Patterns of Genetics guided notes. Pedigree charts are used for a variety of reasons.

Used to show _____________________________ Can be used to determine if a trait is _____________________________________ Can be used to figure out the ____________________ of individuals in the pedigree chart On a pedigree chart, a female is represented by a _________________ and a male by a _____________.

Most genetic disorders are _______________________. To have the disorder a person must inherit _______________________________. Some genetic disorders are common in certain __________________. Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disorder in _________________________. It is caused by a _________________ allele. A defective ________________________ results in thick mucus in the lungs and digestive system. Treatment: __________________, special __________, ________________ therapy. Tay-Sacs is caused by the absence of an _________________________ that normally breaks down a lipid found in the ___________________________________, results in nervous system problems. It is caused by a _________________ allele. Common in _________________ people and Ashkenazic Jews. PKU stands for ___________________________________________. It is caused by a _________________ allele. It results from the absence of an enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. PKU causes severe damage to ____________________________ and mental retardation. Common in descendants of people from _________________________________. First noticed in child when they start drinking whole ____________that is rich in phenylalanine. If detected early any problems can be avoided with a special _________________. People with PKU have to avoid _______________________________. Simple Dominant heredity It only takes __________ dominant allele for trait to show up in individual. Can not be inherited unless __________________________________________ express the trait also. Dominant recessive

Huntington s disease is unusual because it is caused by a _______________________ allele. Symptoms include _____________________________________________________________________________. Onset (start) of symptoms usually does not occur until ________________________. Progressive mental deterioration then ___________________________. ______________________: the first 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes. They are the same in males and females. Sex chromosomes: determines the _______________ of the individual. Female= _________ Male = ______ When egg cells are made, they will all carry a _______________ chromosome. When sperm cells are made, 50% will have an ____ chromosome and 50% will have a ______chromosome. So the change of a child being male or female is always _________________________. Sex Linked traits: Alleles for these traits are found on the __________________ chromosome. These traits are usually seen more often in one sex or the other. If the trait is only seen in males then it is ____ linked. Hemophilia: Allele for blood clotting is found on __________ chromosome. Dominant allele codes for ____________________________. _________________allele codes for hemophilia or free bleeding. People born with hemophilia have little or no clotting factor. Clotting factor is a protein needed for normal blood clotting. Treatment - infusion of ______________________ derived from donated human blood or from genetically engineered products . Females need ___________________ alleles to have hemophilia. Males need only _______________ allele which is inherited from their _____________ to have hemophilia Color Blindness: Allele for color vision is found on ____________ chromosome. Dominant allele codes for _____________________________. __________________ allele codes for colorblindness. Color blindness is the inability to see __________________ in the usual way. Color blindness occurs when there is a problem with the color-sensing granules (pigments) in certain nerve cells of the eye. Females need ______________ alleles to be colorblind. Males need only ____________________ allele which is inherited from their mother to be colorblind. Genotypes and Phenotypes to use for genetic problems with hemophilia or color blindness Genotype Phenotype

Cross a carrier female with a normal male.

Incomplete dominance : ____________________ allele is 100% dominant or recessive. ______________phenotypes are possible. Heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is a _________________ of the other two. Cross a red snapdragon with a white snap dragon.

Codominance : Both alleles are ___________________________. ___________________ individuals show both phenotypes. Cross a checkered chicken with a black chicken.

Cross a roan cow and a white cow.

Sickle cell: This disorder is caused by a _______________________ allele. It is most common in ________________________________. Homozygous normal allele person has ________________________________. Heterozygous person has ________________________________ and has normal and sickle shaped RBC. Homozygous abnormal allele person has _________________________ and all their RBC are sickle shaped. Cross a person with sickle cell trait with a normal person.

Multiple alleles: Some traits are coded for by more than 2 alleles ( maybe even 100 alleles for 1 trait) Each individual still gets only _____________ alleles. More than 2 ____________ are possible. Blood typing in humans. Three alleles _______________, ______________, and _________________. Alleles IA and IB code for ____________________________. Allele IA codes for ______ protein. Allele IB codes for _____ protein. Allele i for _______________ protein. Type A blood has ____ proteins. Type B blood has _____ proteins. Type ____ has A and B proteins (codominant) Type _____ has neither protein.

Genotypes and phenotypes to use when doing genetic problems with blood typing. Genotype phenotype

Cross a person with blood type O with a person with blood type A.

Why is it important to give a person a compatible blood type during a transfusion?

Why is a person with blood type O called a universal donor? Why is a person with blood type AB called a universal receiver? What does the + or after the blood type mean?

Polygenic Inheritance: Some traits are coded for by many sets of genes. A range of ___________________. are possible. Examples are ______________________________________________________________________. Most people are a combination of ___________________ and ___________ alleles for each trait. The combination of dominant and recessive alleles you have determines your _____________________. Brown eyes are dominant over blue Black hair is dominant over blonde Dark skin is dominant over light skin ______________________ factors can affect the expression of genes. External influences: Examples

Internal influences: examples