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Notes for Class 12 - Chapter 13 - Nuclei
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Chapt Thinteen ®
NucLel
—=
Introduction;
«Nucleus — The small, lense hegion Consisting
4 protons & nucthons At the
Contne 4 an Mom.
« Almose OL the mass 4 gn atom is Located
jn te nucleus, [wins A very Small twoMrhibution
yen the 2” efoudl J
+ Photons And neuthons pre bound tog fo apr
a nuclus by the" NueLeat poe,
» "Nuch Phypies'— a branch 4 Physics Concerns
with Siuely £ undasrankiog 9
the atomic nucleus => its
Composition % Ihe fonus Uhake
bind i faguh:
° Expesipen ts on atalieaang X-parnicte
Phovecl that Fails ty small. than
the fadivs 4 an ator by a frelon 4 abowt 19%
+ Volume 4 nuctuna & abouk wo * times vodume
rhe atom
Tn this chaptes «+. What is snside the nucleus
Propanes 4 nuclet => size, mass
Apnsill
Nuclear. Pheno meno. f 0073 amu = |-b72bxi9 7
Mass gnu fon = 1.0086 amu = WbThY x Oey
Maas 4 a hy degen Atom = Mar My = 1-00 7am,
Alomic mossts Can be measurcol by MASS SPECTROMETER, =
Tsotopes:
Aeon 9 Same element, which exhib’ the same Chemical
Phopanies but. ob per in masses Ore called Isorpres.
Ex:
wo ap Two tsrepas 1 34-98 (15-4 4 Abuncene)
3b6-48y (24.6 Yo obundanu’
"gid. pe fry TAs oaM Hand sab
mass oh Teo:
=35-41U ,
: : ab
is Pamy)- 3 Laois Lootgu (94-445 % abundane)
Doll
Ryanegen
(018% abundanu)
S-olbou “fs not occur
eed,
Cala be “parccluced
pho}
Beat
Tou jig 5. % patio
DAL a ce to
EEE “tale My
Mass’, proton = muss 4 Haltom — mass 4, eeeron}
10078 B — 0: 00055
uw
lOove7uU = 161262416 "eg.
a
x The positive Change in the nuchus is that 3
the paotona. ‘A paoton Cannies one tinie
furdamencal charge and is Stable.
Nos photons in the = Alomic numba
nuchus 4 tg atom teen
The chaage 4 rhe Nuchkus = +e . Bistoveny 4, Nextaon:
The mass % the nucle 4 hydrogen , desta 2 eAitium
Ou in the fatio 1:12:38 => Tn addition to phoron
thine should be some
“neutral marter’ in the
: ; nucle nium &
Shoo Exptl. Sehup chadwick lea best alae
2 expihin- Aitum.
e Mase 4 a niuthon. My = | oo8bbu 21614 9K16 4
Seana)
Ly Note ny
oA ose" neuthon is unstable. md
closet m4
* Stable inside "
mas
Nustnon decays Joto photon, an lectron anol
On ontinentaino [anortion adenanite paaticle]
+ Mean dite 9 neutron ie Ioo0s .
+ Photons 2 Newttons <> Collectively Glad a8 ‘Nucleoas”
oA pinticnkaa michi
ened > Nuclides Nuclear speiss.
«| Noaton] ay X > Chemica) Aymbol % Speries
x A > Muss number = Total Neo. Protons
aot A> Awmic Dumber Nedtaone
SS
Photon is made up 4 3 Guanks “ud” PP ae
. ~ do
Neathon & re wp 4 3 Guanns " ada" 101)
qwohr Example:
(47
Au a Nucdes 4 Gall
74
fhe mnap numbsr = [97 = Neg Protons + Neutrons
Ze. Akomie numblt= 17 =Ne. 4 paolens
. We A-z = 197-77- 8 neutrons.
Neuthen
Ne.
Taotopes: [Definition again]
+The atoms an element wich have the same
atomic Number [z3 and oki bypxent raha, run BA (AJ,
kxompls Tantopes 4 Hydae gem
t
ow
wf ¥ Pe
Bydnogen veutrium = Tietum.
(00 The nucki ) ssovopes a giwn ulmene Contaer
the sume ne, 9 photons , but cleteen em
Goch other in iMin no. 4 ntutrons.
“% Gold Aw 32 isotopes » Aanging {nem
i Aa13 bo 204:
“¥ chemical phopoties cepends on elctnonic Atiuchae
Taotopes Aswe “identical” clectnonie siuctte
3 ave iden . :
Aave identical chemical behavions 2>, Sri p Size 4 the Nucleus:
Seattanieg % a praticles i thin gold foils
Ba pod ee
a a p
Raptrimenls fuvented that the clistance praia
4 Uoaur approach boa got nuchus
on ae apartiole KEASE Mav le 40x10 “in
: Vv
°f pasivive sn
is confined ron
je ize 9, nuchus
Ahould be Ass
than AK 10 oe.
jota, instuad 4 pants,
target aan z Aizes
‘We wits used [0 Aik che
; puch ware qound 7
Radius a. nuchens
Re UR a” :
whe R, = V2Xl0 os = 12 fn
A = hes numba.
x Duensing 4 nuchus: => consrank
g? ies Rene ry
£4 = 23410 "eg I?
Gns neta Sta
Aasge when compared
gy Oa (Example: 21] HoW SHALL, AND How DENSE IS A NUCLEUS?
1, Find the hadius 4 an thon- 56 nuchus
2. Find its Bpproximate density in kalm®, appaoximatin:
Find 4 ‘PF "4 + opp 4
the mass » Fe t> be 5Sbu.
Sthate fy 2 wonuept:
y
fae te RA’, geen A=5b.
2. 70 ftocl 0, asoume the nucktus ‘w Aphasicall -»
Ve ate g thin joe dlanaity uaa e=
WS Ye 5
=> Re RA =(-2 x10 )( 5b) 2 Ab x16 m =[ab fm)
eee cera
> ae
C 6)”
HTR = “yw ts
Bb
a
D = 0188 U/ fm?
v- age ay?
= 0=
-27 3
gz 038 a % UbextO kg x (25)
Fa ye 10 m
[e = 2.3 x10" ky fn?
4 heyy
nacht § oll nai 6 Same
Indep endear 4 ia mass ee Masse 2
3 Energy
¢ Einstun Showed that mass in another form
% tangy R One CAM Convert mnsa- tinny ‘nko ole
forms 9 (ke)
E =me- C= axiof mls > Vociry 9
, : tip
\lacuum,
Example 15.2.)
Colcutare the ivalen- % | UdArAnce
ogy equiv at % d 4 4 @
EB =(i x10 ig le
. Ble
. SIO ime 4x10 “sr, s A dasge amount
ee
OlfuA. DliwA waite:
© Convitnien& uni in atomie p a
Example: 1Bb ev dt Aomove ap
eee _ 4a ar atom.
Big uni .
How much MeV is 4 amu? [a 166x157 eg)
Bem = 166x167 x (ax08) F = bbbxi5? Nout
Exomple: 13 : \.bo2x10 oe
Nu clean binding Energy «
l
het as conatolen: 30 Az lb } 804 hbivon
Z=8
F600. 9 Proton
Mass 4 8 neatnons = 8x 100866 x
Moss 9 4 Protons = 8x Voota7u
»
Maas 4, 82s = 8B yp. oconBU
: ‘
&
Ex preted ".rmass 5 go Ou cleus
8 [boost + 1.00427 + 0-00055]
a [a.olb4a] = lb-Isia4 uy
But from Mass Apectnome ter Me ABUL men ,
er d “e eas = 15+ 494934
5
AAA 4 ges = 00-0044
mass 4 12 nuctus = 18:9905 Bu
.
The oh fpuren ce tn WiMbS HO and ile constituents
AM = o.aeiu => ‘mates olefe ct
eG = [Zmp + (a-z)m, ] —M
Oy gu Wan lo bMAK the oxyde oe tnto
8 photons 2 8 ntuthons, [extn nergy | AMc” hws to
be Auppdied.
4n Ths usa s called ‘Binding Enna” (E,) gy ts
Duchus : 4
"Q mensune 3 how well
a muchas is Ald opettes”
Bindig weg Por nucleon:
—> “Avg. en per
area duclus into
Ploe 3 B Vs A Reg. to Figure 13-1
é Main featines § the plow:
db undivicaal ouchons
GW FoR 80g 2190
the value op 5, is
Gonsiant -
(2) Max. E = 875 yor
Ey, it Lese Joh both Aree. 2am F,.= 75
Apt nuchi (Ag30) & a. fon, A- ase.
denvy nucle (A2I).
CONCLUSIONS:
LD The force iw attactive 2 Auppicunely Arter
to phodu ce En 4 YY Mev w = eno
be Ovi come, the
ylhsive fone
blio paotons.
@4 to fybind puolon 2 nou ah
Masa thee Re Binding Eningy , Binding Entray per ee
nutheon — Phoblema:
Exam ealoware the Proding ents pe nucleon,
Tle “a. Given tonss dos “Ca 2 39. bona,
A 40
No, % “Drowns = ao 2* = Ca
No. % ntubhons= Ro
Muss Bo photons = 20x |-007825
mp = 20.1565 y
Mass % Qo nenthons = 20x 1-008b65
UM)
= 20-1733 u
Torad moss 9 puclus = Mp +p
= 40.3248 u
40 Cc
Masa 5 Ca nuchus= 59. 962584 4
20
= Osb7211U
Mare olefeet = P3072 Nl) ©
; => Baum
Binding any = 0.367211 x 43) ee
2 341.87 MA Ci luetsita
Birding ayy ates? aa Moy
par nucleon ao Hew
cakeutate bind
ing enerry per nuclesn Jon
j2
wo
Pa Atomic TASS ie
poe iou — | Pra: 7-66 Mey]
C2) 3l
; P Nuclear mas 6 *'p 25 we
] Cn OB ZI K.
\5
[Ass &- wtme] ©
. ae ier Condiant E foh aocA <170
Nuclear fence is Shoat = angel
Consider a paaticalas ouckwon inside & Lange nuclus.
qh ofr nulen w at distance more than
{nan pani cules nuckon
the fhange % nuclear for
it will beve he Prppesunte
- Snenensiog A
\ whl nek of affect”
(Ke) hs
i Jes nuckns | A 2240 |=>4owr bindin
ub A [ soy tn
wall be ptleared => [Fission
xX + % PROCESS
\20
oe 120
¥ iter mone it bon
Juss bight Mone Ey htty
yng
bows.
Exasop fe 798) Lunda os feeeion seentonscaly
Withowe
cio Now, if, bwo wg ight schs nu atl
poy it rt an)
PROCESS
Aitaio anus is 16 Geleaseq bound NucreaR PoRce=
is pthonger than Conlomb fone. bho
x NF
3 Aine than Ghaviratonal
two chan
fen b)w mnsses.
*
i PE b/w bo nucleons
CN function their.
PE
Axpana lion:
eet b—--@
Mo Cf)
m
fon ADH nuchan jere i putthactive.
Heap =» 12 nepulsive.
ji, ea
x NE df nsuknon —nemtfon
Phoron— Phorep SAME
proton = neuthon
(Maan, > NF leas NOE dletunel on
electhic
Tit & 0 roa them abe cal youn
don Nuclear Jone
| 7 :
=
fa, 2G mm
ae Nucleon :
K The fenten the mead ong, Ike Mess
is the ae mass ; a bound «Syphon (cleus),
pea 7 a heavy nuchong decays into
hoo of Mone Mass pragren tz
(00
> Y ce nuche ye 10 & Aenvien mela
Duedeah AOUNes produce million Himes) mone
aes
sungy ton lenie ae
Fission
7 4}
v coal 8
or ousy 3
jo’ eMtay
FISSION. ___» Cam be natural
—> con be induced by ben bind
nuchi wirk other posictes dirs
nentnon , rotor (00 &- poride.
Ex ss
235" 236 a8
‘n+ DU —> D— > Ba + ka+s'h
9 fe 4% 5b 3b °
The some feaction Can phoduce other prirs
4 Nucle « Vs 0 “Cb +
oe
% Nb +a
aie
8 40.
(@o : i
! 23 iyo 94
ne % — xe a - +2in
0 92 * Ba
Enea ay Aelrased an th fission he altion 4 pete
suppose A lett with A: 2ho few
branwang unto Ewo fragrons each A 2comay
4 Aslan. Hw
E fon 240 — “hh
by i Az 120
nuclns = 8:5 MeV
igh MeN a | Note this i
Chass Ges EB = Me s i
“mt : Mcheon «
Tord binding weg gain = 240K 04
+ = aibMev)
NucLeaR Fusion:
ease ee
\alen 00 ight rucht fase fo porn
‘s tulease cl
J nuctens ny
“hoe ily
bound btm pls @
i 2)
Hox HOH gate +0-g2Mev
'
ty He + nt 3-27MeV
i 1 2
2 2 Sy ‘y+ 403 Mey
As ug f
se Cobewla Fe the -onisqy Acleased An fusion Aa chior,
2 3 COsE
, #H +74 >, Hern [ Nb
wane Bey 7H = 2-23MeV and
ate = 1713 MeV
Eng bileaseal
=BeE 5 Phocucte -BeE d PLA Clank
= fee 4 [ae] + Be plnj4 BE [>a]
= (1-73 +0)- 2x 2-23
2473-446 = 327MeV, Explain ow Nuclear fission ar tnommons
coute 4 Lnay
a 2 Mi
an —> Bae hh 730 +O
Aa. ° 5h epee ° a
Atlearad .
Tririod Masses. Final Maser:
14)
25 : 1
i 235.0439 U Eee 4 oAls4 u
e 1897
Kr Al 8473 w
“ }.00a7 U “3b
—_—_—_—_——_ \ ;
an B0ab\ u
22h 05 2b &
a 235.6575 u
Mass olepect: Am = 236:052b —235.8573
=O. 2)58uU
“Ag lu = S)MeV
Engg nelesoed Qe 02155x 5!
200MeV,
