CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “A Study on PCOD” has been
accomplished by Anika Vashishtha of Class XII B under my guidance and
supervision.

This project is submitted by her in the fulfilment of requirement as per the

CBSE curriculum.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work has not been submitted by
anywhere else and gives a satisfactory account of it.

PRINCIPLE’S SIGNATURE:

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE: Ma’am Vidhi Joshi.

DATE:

SEAL OF THE INSTITUITION:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A project is never a unilateral effort; there is always a team of other persons
who contribute in one or more ways. The credit for the successful completion of
this project goes to number of people without whose help; I would not have
been able to do justice of this project. Therefore, I would like take this
opportunity to express my gratitude towards them. I would like to express my
indebtedness towards Ma’am our principal for her in spring thoughts and
explanation. Words are not enough to convey my special thank to respected
madam. It is indeed a great pride for me to acknowledge a deep gratitude for the
valuable and magnanimous guidance and generous assistance extended to me by
my teacher Mrs. VIDHI JOSHI whose vigilant supervision helped me to shape
my works. I am equally thankful to my parents, and all my well wisher who
extended all possible support and encouraged me throughout this project.

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CONTENTS

1.AIM 4

2.INTRODUCTION 5

3.CAUSES OF PCOD 6

4.SYMPTOMS OF PCOD 7

5.PREVENTION OF PCOD 8
6.POSSIBLE TREATMENT 9
METHODS OF PCOD
7.CASE STUDY 10-14

8.CONCLUSION 15

9.BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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AIM
To conduct a study on polycystic ovarian disease and related complications and
list its causes, symptoms and treatment

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INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS PCOD?
PCOD stands for Polycystic Ovarian Disease. It is one of the most common
conditions that affect 5% to 10% of women who lie in the age group of 12 to 45
years. It generally affects women in their reproductive age. The reproductive
system of women is controlled by the complex interplay of primarily five
reproductive hormones namely estrogen, gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
follicle stimulating hormone, progesterone and luteinizing hormone . The most
prevalent problem that occurs due to imbalance in the woman’s hormones is
PCOD. It becomes evident when there are irregularities in the menstrual cycle
and ovulation period. Consequently, it gets challenging for the woman to
conceive. The most evident features of PCOD are no ovulation, no or irregular
periods, excessive acne on the skin, and hirsutism.

Along with havoc in female hormonal control, ovaries release abnormal

amounts of androgen (male hormones). This hormonal breakdown results in
irregular or prolonged menstrual periods, excessive body hair, acne and hair
loss. Polycystic ovaries may fail to develop follicles and regularly release eggs,
causing difficulty in conceiving a pregnancy.

Moreover, if the woman does not get timely treatment, she can develop other
complications, like insulin-resistant diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol. This
directly leads to heart diseases.

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CAUSES OF PCOD
Here are a few common causes of PCOD to know:

1. Release of androgens: In general, females are responsible for making

female sex hormones. At the same time, they make a tiny amount of male
sex hormones, called androgens. These movements in the female body
help to regulate the natural development of eggs in the ovaries during
periods.
2. Imbalance in sex hormones: PCOD is closely related to an imbalance in
these sex hormones. They slightly begin to make more androgens. This
causes irregularities in the ovulation, sometimes they even stop ovulating.
This becomes the root cause of the growth of pimples and extra hair on
the body of the patient.
3. What is Ovulation: Sac-like structures, called follicles are present in the
ovaries. These sacs contain female eggs. Generally, one or more eggs
release at the time of the menstruation cycle. This process of the release
of eggs is called ovulation.
4. Failure in ovulation: If a person is having PCOD or PCOS, the eggs in
these follicles do not attain maturity and fail to release from the ovaries.
Instead, they form a very small cyst in the ovary, and hence the disease is
called polycystic ovary disease.
5. Genetic: PCOD seems to run in families, so the women who have it
might have got it from their mothers or somebody else in the family. This
may also get transmitted if someone from a close family has irregularity
in periods or diabetes.

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SYMPTOMS OF PCOD
There are some evident symptoms of PCOD, which are relatively common in
every patient. Here is a list of some common symptoms of the disease:

1. Occurrence of acne: People with PCOD develop visible acne on various

parts of the body, like the face, neck, and back.
2. Abnormal weight gain: There is an evident increase in weight and the
patient faces problems in losing it. Even after trying various activities,
like gyming, aerobics, physical workout, and many more, there is no
considerable change in weight loss.
3. Thinning of hair: The hair on the scalp starts becoming thin, even after
using hair growth oils.
4. Irregularity in menstrual periods: Irregularity in the menstrual cycle is
one of the most prominent symptoms of having PCOD. Research says
that women with PCOD experience less than nine periods in a year. There
are some women who do not experience any periods at all. But, at the
same time, there are people who have very heavy bleeding during their
periods.
5. Fertility problems: fertility problems occur in people with PCOD.
6. Degrading mental health: A woman also experiences depression due to
all the changes that are happening in her body due to the disease.

Other symptoms include Darkening of skin, Hirsute (abnormal growth of hair

on face and body) and skin tags.

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PREVENTION OF PCOD
PCOD can be prevented in following ways:

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POSSIBLE TREATMENT METHODS OF
PCOD
PCOD is a syndrome that is quite uncertain to treat. Women with PCOD find it
challenging to figure out the best method to get rid of PCOD. There are several
modes in which one can take the treatment of the disease, but one must consult
a doctor before taking any medication, even if it is something from one’s home
and nature itself. The treatment of PCOD has a lot to do with what one eats, and
how one eats. So, one must be very cautious about the intake of food items.

There are four basic modes of treatment for PCOD, which are as follows:

1. Ayurvedic treatment: Involves the usage of natural herbs, like

ashwagandha, cinnamon, and turmeric.
2. Surgical methods: Laparoscopy (band-aid surgery)
3. Yoga and exercise: cobra pose, reclining butterfly pose, bow pose etc.
4. Home remedies: Having saturated sugar levels, no junk food, a gluten-
free diet, and many more.

Furthermore, the ultimate objective of choosing the treatment methods of

PCOD is to manage individual concerns, like:

 Lowering down the blood glucose level to normal

 Restoring the ability to reproduce
 Treating the chronic conditions of acne and excessive body and facial hair
 Restoring regular menstrual and prevention of complicated medical
conditions, like endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer.

However, losing weight is the only possible treatment to eradicate PCOD or

PCOS from our lives. Even a weight loss of 5% of total body weight has been
shown to help with the imbalance of hormones and also with infertility.

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CASE STUDY:
I- INTERVIEW WITH DOCTOR:
INTERVIWEE: DR RUPA – A gynaecologist practising since 20 years in Shree
. Radhe hospital, Bihar.

INTERVIEWER: ANIKA VASHISHTHA- A student conducting a study on

. PCOD.

Q. Does polycystic ovarian disease cause infertility?

A. I cannot say it causes infertility, well getting pregnant with PCOD or PCOS
may become difficult but the right medication can always improve ovulation.
However it is also possible that women get pregnant without any aid and with
PCOD.

Q. Can polycystic ovarian disease ever become terminal?

A. Well PCOD in itself is not terminal at all. However, it can lead to the
development of life threatening chronic diseases and blood pressure. If looked
at closely even diabetes and BP are not terminal on their own but they do lead to
circumstances that inhibit one or other major bodily function that lead to a
patient’s death. One such condition arising due to PCOD would be endometrial
cancer.

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Q. What are the treatments you suggest to your patients with PCOD?

A. In some patients the ovary is lined with immature follicles which appear like
a line of pearls on the ovaries. However it is also true that at times some patients
do not outwardly show the presence of multiple cysts. Anyway I suggest them
medicines that focus on increasing luteinizing hormones. I also suggest Birth
control pills to regulate periods artificially. All of this is only carried out after a
proper diagnosis because reasons may vary from patient to patient.

Q. Can only Birth pills regulate periods?

A. Oh no, Birth pills may regulate periods but they are not the only option.
There are other medicines, herbals and home remedies that can help with the
same symptom.

Q. What if someone doesn’t want an offspring and ovulation doesn’t matter to

them. Can they leave it untreated?

A. Ovulation is essential irrespective of your future family planning. Absence

of ovulation is one of the symptoms of PCOD. It signifies lack of progesterone
which means one is at an increased risk of oestrogen dominance conditions like
fibroids, breast cancer etc. Hence one must be treated regardless of want of an
offspring.

Q. How can PCOD affect mental health if it can?

A. It often causes depression in females. It could be due to misbalance in

hormonal level or it could be due to the type of society she lives in too. India
has yet to see development in minds of the society regarding topics such as this
which are hushed by the females themselves.

Q. Is Obesity a cause of PCOD or a result of PCOD?

A. Obesity is certainly a result of PCOD but then again being obese is

ultimately due to unhealthy food which is a cause of PCOD. I think it is a
condition that goes hand in hand with PCOD.

Q. Can PCOD be cured permanently?

A. It can better but no it cannot really be cured permanently. Once you have it,
you may get it again in the near future. You have to be on a constant look out on
your health.

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Q. Is there anything you would like to state on this topic?

A. PCOD on which you are conducting a study is ultimately curable and can be
reversed because it is only a metabolic disorder due to hormonal imbalance. The
syndrome form of the same cannot be reversed, although seen in lesser numbers
than PCOD it is a cause of concern and should be avoided at an early stage if
possible. Thank you for having me.

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II-INTERVIEW WITH THE PATIENT:
INTERVIEWEE: BAIBHAVI SANDILYA- A student of class twelve, she has
. been a patient since two years.

INTERVIEWER: ANIKA VASHISHTHA- A student conducting a study on

. PCOD.

Q. When and how did you realise that you might have PCOD?

A. I used to have irregular periods and irregular as in huge gaps like 4 months to
. 6 months. My mom decided to get it checked after two years of observing
. the same. Then the gynaecologist told us I might have PCOD. This was at
. the age of fifteen.

Q. What do you know about PCOD?

A. I don’t know much about it. All I know is there are cysts in my ovaries due
. to failure of ovulation and that’s somehow causing a problem with further
. ovulations. That’s what the doctor told me. She also told me about
. fluctuation in my LH FSH ratio or something like that.

Q. Did PCOD affect your mental state in any manner?

A. Not much. I was a bit perplexed at first because I knew something was not
. normal in my body but other than that I have not had any fluctuations in my
. mental state in any manner.

Q. Can you list what medicines the doctor has prescribed you and their
contribution in curing or controlling PCOD?

A. Cytroterone acetate and ethinyl estratiol for 21 days with 6 to 7 days gap to
. get my periods during that specific time period, there’s also NormOz, the
. doctor said it would play a role in well being of my ovaries, it is twice a day
. for six months.

Q. How has PCOD changed your lifestyle?

A. I never did yoga but since the doctor told me to do it I have been doing it
. every morning. I also exercise after that to keep myself fit. I have to go for
. monthly check ups and of course take medications timely. That’s all I guess.

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THE DIAGNOSIS REPORT:

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CONCLUSION
PCOD is not a rare disease and can be cured with proper lifestyle and food diet
because it is only a metabolic misbalance due to hormonal changes. PCOD is
not something that we can ignore like common cold or an upset stomach
because while the disease is not terminal in itself it may give rise to conditions
that can be life taking. PCOD is a less discussed subject and many of its
symptoms greatly match with PCOS or polycystic ovarian syndrome but they
are indeed different PCOS being cause due to release of testosterone and
changes in endocrine glands.

Having PCOD requires medical attention and may lead to fertility problems but
not infertility. PCOD is overall related to failure of ovulation and formation of
cysts due to the same.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.https://www.yashodahospitals.com/diseases- To derive information about

treatments/pcod-pcos-symptoms-causes- PCOD.
treatment/
2.https://www.askdrshah.com/blog/myths- To formulate questions for the
facts-pcod/ interview.
3.https://mantracare.org/women/pcos/what-is- To derive more information
pcod/ about PCOD.
4.https://sprintmedical.in/blog/pcod-vs-pcos- To know about PCOS too.
differences-causes-symptoms-effects-
diagnosis-risks-treatments

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