VIDYA VARIDHI VIDYALAYA & SR.
SECONDARY SCHOOL
VALAIPADA ROAD SANTOSH BHUVAN NALLASOPARA EAST
BIOLOGY PROJECT REPORT
( 2024 – 2025)
SUBJECT CODE: 044
TOPIC : Human Embryogenesis
Or embryo development
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Grade: XII Science Mrs. M. UMA VITTAL
Name Chaurasiya Mayank Manoj
Roll no.
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Embryogenesis
5. Stages of embryogenesis
6. Fertilization
7. Cleavage
8. Blastocyst formation
9. Implantation
10. Gastrulation
11. Placentation
12. Fetal development
13. Conclusion
14. Bibliography
CERTIFICATE
Subject : Biology (044)
This is to certify that Chaurasiya Mayank Manoj of class XII - Science
of Vidya Varidhi Vidyalaya & SR. Secondary School has completed his
investigatory project for the session 2024-2025 on the topic Human
Embryogenesis or Embryo Development
$He took keen interest and completed the project with utmost
sincerity under my guidance and supervision.
I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the
guidelines issued by CBSE. I wish him very best for a successful career
and bright future.
Date : _____________
Internal’s Signature: _________ External’s Signature: ________
Principal’s Signature: _________
School Seal
Vidya Vardhi Vidyalaya & SR. Secondary School
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This investigatory project has been a challenging and learning
experiences for me. I would like to acknowledge and express my
gratitude to all those who have during this scholarly endeavour.
I sincerely express my gratitude to our honourable principal, Mrs.
Indu Tiwari for giving me this great opportunity and providing all the
facilities required to complete this project. I am thankful to my
teacher Mrs. M. Uma Vitthal for her guidance and support.
I express my thanks to our institution for giving me a platform to
develop my knowledge and skills.
Name of the student: Chaurasiya Mayank Manoj
EMBRYOGENESIS
"Embryogenesis is the formation and development of an embryo."
Embryogenesis is the development of a fertilized egg that occurs early
on in pregnancy. After a fuses with an egg, many changes occur in a
specific order.
Embryogenesis happens very early during pregnancy, even before a
baby is true fetus. It is a process that occurs in important stages
required for an embryo to from
STAGES OF EMBRYOGENESIS
Embryogenesis is result in the formation of an embryo.
The stages of embryogenesis are:
● Fertilization
● Cleavage
● Blastocyst formation
● Implantation
● Gastrulation
● Placentation
FERTILIZATION
The process of fertilizing an egg, involving the fusion of male and
female gametes to form a zygote."
Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with the female act during
intercourse and further forms an egg that gets implanted in uterus of
the female. The sperm travel through the fallopian tube and
penetrates the zona pellucida layer of the ovum and fuses with it's
zygote. Once which forms zygote. Once the zygote A is formed, it gets
implanted in the uterus and further growth takes place when cells
start dividing and forming tissues and tissues form organ which result
in formation of an organ system, ultimately turning into an organism.
CLEAVAGE
"Cleavage is the repeated mitotic division of zygote to form solid ball
of cells called morula which later a solid ball of changes into a hollow
ball of cells called blastula
The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions called cleavages during
down the fallopian tube. After several cleavages, the cells form a
blastula.
Morula is the 8-16 cell stage, solid mass of cells where as blastula is a
hollow sphere of cells more than 16 cells known as blastomere,
produced during the development.
BLASTOCYST FORMATION
"Blastocyst is a rapidly dividing ball of cells."
A The hollow cellular mass formed during the early development
consisting of cells forming the trophectoderm, the inner cell mass, and
the fluid-filled cavity or the blastocoels is known as the Blastocyst. It
is the process called blastulation between 5-14 days after fertilization.
The outermost layer forms the placenta and other supportive tissues
which are necessary for the development of the foetus. The inner cell
mass gives Arise to the body tissues.
The embryonic stem cells isolated from the inner cell mass are used in
tissue replacement after injury and in regenerative medicine.
IMPLANTAION
"Implantation is when a fertilized egg, or Blastocyst, attached to the
lining of the uterine wall"
Implantation is the beginning of pregnancy. The uterus has thick walls
suitable for Blastocyst attachment and growth. A female hormone
known as progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovary,
influences the readiness of the uterine wall for egg implantation.
Progesterone also inhibits muscular contraction also inhibit in the
uterine wall that would tend to reject to reject the adhering egg. Cells
in the rapidly once contact is made with the uterine wall. By the 11th
day of after A fertilization, the egg has completely embedded itself
into the endometrium.
GASTRULATION
The process by which a gastrula forms from a blastula. Gastrulation is
a critical stage where the three different layers of the embryo form.
Each layer is destined to become a different set of tissues and organs.
During Gastrulation, cells at the top of the Blastocyst migrate towards
a central line called the
Primitive streak. This creates a cavity called the archenteron that will
form the digestive tract.
The formations of three tissue layers are the ectoderm, the mesoderm
and the endoderm.
The ectoderm becomes the outer layers of the bod such as skin and
nails, as well as the nervous system.
The endoderm forms the lining of the lining of the digestive, urinary
and respiratory system.
PLACENTATION
"The formation or arrangement of a placenta in the A woman's
uterus."
Placentation is formation and growth of the placenta inside the
uterus. It occurs after the implantation of the embryo into the uterine
wall and involves the remodelling of blood vessels in order to supply
the needed amount of blood. In humans, Placentation takes place 7-8
days after fertilization.
The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during
pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing
baby. It also removes waste A products from the baby's blood. The
placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical
cord arises from it.
FETAL DEVELOPTMENT
"The human pregnancy lasts 9 months"
In human beings, after one month's pregnancy, the embryo's heart is
formed. The first sign of growing foetus may be noticed by listening to
the heart sound carefully through the stethoscope. By the end of the
12 weeks (first trimester), most of the major organs are well-
developed. The first movements of the e appearance foetus and the
appearance of hair on the head are usually observed during the fifth
month. By the end of about 24 weeks (end of second trimester), the
body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids separated, and eyelashes are
formed. By the end of the nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is
fully developed
andis ready for delivery.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion. Embryonic development is also called embryogenesis. It is
a series of steps where multiple processes occur, such as ovulation,
fertilisation, cleavage, blastulation, implantation, gastrulation, etc.
Embryogenesis is a required process in order to develop new life.
Without the formation of an embryo, the initiation of the
development of important structures could not occur.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
➤[Link]
➤[Link]
➤[Link]
➤NCERT TEXTBOOK
➤NCERT LAB MANNUAL
