LANVA-PATAN

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
BIOLOGY
On
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

Academic Year 2019-20.

BY: POOJA DESAI

GUIDED BY : MISS. REECHA PANDEY (PGT BIO.)
 CERTIFICATE
This is here by to certify that the original
and genuine investigatory work has to be carried
out to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been
completed solely sincerely and satisfactorily by
POOJA DESAI
Of Class XII {sci.} of JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA PATAN regarding her project title

CONTRACEPTIVE METODS

Academic Year 2019-20.

Sub. Teacher Examiner Principal
Date: - / / 2019-20
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my special thanks to our

biology teacher MISS. REECHA PANDEY for
her valuable help in completing this project.
I am also indebted to my principal,
MR.K.KRUPANANDAM without whose help it
would not have been possible for me to
accomplish this task. I am also thankful to my
parents for their blessing and co-operation that
has encouraged me to complete this project.
Last but not the least I am also thankful to my
fellow mates for their co-operation, which helped
me to complete this project.

-POOJA DESAI
Contraceptive
methods
 Index
Sr.no. Content
1. Introduction
2. Aims of contraceptives
3. Ideal contraceptives
4. Method of contraceptives
a.natural method
b.barrier method
c.intrauterine method
d.chemical method
e.terminal method
5. Conclusion
6. bibliography
 introduction
 Definition-
prevention of pregnancy.
 Aims-
family planning.
Prevents STD’S-AIDS.
Medical grounds-to control stess of
pregnancy and lactation.
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
CONTRACEPTIVE ARE LISTED BELOW-
 Highly effective.
 No side effect.
 Independent of intercource.
 Rapidly reversible.
 Cheap.
 Available.
 Easily distributed.
Natural methods
1.Periodic abstinence-is one such
method in which the coupleavoid
from coitus from day 10to17 of the
menstrual cycle when ovulation could
be expected.This period is fertile
period.

2.withdrawal interruptus-in this

method male partner withdraws his
penis from the vagina just before
ejaculation to avoid insemination

3.Lactational amenorrhea –This

method is based on fact that
ovulation and therefore cycle donot
occur during te period of intense
lactation following parturition.These
method is effective only upto
6months following parturiation .

ADVANTAGE –
 Most natural
DISADVANTAGE-
 most unreliable when cycle is
irregular and ovulation time is
variable
 BARRIER METHOD
Ovum and sperm are prevented from
physically meeting with help of
barrier.
Such method are available for both
male and female.
Condom are barrier made up of thin
rubber latex sheath that are used to
cover the penis in male or vagina and
cervix in the female just before the
coitus so ejaculated semen would not
enter into female reproductive tract.
‘Nirodh’ is popular brand of condom
for male

Diaphragms-it have flexible rim of

spring.cup shaped synthetic rubber
or plastic. Inserted into vagina over
female cervix.reusable.

Cervical caps –Smaller than

diaphragms .Inserted over the cervix
itself.
ADVANTAGES –
 inexpensive.
 Do not require medical
consultation.
 Proper disposable.
 Self inserted
 Give privacy to the user.
DISADVANTAGE
 Local irritation
 Failure due to most common
displacement of device
 Demonstration by trained person
needed for proper use .
 Intrauterine
devices
This device inserted by doctor or
expert nurses in the uterus through
vagina.
1.Non-medical IUDs-
 First generation IUCD.
 Lippes loop-serpentine or s-
shaped.
 Made of plastic.
 Function-increase phagocytosis of
sperm within uterus.
2.Copper releasing IUDs-
 Second generation Cu made.
 Cu T,Cu 7,multiload 375.
 Newer like NOVA T, NOVA 7.
 Function-Cu ions released
suppress sperm motality and
fertilizing capacity of sperm.
3.hormone releasing IUDs-
 Hormone releasing containing
progesterone reservoir release
continuously for 1yr.
 Function-make the uterus
unsuitable for implantation and
cervix hostile to the sperm
ADVANTAGES-
 Safe.
 Effective.
 Reversible.
 Easily pulled out when not
required.

Disadvantages-
 May cause heavybleeding.
 May come out accidently.
 Risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Chemical method
 Oral administration of small
doses of either progestogen-
estrogen combinations is
another contraceptive method
used by females.
 Used in form of tablets and
popularly called pills.
 Pills have be taken daily for a
period of 21 days starting within
the first five days of menstrual
cycle.
 They inhibit ovulation and
implantation as well as alter
 qualily of cervical mucus to
prevent entry of sperm.
 Vary effective with less side
effect.
 ‘saheli’- new oral contraceptive
for the containing a non-
steroidal preparation.
 Progestogens alone or in
combination with estrogen can
also used by females as
injection or implants under the
skin
ADVANTAGES-
 Well tolerated.
 Inexpensive.
 Provide good protection

DISADVANTAGE-
 MessinLocal irritation.
 Burning sensation.
Terminal method
 Permanent method.
 Surgical method.

Tubectomy-
 A small part of fallopian tube is
removed or tied up through a
small incision in the abdomen or
through vagina.
 Tubes occuled using silicon rubber
bands,rings or clips.
 Entry of egg into uterus prevented.
Vasectomy-
 A small part of the vas deferens is
removed or tied up through a
small incision on the scrotum.
 One cm vas deference removed
after clamping.
 Entry of sperm into semen
prevented.
ADVANTAGES-
 Highly effective.
 Simple
 Fast
 Small incision
DISADVANTAGES-
 Pain
 Local infection
 Every contraceptive methods have
its own pros and cons. Hence it
should be utilized by individual in
very cautious manner.
 Integrating contraceptive services
into maternal and child health
services can be highly effective
 Providing family planning to
woman for use after pregnancy
can save lives and improve health
and quality of life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 www.google.com
 www.vittana.org
 www.wikipedia.com
 CBSE Biology Book