process of the work flow and performing the given task with great responsibility

38
and accountability. In my internship program I developed a lot of professional work ethics in
order to success my goals. Working in a place I was ordered to work, be honest to do my work,
give attention to the working times. Generally the work ethics I developed are expressed as;
being punctual, honest, being reliable, being impartial, being accountable, respecting rules and
regulations of the company, and exercising leadership are the most ones.
Punctuality is one of the most issues that could be raised when talking about work ethics and on
my side I was tried to meet this criteria highly, Beacause most of the time I attend to my working
station even earlier than the Workers. So that there will not be any delay on the activities planned
for that day. Generally, I should follow the rule and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the production, utility or
office area.
3.8 Interms of Entrepreneurship skills
The set of skills are what make a certain individual able to create a brand new set of ideas that
may help in the production process and also in any form of activity that has a certain end
product. Even though I was not come up with the brand new set of ideas that was implemented in
to action, to the best of my abilities, I tried to observe and learn the ways and systems that led to
the creation of a whole new set of ideas leading to better outcomes.
It is apparent that entrepreneurship skill is more related with engineering field and me as a
student of engineering I should have something to create or feed ideas that contributes for the
entrepreneur, but what should be known is creating new idea is not so short term process that I
was not come up with. But the internship program let and made me stand in mind some ideas
that are related with creating, upon seeing industry activities, the method of executing and
equipment used. This internship period helps me in formulating a strong team and proposing to
become an entrepreneur for my future works.

39
 CHAPTER-FOUR
INTRODUCING MIMO TO IMPROVE THE CAPACITY OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION LINK IN ETHIO-TELECOM
4.1 Short summary of the project
Mobile telephone system is one of the service and products of ethio-telecom. The service is
given to the subscribers through wireless communication medium. In wireless communication
systems, the transmission of data from a transmitter to a receiver is performed via propagation of
electromagnetic waves over unguided environment, referred to as the wireless channel. When an
electromagnetic wave interacts with hills, buildings and other obstacles, wave form get scatter
and takes many paths to reach the destination. Such issues are known as multipath, and cause
reduction in data speed, packet loss and also increases errors.

For the users, the quality of wireless communication can be defined by the reliability and the
data rates or capacity. The increasement in data rates comes with the increase in the capacity of
the system. As the existing wireless communication system is SISO type, capacity increasement
can be achieved by increasing the bandwidth or increasing SNR. BW is almost and always fixed,
therefore the only solution left to increase the capacity of the system is to increase the SNR.
There is a requirement to increase the capacity of the system without increasing SNR, beacause
increasing in SNR in SISO communication system may cause another problem called pilot
pollution. This requirement is achieved through MIMO communication system which takes short
coming of SISO communication system in to advantage. Thus the main contribution of this
project is introducing MIMO to improve the capacity of wireless communication link in ethio-
telecom.

Finally it is achieved that the capacity of the system is improved, and BER is reduced without
increasing SNR as required.
4.2 Literature review
In [18] the author has done on the performance gain achieved if SISO system is replaced with
4x4 MIMO systems, I understand from this MIMO system have higher through put for the same
input power or lower input power requirement for the same expected through put.
There is a need to improve the transmission of the data over wireless media so as to achieve the
demand of fast and feasible communication. To meet the above, it is required to have better and
40
improved parameters (like throughput, BER) and quality of signals received at the receiving end
of the system, in the advanced wireless communication. The antenna that can attain all the
parameter values at optimum level is MIMO antenna. [19]
In [20, 21] the authors describe about the capacity evolution of SISO, MISO, and MIMO RF
wireless communication systems and it is clearly observed that as number of transmitting and
receiving antennas are increased the capacity increases. [22] The author has done with
illustrative examples on calculating the capacity of wireless communication channel with same
SNR and BW for both SISO and MIMO and gets twice in capacity increasement for 2x2 MIMO.
MIMO radios can utilize the bounced and reflected RF transmissions (known as multipath
propagation) to actually improve signal strength even without clear line-of-site, since MIMO
radios receive and combine multiple streams of the same data that are received at slightly
different time intervals.[23]
In[24] The Author describes about spatial multiplexing in Modern communication technology, I
understand from this paper with MIMO system there is high probability that some signals
undergoes deep fade but not others. Thus the key feature of MIMO system which is spatial
diversity is a technique to fight against fading which improves system performance.
4.3 Statement of problem
Now Mekelle Adiha has a capacity problem, which is due to the reality of multipath in cities in
which signals are interacting with different obstacles like building which were not present during
planning phase. The effect of this multipath fading in mobile and wireless communication leads
for the reduction of SNR. As the SNR of the system gets degraded the capacity and reliability of
the communication link will become bad, resulting in high BER. This problematic area reaches
its saturation point for optimization, beacause to improve the capacity of this area the SNR has to
be increased. Even though increasing in SNR improves the capacity of this problematic area, but
this increasement causes a pilot pollution which results in overshooting and interference.
Thus a communication system which improves the capacity and reliability of cellular network
without increasing the SNR by taking advantage of the multipath effect, which is MIMO system
has to be introduced to overcome this problem.
4.4 Objective
4.4.1 General Objective
The General Objective of this project is introducing MIMO to improve the capacity of wireless
communication link in ethio telecom.

41
4.4.2 Specific Objectives
 To understand the effect of SNR in Capacity of SISO system.
 To understand the effect of SNR in BER of SISO system.
 To analyze Mekelle Adiha using Actixanalyser software.
 To investigate the performance of MIMO system over the existing cellular network in
terms of:
 Capacity
 BER
 Directivity
4.5 Methodology
The General steps that I am going to follow to achieve the objectives are:
Data collection: the data is collected first through interviewing to the technicians of the
company, next by participating in the field of problematic area.

42
 Figure4.1: Methodology flow chart
Data analysis: the gathered data is then analyzed using Actix analyzer software.
Literature review: after the data is collected and analysed I read different literatures, to
understand what previous researchers has done and what was their outcomes.
System model: system model is to mean writing graphically the sequence of steps that are used
to do the project.
Lastly, result and discussion followed by the conclusion are performed.
4.6 System Model and Design

Figure4.2: System Model flow chart

Mathematical forms of Capacity:
C_SISO = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1+SNR) bps/Hz

C-MIMO = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 [det(IM+SNR(HH*)/MT)] bps/Hz

43
Where: SNR…………….signal-to-noise ratio
IM………………………..2x2 identity matrix

H, H*……………Channel matrix and its conjugate transpose

Table4.1: Simulation parameters

Simulation parameters Value

BW 5MHz
SNR From 0 to 20dB
SISO 1x1
MIMO 2x2
Modulation order BPSK
Frequency 2100MHz
Antenna spacing 0.25𝜆, and 0.5𝜆

4.7 Simulation Results and Discussion

4.7.1 SISO Performance discussion
4.7.1.1 Capacity
The capacity of SISO channel depends upon available bandwidth (B), transmit power (P) and
noise power (N). In ideal condition in order to achieve maximum SISO capacity, we have to
increase the B or P or reduce the noise level (N). In practical systems we have limitations on B
and P i.e. fixed available spectrum and power constraint. Thus the solution to have high capacity
in such system is by having high SNR. From figure 4.3 which is the plot of SNR Vs capacity of
SISO system, we can to observe high capacity can be achieved at high SNR or the capacity of
the system increases by increasing the SNR. This increasement in SNR is achieved by increasing
the signal power or by reducing the noise power.

44
 Figure4.3: Capacity Vs SNR of SISO system
4.7.1.2 BER
Figure 4.4 which is the plot of SNR Vs BER of SISO system shows, as the SNR of the system is
increased the BER is reduced. BER means the ratio of number of bits in error to the total number
of bits transmitted. Thus reduction in BER is to mean increasing the reliability of the wireless
communication link, which is highly demanded. In wireless communication link as the signal
undergoes fading, its SNR is getting reduced. This reduction in SNR in wireless communication
link leads to increase the BER, and hence reduce the reliability.

45
 Figure4.4: BER Vs SNR of SISO system
Thus as the currently existing cellular network antenna type configuration is SISO type to have
low BER and high capacity the solution is to increase the SNR, but this addition has a bound or
limit. Beacause increasing SNR will lead to pilot pollution. Hence let’s investigate the effect of
SNR from Adiha Mekelle which is problematic area now.

46
4.7.2 Investigating the effect of increasing SNR

Figure4.5: Picture of Adiha Mekelle

Figure4.6: EcNo measurement of Adiha Mekelle

Figure 4.6 shows that the capacity of the selected area which is 120m far from the serving BTS is
bad, beacause the EcNo (signal to noise ratio) value of the serving site is less than -12dB. From

47
figure 4.6 it is also clearly observed that the SNR of this serving site was getting degraded,
beacause when we see the EcNo value of This serving site at 430m far apart it is better than the
near problematic area see figure 4.7. When we see this scenario it seems an overshooting, and in
such cases the solution is to adjust the antenna tilt, but overshooting is not the case in this,
beacause it has better SNR before the problematic area found at 120m far apart. Thus this
degradation can be due to different factors such as multipath which are caused due to change in
the surface of the environment. i.e. a number of buildings are constructed which were not during
initial planning. In figureb4.6 the selected problematic area is serving by sector one of 4009 site,
which is from single antenna. The proposed solution with the existing antenna type configuration
to improve the capacity of the selected problematic area can be increasing the SNR. However
this increasement will cause a pilot problem.

Figure4.7: EcNo measurement of Adiha Mekelle

Figure 4.7 shows that the selected particular area receives signal from two sites which are site
3577 sector 3 and site 4009 sector one. Now if the EcNo value of site 4009 sector 1 is increased
as proposed as a solution in figure 4.6, this increasement will cause a problem in which the UE
which is found at the selected area in figure4.7 gets confused in major site selection and cannot
correctly decode the signals due to low useful EcNo and hence the calls gets dropped. Therefore

48
an increasement in SNR to increase the capacity and reduce the BER in cellular mobile
communication system will lead to such problems, thus the recommended solution is to find
another method which increases the capacity of the system and reduce the BER without
increasing SNR, which is MIMO communication system.
4.7.3 Investigating the performance of MIMO system
4.7.3.1 Capacity

Figure4.8: Capacity of SISO and MIMO systems Vs SNR

From figure 4.8 which is about SISO and MIMO systems capacity Vs SNR, it is clearly observed
that we can to achieve the same capacity with low SNR value of MIMO system or higher
capacity with out increasing SNR or having the same SNR value.

49
4.7.3.2 BER

Figure4.9: BER of SISO and MIMO systems Vs SNR

Figure 4.9 shows the performance of MIMO over SISO system in terms of BER, which is having
the same SNR MIMO system has low BER than SISO system.

50
4.7.3.3 Directivity as a function of N and d

Figure4.10: Array factor of MIMO system @ lambda/4

An antenna array is a set of two or more antennas. The signal from the antennas are combined or
processed in order to achieve improved performance over the single antenna. The tasks of
antenna array are to increase the overall gain, to cancel out the interference coming from a
particular set of direction, and to maximize the SINR.
The array directivity increases with the number of elements. Figure 4.10 shows the directivity of
3 arrays with 2 (red), 3 (blue) and 5 (black) elements. The element spacing is 0.25 times the
wavelength (𝜆) for all the arrays in figure 4.10. The number of side lobes increase with the
number of elements.

51
 Figure4.11: Array factor of MIMO systems @ lambda/2
The element spacing has a large influence on the array factor as well. Larger element spacing results in
higher directivity. This influence can be seen from Figure 4.10 and Figure 4.11 in which the spacing
between the antenna elements is increased from 𝜆⁄4 to 𝜆⁄2. However, the element spacing is generally
kept smaller than 𝜆/2 to avoid the occurrence of grating lobes. A grating lobe is another unwanted peak
value in the radiation pattern of the array.
4.7.3.3 Directivity 3D plot
From the following two figures which are figure4.12 and figure4.13 it is going to insure the
investigated directivity increasement in array factor plot as function of N and d in measured
value. Figure 4.12 shows the 3D directivity with 2 transmitting antenna and its directivity is
12.4dB at 2100MHz operating frequency, and figure 4.13 shows the 3D directivity with 3
transmitting antenna and is 14dB at the same operating frequency with that’s of 2 transmitting
antenna.

52
Figure4.12: 3D Directivity with 2 transmitting antennas

Figure4.13: 3D Directivity with 3 transmitting antennas

53
 CHAPTER-FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATION
5.1 Conclusion
There is knowledge at every working company the same as that of at universities, even if there is
a Problem with some company to give a chance for more working accessibility intern students
can get more knowledge. I got more knowledge related to my field from this company and I also
know the working behavior, in general as I already explain it previously what I got from this
intern. Even if I knew before, I got the internship program as very powerful tool to understand
the working environment condition more than I had been expected. It was a place for me to
freshly and strongly grasp experiences, up grading theoretical knowledge and practical skill and
to widen my perspective in technical and practical activities.
It was the place where I recall and relate the theoretical knowledge that I posse and discuss with
many experienced professionals, and also this program creates the opportunity to think in what
way I should have to learn the remaining lessons and what types of knowledge I have to
gather/take before I leave the university. This program provides me the opportunity to have
relation with some personnel and company. In sequence, helps me to have a chance to get the
information about the industry working environment and related issues.

Under the project title, capacity and BER of SISO system are simulated and investigated. Hence,
the capacity and reliability of SISO communication system is improved by increasing the SNR.
The SNR increasement in SISO communication system is investigated from Adiha Mekelle and
concluded that it causes a problem called pilot pollution. Next the capacity and BER of SISO and
MIMO communication system Vs SNR is simulated. From this simulation result it is clearly
observed that MIMO is the communication system that overcomes the short coming of SISO
communication system. i.e. it increases the capacity and reduces the BER of the system without
increasing SNR. Finally the directivity of MIMO system as a function of d and N are simulated
and discussed. From this simulation result and discussion it is concluded that the directivity of an
antenna is increased with increasing number of antenna element and spacing between them. Even
though element spacing increases an antenna directivity, but grating lobes are increased
accordingly and concluded finally the antennas has to be spaced at 𝜆/2 to overcome this problem.

54
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Recommendation to ethio telecom NR
Even though I was so happy with my internship period in NR ethio telecom, I need to
recommend for future improvement. First, even though intern students are placed by lottery to
have equal division in the working sections they have not to be placed the whole period in one
section, in which there has to be a rotation to all sections. Second, the problems observed during
performing their task has to be identified clearly and given for internship students to formulate or
propose a solution when they enter. This helps students in reducing supervisor requirement for
consultation as the supervisors feel busy, and remains almost outside of the company. Lastly I
recommend to NR ethio telecom the performance and optimization section has to be allowed for
internship students as the other sections.
5.2.2 Recommendation to Mekelle University
First of all I would like to pass my thanks to MU for having UIL, and also requires students has
to come up with internship project. Beacause coming up with internship project helps us to
improve problem solving capability, and to understand detailed analysis and tasks performed
during the intern ship period. Thus I need to recommend for the future to further improve the
internship students efficiency, among these one is that the advisors has to be assigned earlier.
Next the university has to have a smooth relation with the companies like ethio telecom to easily
communicate and solve the problems happening during internship period like duration length of
the internship. i.e. ethio telecom orders to take the internship for four months, but the university
orders to get in before completing the whole duration.
5.2.3 Recommendation to future intern students
First students during their internship period have to respect the rules and regulations of the
company to have a smooth relation with the employs. Next they have to avoid any complain.
Especially for those who take their internship in NR ethio telecom as the supervisors feel busy,
and ordered to read by theme selves initially it may seems nothing new to the class lesson and
may be one challenge, but I strongly recommend them to have a strong team with students who
are placed with them in the same section, next to those placed in the other section as it helps
them for experience sharing from the company as well as from their university and also to
overcome the challenges, also they have to form smooth relation with the technicians.

55
 References
[1]. Christopher Cox, “An introduction to LTE” Second edition, published in British, 2014.
[2]. Morten Tolstrup,” Indoor Radio planning,” Second edition, published at 2008.
[3]. Juan Melero, “Evolution towards UMTS” Third edition, published in British, 2003.
[4]. Steven Gorshe, “Wired and wireless alternatives for internet service” published at 2014.
[5]. Jochen Schiller, “Mobile communication systems” 1982.
[6]. Andrea Goldsmith, “Wireless communications” Second edition, 2005.
[7]. Gordon L.stuber, “Principles of mobile communication” Second edition, published in
London, 2002.
[8]. Behrouz A.forouzan, “Data communications and Networking” Fourth edition, published in
Newyork, 2007.
[9]. Roger L.freeman, “Telecommunication system engineering” Fourth edition, published in
Canada, 2004.
[10]. William Stallings, “Cryptography and network security” Fifth edition, 2011.
[11]. Bruce R.elbert, “Introduction to satellite communication” Third edition, published in
British, 2008.
[12]. Marcelo G.rubinstein, “Advanced routing protocols for wireless networks” published in
British, 2014.
[13]. John G.proakls, “Digital communications” Fourth edition, 2012.
[14]. Fuqin Xlong, “Digital modulation techniques” published in British, 2000.
[15]. Huawei Product description, “Optix RTN 950 Radio Transmission System”, Issue 03, 15-
05-2013.
[16]. Huawei Hard ware description, “BSC 6910 UMTS”, Issue 04, 15-11-2013.
[17]. Tarmo Anttalainen, “Introduction to Telecommunications network Engineering” Second
edition, Published in British, 2003.
[18]. Shailesh Chaudhari et al, ’’ performance comparison between MIMO and SISO system
based on indoor field measurements,’’ 29 September 2014.
[19].ChiragR.Shah,’’PerformanceandComparativeAnalysisofSISO,SIMO,MISO,MIMO,’’Internat
ional Journal of Wireless Communication and Simulation ISSN 2231-1254 Volume 9, Number 1
(2017), pp. 1-14.

56
[20]. Kritika Sengar et al, ”Study and Capacity Evaluation of SISO, MISO and MIMO RF
Wireless Communication Systems,’’ International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
(IJETT) ,Volume 9, Number 9, Mar 2014.
[21]. Afriyie Abraham Kwabena, ’’Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Operation
Principles,’’ Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, 3 June 2013.
[22]. Adam Krumbein,’’ Understanding the basics of MIMO Communication Technology’’
White Paper for Business Professionals and Technical Staff, 2016.
[23]. Dr. Y.P.Singh et al,’’ Review on Spatial Multiplexing in Modern MIMO Systems,’’ An
innovative technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3, July – sept, 2015.
[24]. Shital Shegokar Jangid, “Antenna Selection with Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems”
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume 3, Number2.

57
 Appendix
%%%%%%%% Matlab Codes%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%% SISO 1X1 Capacity%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
clc
clear all
snrd=0:0.2:20;
snr=10.^(snrd./10);
m= length(snr);
for i=1:m
c_siso(i)=log2(1+snr(i));
end
xlim([snrd(1) snrd(end)]);
ylim([0 10]);
plot(snrd,c_siso,'b')
title('Capacity of SISO System')
legend('SISO(1X1)')
xlabel('SNR dB');
ylabel('Channel Capacity (bps/Hz)')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%% Linear Array factor at lambda/4 spacing%%%%%%%%%%%%
c=3e8;
f=2.1e6;
lambda=c/f;
d=lambda/4;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N=2;
k=(2*pi/lambda);
alpha= -pi:pi/100:pi;
wx=k*d.*sin(alpha);
AF=(abs(sin(N*(wx./2))./sin(wx./2))).*(1/N);
plot(alpha,AF,'m-',...
'LineWidth',1)
xlabel('-\pi \leq \alpha \leq \pi')
ylabel('Normalized Linear Array Factor')
title('Linear Array Factor at d=lambda/4')
set(gca,'XTick',-pi:pi/2:pi)
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'-pi','-pi/2','0','pi/2','pi'})
grid on
hold on
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N=3;
k=(2*pi/lambda);
alpha= -pi:pi/100:pi;
wx=k*d.*sin(alpha);
AF=(abs(sin(N*(wx./2))./sin(wx./2))).*(1/N);
plot(alpha,AF,'b-',...
'LineWidth',1)
hold on
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N=5;
k=(2*pi/lambda);
alpha= -pi:pi/100:pi;
wx=k*d.*sin(alpha);
AF=(abs(sin(N*(wx./2))./sin(wx./2))).*(1/N);
plot(alpha,AF,'k-',...
'LineWidth',1)

58
hold on
legend('N=2','N=3','N=5')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%% SISO 1X1, and MIMO 2x2 systems Capacity%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
clc
clear all
snrd=0:0.2:20;
snr=10.^(snrd./10);
MT = 2; %% Number of transmit antennas %%
MR = 2; %% Number of receive antenna %%
m= length(snr);
for i=1:m
c_siso(i)=log2(1+snr(i));
end
H_mimo = (randn(MT,MR)+j*randn(MT,MR))/sqrt(2);
for i=1:m;
c_mimo(i)=log2(det(eye(MR)+snr(i)*H_mimo*H_mimo'/MT));
end
xlim([snrd(1) snrd(end)]);
ylim([0 20]);
plot(snrd,c_siso,'b',snrd,c_mimo,'r')
legend('SISO 1X1',' MIMO 2x2')
title('Capacity of SISO and MIMO System')
xlabel('SNR dB');
ylabel('Channel Capacity (bps/Hz)')

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%% Linear Array factor at lambda/2 spacing%%%%%%%%%%%%
c=3e8;
f=2.1e6;
lambda=c/f;
d=lambda/2;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N=2;
k=(2*pi/lambda);
alpha= -pi:pi/100:pi;
wx=k*d.*sin(alpha);
AF=(abs(sin(N*(wx./2))./sin(wx./2))).*(1/N);
plot(alpha,AF,'m-',...
'LineWidth',1)
xlabel('-\pi \leq \alpha \leq \pi')
ylabel('Normalized Linear Array Factor')
title('Linear Array Factor at d=lambda/2')
set(gca,'XTick',-pi:pi/2:pi)
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'-pi','-pi/2','0','pi/2','pi'})
grid on
hold on
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N=3;
k=(2*pi/lambda);
alpha= -pi:pi/100:pi;
wx=k*d.*sin(alpha);
AF=(abs(sin(N*(wx./2))./sin(wx./2))).*(1/N);
plot(alpha,AF,'b-',...
'LineWidth',1)
hold on

59
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N=5;
k=(2*pi/lambda);
alpha= -pi:pi/100:pi;
wx=k*d.*sin(alpha);
AF=(abs(sin(N*(wx./2))./sin(wx./2))).*(1/N);
plot(alpha,AF,'k-',...
'LineWidth',1)
hold on
legend('N=2','N=3','N=5')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% BER OF SISO AND MIMO Systems %%%%%%%%%%%%%
frmLen = 10; % frame length
numPackets = 1000; % number of packets
snrd = 0:2:20; % Eb/No varying to 20 dB
N = 2; % maximum number of Tx antennas
M = 2; % maximum number of Rx antennas
P = 2; % modulation order
hMod = comm.BPSKModulator;
hDemod = comm.BPSKDemodulator('OutputDataType','double');

% Create comm.OSTBCEncoder and comm.OSTBCCombiner System objects

hMIMOiEnc = comm.OSTBCEncoder;
hMIMODec = comm.OSTBCCombiner;
hAWGN1Rx = comm.AWGNChannel('NoiseMethod', 'Signal to noise ratio (snr)',...
'SignalPower', 1);
hAWGN2Rx = clone(hAWGN1Rx);
% Create comm.ErrorRate calculator System objects to evaluate BER.
hErrorCalc1 = comm.ErrorRate;
hErrorCalc2 = comm.ErrorRate;
s = RandStream.create('mt19937ar', 'seed',55408);
prevStream = RandStream.setGlobalStream(s);
% Pre-allocate variables for speed
H = zeros(frmLen, N, M);
ber_noDiver = zeros(3,length(snrd));
ber_MIMO = zeros(3,length(snrd));

grid on;
hold on;
ax = gca;
ax.YScale = 'log';
xlim([snrd(1), snrd(end)]);
ylim([1e-4 1]);
xlabel('SNR(dB)');
ylabel('BER');
title('NO vs. Spatial Diversity');
% Loop over several EbNo points
for idx = 1:length(snrd)
reset(hErrorCalc1);
reset(hErrorCalc2);
% Set the EbNo property of the AWGNChannel System objects
hAWGN1Rx.EbNo = snrd(idx);
hAWGN2Rx.EbNo = snrd(idx);
% Loop over the number of packets
for packetIdx = 1:numPackets
% Generate data vector per frame
data = randi([0 P-1], frmLen, 1);

% Modulate data

60
 modData = step(hMod, data);

% MIMO Space-Time Block Encoder

encData = step(hMIMOiEnc, modData);

% Create the Rayleigh distributed channel response matrix

% for two transmit and two receive antennas
H(1:N:end, :, :) = (randn(frmLen/2, N, M) + ...
1i*randn(frmLen/2, N, M))/sqrt(2);
% assume held constant for 2 symbol periods
H(2:N:end, :, :) = H(1:N:end, :, :);

% Extract part of H to represent the 1x1, 2x2 channels

H11 = H(:,1,1);
H22 = H(:,:,1)/sqrt(2);
% Pass through the channels
chanOut11 = H11 .* modData;
chanOut22 = sum(H22.* encData, 2);
% Add AWGN
rxSig11 = step(hAWGN1Rx, chanOut11);
rxSig22 = step(hAWGN1Rx, chanOut22);
% Alamouti Space-Time Block Combiner
decData = step(hMIMODec, rxSig22, H22);
% ML Detector (minimum Euclidean distance)
demod11 = step(hDemod, rxSig11.*conj(H11));
demod22 = step(hDemod, decData);
% Calculate and update BER for current EbNo value
% for uncoded 1x1 system
ber_noDiver(:,idx) = step(hErrorCalc1, data, demod11);
% for MIMO coded 2x2 system
ber_MIMO(:,idx) = step(hErrorCalc2, data, demod22);
end
end % end of for loop for EbNo
% Perform curve fitting
fitBER11 = berfit(snrd, ber_noDiver(1,:));
fitBER22 = berfit(snrd, ber_MIMO(1,:));
semilogy(snrd, fitBER11, 'r', snrd, fitBER22, 'b');
legend('SISO (1Tx, 1Rx)', 'MIMO(2Tx, 2Rx)');
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

61