Major 9

1. What are the ways of preparing of materials that would address to the deficiencies of different students?

There are different ways of preparing materials that would address to the deficiencies of different students, these are the following:  TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS - Set of systematic processes designed to meet learning objectives related to trainees' current or future jobs. These processes can be grouped into the following phases; needs analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The phases are sequential, with the outputs of the previous phases providing the inputs to those that follow. Different training delivery methods are better or worse at achieving various learning objectives.

Model of the Training Process

Various training delivery methods can be divided into cognitive and behavioral approaches. Cognitive methods provide information orally or in written form, demonstrate relationships among concepts, or provide the rules for how to do something. They stimulate learning through their impact on cognitive processes and are associated most closely with changes in knowledge and attitudes. The lecture, discussion, e-learning and, to some extent, case studies are cognitive methods. Though these types of methods can influence skill development, it is not their strength. Behavioral methods allow the trainee to practice behavior in a real or simulated fashion. They stimulate learning through experience and are best at skill development and attitude change.  Lecture Method - The lecture is best used for creating a general understanding of a topic. Several variations in the lecture format allow it to be more or less formal and/or interactive. In the pure lecture, communication is one wayfrom trainer to trainees. It is an extensive oral presentation of material. A good lecture begins with an introduction that lays out the purpose, the order in which topics will be covered, and ground rules about interruptions (e.g., questions and clarification). This is followed by the main body of the lecture in which information is given. The topic areas should be logically sequenced so that the content of preceding topics prepares trainees for the following

topics. The lecture should conclude with a summary of the main learning points and/or conclusions.

Discussion Method -The discussion method uses two-way communication between the lecturer and the trainees to increase learning opportunities. Both the lecture and discussion method are useful for changing or developing attitudes, though the discussion method is more effective. The lecture, and especially the discussion, modifies employee attitudes by providing new insights, facts, and understanding.

E- learning - is an alternative to classroom-based training, and it can provide a number of advantages. E-learning can:

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reduce trainee learning time, by allowing trainees to progress at their own pace reduce the cost of training, particularly by reducing costs associated with travel to a training location

provide instructional consistency, by offering the same training content to employees worldwide

allow trainees to learn at their own pace thereby reducing any boredom or anxiety that may occur

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provide a safe method for learning hazardous tasks with computer simulations increase access to training to learners in locations around the world

Simulations -Simulations are designed to mimic the processes, events, and circumstances of the trainee's job. Equipment simulators, business games, in-basket exercises, case studies, role playing, and behavior modeling, are types of simulations.

Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities -Students with learning disabilities have normal or better intelligence, but they also have severe "information-processing deficits" that make them perform significantly worse in one or more academic areas (reading, writing, math) than might be expected, given their intelligence and performance in other academic areas. Though all learning disabilities are different, students with learning disabilities report some common problems, including slow and inefficient reading; slow essay-writing, with problems in organization and the mechanics of writing; and frequent errors in math calculation.

2. What do you think are the most effective materials to be used choose 5 and explain briefly? You may give an example lesson to clarify them. 2.1 Using Music in the Classroom -The use of music in the classroom can make the entire learning process more enjoyable and can stimulate "right" brain learning. Using music to introduce an

exercise is a great way to activate vocabulary and get students thinking in the right direction. Take a piece of music or song which you associate with a certain activity or place ("New York, New York" sung by Frank Sinatra) and play the first 30 seconds of

the piece. You will be surprised at how quickly associations come to students' minds many more than if you introduced the lesson by saying, "Today we are going to talk about New York City". 2.2 The Brain: An Overview - The left hemisphere (1) is concerned with logical and analytical skills

An example of a left brain ESL EFL activity is the studying of first the simple past and the present perfect followed by an exercise in which students need to choose whether to use the simple past or present perfect. Example: Jim _______ (not/see) that film yet.

The right hemisphere (2) is the center of visual, rhythm, "artistic" abilities an example of a right brain ESL EFL activity would be an exercise in which students need to recognize patterns in a set of pictures. Example: Look at these four pictures. What do they seem to have in common? What is different? Using color coding when writing sentences in different tenses on the board. 2.3 Brain Gym y Brain Buttons"

This exercise helps improve blood flow to the brain to "switch on" the entire brain before a lesson begins. The increased blood flow helps improve concentration skills required for reading, writing, etc.

Put one hand so that there is as wide a space as possible between the thumb and index finger. Place your index and thumb into the slight indentations below the collar bone on each side of the sternum. Press lightly in a pulsing manner.

At the same time put the other hand over the navel area of the stomach. Gently press on these points for about 2 minutes.

"Cross Crawl"

This exercise helps coordinate right and left brain by exercising the information flow between the two hemispheres. It is useful for spelling, writing, listening, reading and comprehension.

Stand or sit. Put the right hand across the body to the left knee as you raise it, and then do the same thing for the left hand on the right knee just as if you were marching. Just do this either sitting or standing for about 2 minutes.

2.4 Using Colored Pens

-The use of colored pens in class is a great way to help students learn their tenses. The idea is quite simple, by using color coding for the various tenses students learn to associate that color with the tense (right brain learning). This in turn adds another learning tool that students can use on their own, remembering which color goes with which tense adds a visual component to their learning style.

2.5 Use of Tape Recorder

- The tape recorder is another easily available teaching aid. It is useful because it gives children a chance to listen to English spoken by different people in different situations. Make sure you place the tape recorder in a place where all the children can hear. Be familiar with how to use the

machine and make sure the tape is cued to the correct place. You should also have an alternative activity ready just in case the tape player breaks.