KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA No.

3 - Colaba

Biology Investigatory Project

Topic: PCOD
Submitted to: Mrs. Deepa Parihar
Submitted by: Kritika Chavan
Class: XII - A
Roll No. : 05
 Certificate
This is to certify that Miss Kritika
Chavan, a student of class XII-A
(Science) has successfully completed
her project work under the guidance of
subject teacher Mrs. Deepa Parihar
during the year 2022-23 from
Kendriya Vidyalaya no.3 – Colaba in
partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE

Principal sign School stamp External Eaminar Subject Teacher

 Acknowledgment
The success and outcome of this project required a
lot of guidance and assistance from many people
and I am extremely fortunate to have gotten this all
along the completion of my project work. The work I
have done is due to such guidance and assistance
and I would not forget to thank them.
I respect and thank Mrs. Deepa Parihar, for
allowing me to do this project work and providing us
all support and guidance which made me complete
the project on time. I would like to express my
gratitude to my parents for encouraging me
throughout the completion of this project.

 Index
S.no TOPICS
1 -Introduction
PCOD
2 -Causes
Family History
Insulin resistance &
lifestyle
Inflammation
Weight

3 -Diagnosis
4 -Problems associated with
PCOD
5 -Treatment
6 -Case Base
7 -Conclusion
8 -Bibliography
 Introduction
Ovaries are the reproductive organs of a female
which control the menstrual cycle and the production
of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, inhibin,
relaxin, etc. The accumulation of the eggs swells the
ovary and makes it release large quantities of male
hormone thus causing infertility.
PCOD is a hormonal condition that affects
approximately 5- 10% of women their childbearing
ages (12 to 45 years). While the prevalence of PCOD
differs, it affects around 9% to 22% of Indian women.
The numbers are about 2% to 7% in China and Sri
Lanka.
In this condition, the hormones of a woman go out of
balance which creates various symptoms, including
the absence of ovulation, irregular menstrual cycle,
difficulty conceiving, weight gain, acne, and
hirsutism. PCOD, also known as PCOS (Polycystic
Ovarian Syndrome), if left untreated, can lead to
further health complications, like diabetes, obesity,
heart disease, and high cholesterol.
 Common Symptoms
Common Symptoms of PCOD/PCOS:-

The preliminary signs and symptoms of PCOD

usually develop during the first cycle of
menstruation at puberty. PCOD may also develop
later due to increased weight over the years.

There are various symptoms of PCOD. Some of

the common signs are

Increased androgen levels. Excess male sex

hormones may result in various physical
manifestations, such as excess facial and
body hair and male-pattern baldness
.
Irregular periods. You may observe irregular
periods or delayed menstrual cycles due to the
abnormality in the maturation of the egg.
Difficulty in getting pregnant due to
irregular and delayed or failed ovulation.
The hormone imbalance in the body
prevents the follicles from maturing and
releasing the egg, causing delayed or failed
ovulation. This heavily affects the
menstrual cycle and thereby your periods.
Many women are diagnosed with PCOD
when they visit the doctor regarding their
unsuccessful attempts at getting pregnant.

Hair loss or excessive thinning of hair. This

symptom, too, is due to the increased
production of male hormones in the body.

Acne on the skin

Weight gain
Causes Of Polycystic Ovarian Disease
(PCOD)
Family History

There is a 50% possibility of getting PCOD

among women whose immediate female
relatives suffer from PCOD. As you grow
older, this PCOD may lead to Type 2 diabetes,
as PCOD is a risk factor for developing
Diabetes Till now, a single gene has not yet
been found to be the cause of PCOD, and it is
likely to be complex and involve multiple
genes.

Insulin resistance & Lifestyle

About 70% of women with PCOD have

peripheral insulin resistance. The pancreas
produces insulin, which is a hormone to help
the body use sugar from foods for energy.
Due to insulin resistance, the cells can’t use insulin
properly and the body’s demand for insulin
increases. To compensate, the pancreas makes
more insulin.

Factors of Insulin Resistance:

Insulin resistance as a result of genetic factors

Insulin resistance as a result of being
overweight (related to diet and inactivity)
A combination of both of these factors

Inflammation

PCOS can lead to increased levels of inflammation

in women. And being overweight also can
contribute to inflammation. Studies have shown in
PCOD that excess inflammation is linked to higher
androgen levels.
Weight

Sometimes, a higher weight may worsen insulin

resistance and the symptoms of the polycystic
ovarian syndrome. Some women with PCOD report
that they had never experienced symptoms such as
menstrual irregularity or excessive hair growth and
are a healthy weight. However, these symptoms
only appear once they gain weight.

Diagnosis

While there is no particular test to confirm PCOD,

your doctor would discuss your medical history and
perform a physical examination to confirm the
condition. They may then recommend

A pelvic examination
Blood tests to quantify hormone levels
An ultrasound to check the appearance of your
ovaries and the uterus
If you are diagnosed with PCOD, your doctor would
suggest regular checkups.

problems associated with PCOD

Some complications can arise from PCOD. These

include various diseases and medical conditions,
such as

Various metabolic syndromes, including high

blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases,
increased cholesterol, and blood glucose levels.
Miscarriages
Infertility
Gestational diabetes
Sleep apnea
Type 2 Diabetes
Depression and other mental disorders
Endometrial cancer
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Untreatable acne, displaying hormonal
problems
Chronic Liver inflammation
Studies also report that by the age of forty,
approximately fifty percent of women with PCOD
would develop pre-diabetes or would already be
diabetic, while many others would face infertility
during their childbearing age.

Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Disease

The cure for PCOD is yet to be determined.

However, with proper treatment and lifestyle
modifications, you can manage the condition. Your
healthcare team is likely to follow a
multidisciplinary treatment approach for PCOD. It
may include a gynecologist, endocrinologist,
dietician, infertility expert, and dermatologist.
One of the most practical ways to manage and
keep your symptoms in check is proper weight
management. Did you know even if you can achieve
5% weight loss, it will make your treatment easy
and more effective? Therefore, women who have
PCOD must work out regularly and maintain a
healthy lifestyle and diet.
If you have this condition, make sure to cut on your
carbohydrate and sugar and have more high fiber
and high protein food.

Medications and Surgery to Treat PCOD.

Post-consultation, your doctor would recommend

various medications to rectify your menstrual cycle.
He may prescribe drugs such as

Combinatorial birth control pill. These pills

contain progestin and estrogen that reduce the
production of the male sex hormones and
regulate your hormones that let follicles release
the egg, form acne, and excess hair growth.
Progestin therapy. Your doctor would advise
you to take progestin for ten to fourteen days
every month or two to regulate and correct your
menstrual cycle in this medication.
Immature follicles treatment. Your doctor may
also recommend immature follicle aspiration
PCOS treatment to improve your endocrinology
and decrease the number of follicles in the
ovary, thus facilitating pregnancy.
Your doctor would prescribe drugs such as
clomiphene, letrozole, metformin, and
gonadotrophins to improve ovulation.
To help reduce and increase hair growth, your
doctor would prescribe various birth control
pills, spironolactone, and eflornithine.
Although surgery is not the immediate option of
choice, your doctor, in severe cases, may
perform laparoscopic ovarian drilling, which
would help trigger ovulation, that is the release
of the egg from the ovaries.

Diet to Treat PCOD

While many lifestyle recommendations are

suggested for those women suffering from PCOD,
you are encouraged to follow a PCOD diet with low
fat and carbohydrate content. This would prevent
any sudden upsurge in your blood sugar levels and
help you keep a check on your weight. Foods that
may be included are
Natural, unprocessed food
 Spinach, kale, and other leafy vegetables
Foods high in fiber
Broccoli and cauliflower
Nuts and legumes
Fish
Whole grain
Low-fat dairy

Best exercises for PCOD

If you are suffering from PCOD, then your first task

is to reduce your Body Mass Index (BMI). Various
types of exercises that you could consider are

High-Intensity interval training (HIIT)

Cardiovascular workouts
Mind-body exercises
Strength training
Interval training
 Case Study
What is the main problem of PCOD?
PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is mostly
caused by a combination of hormonal imbalance
and genetic tendencies. In PCOD the ovaries start
releasing immature eggs that lead to hormonal
imbalances and swollen ovaries, among other
symptoms

What is the root cause of PCOD?

PCOD is a condition in which ovaries produce
many immature or partially mature eggs, this
happens due to poor lifestyle, obesity, stress, and
hormonal imbalance

Is PCOD a serious problem?

First and foremost, PCOS is usually considered a
more serious condition. PCOD can often be
managed just by making informed lifestyle
changes, and may not even require further medical
treatment at all
What is the difference between PCOD and PCOS?
Nature of the condition: PCOS is a serious
condition. PCOD is not considered to be truly a
disease since with the right diet and exercise, it can
be managed. PCOS, on the other hand, is a
metabolic disorder.

Do mood swings happen in PCOD?

It may be suggested that in patients with PCOD,
this fertile period, with the contribution of hormonal
changes, may cause an unpleasant emotional
state. Emotional changes, such as irritability,
stress, and anxiety, may appear in these patients.

Can PCOD occur due to stress?

PCOS may not only be induced by psychosocial
factors, its main symptoms such as infertility,
menstrual dysfunctions, hirsutism and obesity can
be caused by increased psychosocial stress and
mood disorders.
 CONCLUSION
There is no clear cause for PCOD. However, early
detection or diagnosis of PCOD will be constructive
in relieving the symptoms as well as reducing the
complications involved.

PCOD treatment helps you to manage your

concerns, including infertility, hirsutism, acne,
immature follicles, or obesity. However, specific
treatment might involve lifestyle changes or
medication.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• WWW.google.com
• WWW.documents.mx
• WWW.docfoc.com
• WWW.slideshare.net