Nicole Edelweiss Liza BSMT3A MTEC 214 CM

EQ # 1 Midterm

1. Give the different interferences of each parameter of the reagent strip and discuss how these interfering substances could alter lab results. Parameters 1. pH Interferences No known substances interfere with urinary pH measurements Runover from adjacent pads Old specimens False positive: Highly buffered alkaline urine Pigmented specimens, Phenazopyridine Quaternary ammonium compounds Antiseptics, chlorhexidine Loss of buffer from prolonged exposure of the reagent strip to the specimen High specific gravity False negative: Proteins other than albumin Microalbuminuria False positive: Contamination by oxidizing agents and detergents False negative: High levels of ascorbic acid High levels of ketones High specific gravity Low temperatures Improperly preserved specimens False positive: Phthalein dyes Highly pigmented red urine Levodopa Medications containing free sulfhydryl groups False negative: Improperly preserved specimens False positive: Strong oxidizing agents Bacterial peroxidases Menstrual contamination False negative: High specific gravity/crenated cells Formalin Captopril High concentration of nitrite Ascorbic acid >25mg/dL Unmixed specimens False positive: Highly pigmented urines, Phenazopyridine Indican (intestinal disorders)

2. Protein

3. Glucose

4. Ketones

5. Blood

6. Bilirubin

7. Urobilinogen

8. Nitrite

9. Leukocyte esterase

10. Specific gravity

Metabolites of Lodine False negative: Specimen exposure to light Ascorbic acid >25 mg/dL High concentrations of nitrite Multistix False positive: Porphobilinogen Indican p-aminosalicylic acid Sulfonamides Methyldopa Procaine Chlorpromazine Highly-pigmented urine False negative: Old specimens Preservation of formalin Chemstrip False positive: Highly pigmented urine False negative: Old specimens Preservation in formalin High concentrations of nitrate False positive: Improperly preserved specimens Highly pigmented urine False negative: Nonreductase-containing bacteria Insufficient contact urine between bacteria and urinary nitrate Lack of urinary nitrate Lack quantities of bacteria converting nitrite to nitrogen Presence of antibiotics High concentrations of ascorbic acid High specific gravity False positive: Strong oxidizing agents Formalin Highly pigmented urine nitrofurantoin False negative: High concentration of protein, glucose, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, gentamicin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, inaccurate timing False positive: High concentrations of protein False negative: Highly alkaline urines (>6.5)

Reference: Strasinger, S.K. (2008) Urinalysis and Body Fluids. 5th Ed. Pennsylvania. F.A. Davis Company.