Soils Definiton of Soil Soil may be defined as a thin layer of earth crust which serves as a natural m

Soil Structure It refers to the arrangement of soil particles. It is one of the important proper permeability and water capacity. Types of structure Platy - Horizontal alignment Prism like - Columnar type Block like - Angular or sub- angular types Spiroidal - Granular and crumb types

Soil Texture The varying proportions of particles of different size groups in a soil constitut

The principle textural classes are clay, clay loam, sandy clay, silt clay, sandy loam, sand, loamy sand and silt.

Soil Profile " It is the vertical section of the soil through all its horizons from the surface t the profile consists of three mineral horizons viz., A, B and C.

The surface soil or that layer of soil at the top which is liable to leaching and removed is known as horizon 'A' or the horizon of eluviation. The intermedia horizon ' A' have been re-deposited is known as horizon ' B' or the horizon o the soil is formed is known as horizon ' C'.

The soil in each of these horizons is usually uniformly developed and presen Each layer or horizon develops specific morphological features such as the s colour, consistence etc. which distinguish from one horizon to another.

Study of soil profile is important since it reveals the characteristics and quali

Soil Composition

Soil consists of organic matter Soil organisms - Micro flora and Micro fauna. Soil water Soil air Inorganic matter - Macro nutrients and Micro nutrients Organic Matter

The plants and animals grown in weathered material and the organic residue integral part of the soil. The main source of soil organic matter is plant tissue matter.

The micro flora like bacteria, fungi, algae, actinomycetes, and micro fauna lik earthworms, ants etc. play an important role in formation of organic matter.

The organic matter influences the soil in respect to colour, physical propertie capacity. Soil Organisms

Soil is the habitat for enormous number of living organisms. Some of these o others can be seen by microscope only.

Roots of higher plants are considered as soil macro flora while bacteria, fung soil micro flora. Protozoa and nematodes are the significant soil micro fauna constitutes soil macro fauna. Soil Water

In order to function as a medium for plant growth, soil must contain some wa as follows: Promotes many physical and biological activities of soil.

Acts as a solvent and carrier of nutrients. As a nutrient itself. Acts as an agent in photosynthesis process. Maintains turgidity of plants. Acts as an agent in weathering of rocks and minerals. Soil Air

Oxygen is essential for all biological reactions occurring in soil. Its requireme

The gaseous phase of soil acts as a path way for intake of oxygen which is a and for escape of carbondioxide produced by the plants.

This two way process is called soil aeration. Soil aeration become critical for because water replaces soil air. Soil Inorganic Matter

The inorganic constituents of the soil comprises carbonates, soluble salts, fr addition to some amorphous silicates.

The inorganic constituents forms the bulk of the solid phase of the soil. Soils constituents are designated as organic soils.

Soils where inorganic constituents dominates they are called mineral soils. T soils.

Soil pH The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion ( H +) concentration is called pH. So

Soil Fertility Soil fertility deals with the nutrient status or ability of soil to supply nutrients f environmental conditions such as light, temperature and physical conditions

Soil Productivity Soil productivity is defined as the capability of the soil for producing a specifi the ability to produce sequence of crops under a specified system of manag

Acid Soils

Those soils with pH less than 6.5 and which respond to liming may be consi Reasons for Acidity

Humus decomposition results in release of large amounts of acids. There by

Rainfall : In areas with more than 100 cm rainfall associated with high R.H -out due to this base saturation of soil decreases. Application of elemental sulphur under goes reactions resulting in formation

Continuous application of acid forming fertilizers like ammonium sulphates o Ca by CEC ( cation exchange capacity) phenomenon.

Parent Material : Generally rocks are considered as acidic, which contain lar combined with water, acidity increases. Characteristics PH is less than 6.5 This soils are open textured with high massive Structure. Low in Ca, Mg with negligible amount of soluble salts. This soils appear as brown or reddish brown, sandy loams or sands. Injurity to Crops Direct Affects Plant root system does not grow normally due to toxic hydrogen ions. Permeability of plant membranes are adversely affected due to soil acidity. Enzyme actions may be altered, since they are sensitive to PH changes. Indirect Affects Deficiency of Ca, Mg occur by leaching. Al, Mn, Fe available in toxic amounts.

All the micro nutrients except molybdenum are available. So 'Mo' deficiency Phosphorous gets immobilized and its availability is reduced. Actvity of Micro Organisms

Most of the activities of beneficial organisms like Azatobacter and nodule for effected as acidity increases. Crops Suitable For Cultivation in Acid Soils Ph Level 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 Amelioration Acidic Soils Citrus, Blue berries Tobacco, Apple, Grapes, Plum, watermelon Cowpea, Soybean, Cotton, Wheat, Oat, Peas, Tomato, Sorghum. Peanut, Cabbage, Carrot, Onion, Radish, Spinach, Cauliflower. Alfalfa, Sugarbeet

Lime as reclaiming agent : Lsime is added to neutralize acidity and to increa will be increased. Basic slag obtained from Iron and steel industry can be substituted for lime. Mgo.

Ammonium sulphate and Ammonium chloride should not be applied to acid s Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ( CAN) is suitable to acid soils.

Any citrate soluble phosphate fertilizer is good source of phosphorous for ac Eg. Dicalcium phosphate ( DCP), Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)

Potassium sulphate is a suitable source of 'K' for acid soils. But MOP is bette -OH ions, their by release of -OH ions tends to increase the PH.

Alkaline Soils

Alkali soils are formed due to concentration of exchangeable sodium and hig sodium carbonate the surface soil is discoloured to black; hence the term bla Reasons for Alkalinity

The excessive irrigation of uplands containing Na salts results in the accumu

In arid and semi arid areas salt formed during weathering are not fully leache

In coastal areas if the soil contains carbonates the ingression of sea water le formation of sodium carbonates. Irrigated soils with poor drainage. Characteristics Injury to Crops

High exchangeable sodium decreases the availability of calcium, magnesium

Dispersion of soil particles due to high exchangeable 'Na' leads to poor phys and air, tends to be sticky when wet and becomes hard on drying. Toxicity due to excess hydroxyl and carbonate ions. Growth of plant get affected mainly due to nutritional imbalance. Restricted root system and delay in flowering in sensitive varieties.

Typical leaf burn in annuals and woody plants due to excess of chloride and Bronzing of leaves in citrus. It effect the solubility of zinc( Zn). Crops Suitable for Cultivation in Alkaline Soils

Barley, Sugarbeet, Cotton, Sugarcane, Mustard, Rice, Maize, Redgram, Gre Sorghum, Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Bitterguard. Spinach, Coconut, Grape, Datepalm, Pomegranate. Amelioration

The process of amelioration consists of two steps. To convert exchangeable sodium into water soluble form.

To leach out the soluble sodium from the field. Amendments used for reclam Gypsum It is slightly soluble in water. So it should be applied well in advance. Requrement

For every 1 m.e of exchangeable Na per 100 gm of soil, 1.7 tonns of Gypsum Application If the requirement is 3 tonnes/ acre- apply in one dose. If the requirement is 3 to 5 tonnes/acre- apply in 2 split doses. If the requirement is 5 or more tonnes/ acre - apply in 3 split doses. Use of Pyrites (Fe S2) Sulphur present in pyrites causes decrease in pH of soil due to formation of H2So4 + Ca Co3 -- Ca S04 Ca So4 + Na --- Na So4 + Ca ( leachable) Application of sulphur. Application of molasses. Drainage channels must be arranged around the field. Growing the green manure crops and incorporate in the field. pH EC ESP more than 8.3 Less than 4 m.mhos/ cm More than 15 Dominated by carbonate and Chemistry of soil solution bicarbonate ions and high

Effect of electrolyte on soil particles Adverse effect on Plant .Geographic distribution Diagnosis under field condition

exchangeable sodium. Dispersion due to high amount of exchangeable sodium Alkalinity of soil solution Semi arid and semi humid areas. Presence of dispersed OMon the surface. -Columnar structures present in the subsoil

Problem Soils The soils which owe characteristics that they can not be economically used proper reclamation measures are known as problem soils''.

Saline Soils The saline soils contains toxic concentration of soluble salts in the root zone sulphates of sodium, calcium, magnesium. Because of the white encrustatio called white alkali soils. Reasons For Salinity

In arid and semi arid areas salts formed during weathering are not fully leach soluble salts are leached from the more permeable high laying areas to low restricted, salts accumulate on the soil surface, as water evaporates

The excessive irrigation of uplands containing salts results in the accumulati

In areas having salt layer at lower depths in the profile, seasonal irrigation m Salinity is also caused if the soils are irrigated with saline water. In coastal areas the ingress of sea water induces salinity in the soil. Characteristics PH Ec ESP( exchangeable sodium %) Chemistry of soil solution Less than 8.3 More than 4.0 m.mhos/ cm Less than 15 Dominated by sulphate and chloride ions and low in exchangeable sodium

. Effect of electrolytes on soil particles Main effect on plant Geographic distribution

Flocculation due to excess soluble salts. High osmotic pressure of soil solution Arid and semi arid regions. Presence of white crust Presence of chloris barborata(weed) Patchy growth of plants.

Diagnosis under field condition

Injury to Crops

High osmotic pressure decreases the water availability to plants hence retar

As a result of retarded growth rate, leaves and stems of affected plants are s

Development of thicker layer of surface wax imparts bluish green tinge on le Due to high EC germination % of seeds is reduced. Crops Suitable For Cultivation In Saline Soils

Barley, Sugarbeet, Cotton, Sugarcane, Mustard, Rice, Maize, Redgram, Gre Sorghum, Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Bitterguard. Spinach, Coconut, Grape, Datepalm, Pomegranate. Amelioration

The salts are to be leached below the root zone and not allowed to come up in deep and fine textured soils containing more salts in the lower layers. Und sub-surface drains becomes important.

The required area is to be made into smaller plots and each plot should be b Separate irrigation and drainage channels are to be provided for each plot.

Plots are to be flooded with good quality water upto 15 - 20 cms and puddled water.

The excess water with dissolved salts is to be removed into the drainage cha

Flooding and drainage are to be repeated 5 or 6 times till the soluble salts ar

Green manure crops like Diancha can be grown upto flowering stage and inc be used.

Super phosphate, Ammonium sulphate or Urea can be applied in the last pu not be used. Scrape the salt layer on the surface of the soil with spade. Grow salt tolerant crops like sugar beet, tomato, beet root, barley etc

Before sowing , the seeds are to be treated by soaking the seeds in 0.1% sa

Soil Testing

Need : When land is brought under cropping, grain or fruit and sometimes th the land. Hence, the soil losses a considerable amount of its nutrients (up ta period of time, without nutrients being restored to the soil, its fertility will be r

Apart from removal by crops, nutrients may also be lost from the soil through productivity at the existing levels, it is necessary to restore to the soil, the nu through leaching and erosion.

Continued maintenance of a high level of soil fertility is an indispensable for production. From time to time the inherent fertility of soil has to be evaluated evaluation as listed below: Visual method of diagnosis

Plant analysis (Analysis of whole or part of plant growing on the soil in quest Biological tests in which higher plants or certain micro organisms are used. Soil tests. Field experiments. Advantages Among the different methods soil testing is a better method for the following

Soil testing, being a rapid method, is an advantage over the biological metho consuming. It is also better than deficiency symptoms and plant and tissue a determined before the crop is planted while in the other methods the crop ne grown, by which time it may be late to correct any nutritional deficiencies tha

The main purpose of soil testing is to evaluate the fertility status of the soil. I gypsum recommendation. Laboratory test is a means of making an inventory determining treatments, if any, are needed. Soil test information is then used requirements, cropping history and physical characteristics of the soil for det nutrients and soil amendments, if any, needed for a certain crop or cropping number of soil testing laboratories have been established in the country by t Universities and fertilizer industry for making fertilizer recommendations to fa their soils. This service is generally rendered free of cost.

Methodology

Soil Sampling : Soil tests and their interpretation are based on the soil samp important that soil sample should be properly collected and be representativ interpretation are as reliable as the soil samples drawn. Sampling Procedure

Each field should be sampled separately. When the areas within the field dis of soil, in elevation or area known to have been manured or cropped differen each area sampled separately.

Drawing samples from spots which do not represent the field should be avoi spots, hedges, areas previously occupied by compost heaps, etc. Sampling months of the application of lime, ash or fertilizer.

Proper sampling tool should be used. Samples can be satisfactorily taken wi khurpi. In a very friable soil, a large spoon can also be used.

A composite sample may be taken from each area. After scrapping the surfa from the surface to plough depth (15 to 22 cm deep) from 15 to 20 spots sho about 15 cm x 15 cm and of about 15 cm in depth be made. Than a v-shape

Where crops have been planted in lines, sampling may be done between the

Individual cores or slices should be collected in a clean container. All lumps container or on a clean cloth. The size of the composite sample should be re a kilogram.

The sample should be dried in shade for an hour or two before putting it into testing laboratory. Alkathene bags which are available from soil testing labor used.

Each sample should be identified by name or number to correspond to the fi cultivator's name.

The information sheet furnished by the soil testing laboratory should be filled the chemist to schedule a more accurate fertilizer recommendation. The info container should be sent to the soil testing laboratory.

If standard information sheets are not available, information may be given on

Legal or revenue description of the land (survey number and name of the vil Crops grown in the last two years: Date of lost ploughing of the field: Quantity of lime, gypsum and fertilizer used and when: Date of legumes last grown on the field: Whether green manuring practiced, if so, when: Lay of the land, degree of erosion, drainage, crop growth etc; Crops to be grown in the next year: In the soil testing laboratory, soil samples are analyzed for the following five

PH or soil reaction which indicates whether the soil is acidic, alkaline or norm Total soluble salts which indicates whether the soil is saline or normal : Organic carbon (as a measures of available nitrogen) Available phosphorus Available potash

Whenever facility exists samples are also analyzed for micro nutrients, espe Soil Testing

Based on analysis, soils are classified into three categories i.e., low, medium of each nutrient according to the ratings of soil reaction. Soil Test Interpretation and Fertilizer Recommendations

From the results of analysis of soil samples sent by the farmer and informati prepared in the laboratories. Copies of these reports are sent to the concern

Soil test reports are usually in three main parts. First part indicates results of laboratories give actual analyses as well as the ratings. Second part is fertili

soil analyses, history of the field like cropping pattern, manures and fertilizer quantities of nitrogen (N), Phosphate ( P205), Potash(K20), Zinc (Where fac applied per hectare. Most laboratories also show in the report optimum quan recommendations of the Agriculture departments.

The third part of the report usually indicates time and methods of fertilizer ap the fertilizer use more efficient.

During the relatively short period that soil testing service has been in operati samples have been analyzed in various laboratories. Based on the results o prepared indicating the nutrient status of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium a however, be noted that this is only a broad classification , since it is based o Rating Chart for Soil Test Data Nutrient Organic carbon ( as a measure of available nitrogen) Available nitrogen( N) Low Below o.5 % Medium 0.5 7.5% High

Above 0.75%

Below 280Kg/ha Below Available 10.0 Phosphorus(P) Kg/ha Available Below potassium( K) 110Kg/ha

280Above 560kg/ha 560Kg/ha 10.025Kg/ha Above 25 Kg/ha.

110Above280Kg/ha 280Kg/ha

Soil Types Acids Normal to saline Tending to become alkaline Alkaline

pH Below 6.0 6.0 to 8.5 8.9 to 9.0 Above 9.0

Total Soluble Salts (Conductivity in milli mhos/cm2) Below 1ss normal 1-2 critical for germination critical for growth of 2-4 the sensitive crops Injurious to most Above 4 crops

Classification of Indian Soils

There are 8 major group of soils in India which are furnished below Red Soils

Red colour is due to various oxides of iron. They are poor in N, P, K and with textured with porous structure. Lime is absent with low soluble salts.

Red soils occurs extensively in Andhra Pradesh , Assam, Bihar, Goa, Parts and West Bengal. Most of the red soils have been classified in the order ' Alf Lateritic Soils

Seen in high rainfall areas, under high rainfall conditions silica is released an horizons of soils become rich in oxides of iron and alluminium. The texture is

Clay is predominant and lime is deficient. pH 5 to 6 with low in base exchang well drained. They are distributed in summits of hills of Daccan karnataka, K Orissa, Andhra pradesh, Maharastra and also in West Bengal, Tamilnadu an Most of the laterite soils have bee classified in the order ' ultisols' and a few Alluvial Soils

These are the most important soils from the agriculture point of view. The so colour to dark colour, structure is loose and more fertile. But the soils are low

They are well supplied with lime; base exchange capacity is low, pH ranges Indo-Gangetic plains, Brahmaputra valley and all most all states of North an classified in the orders ' Entisols', ' Inceptisols' and ' Alfisols'. Black Soils

This is well known group of soils characterised by dark grey to black colour w

They are neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction. Deep cracks develop during than a meter to several meters. Poor free drainage results in the soils, base and potash. Major black soils are found in Maharastra, Madhyapradesh, Guj Cotton is most favourable crop to be grown in these soils. These soils are cl and ' vertisols'.

Forest Soils

This group of soils occur in Himalayas. Soils are dark brown with more sub-s Desert Soils

These soils are mostly sandy to loamy fine sand with brown to yellow brown salts and lime with pH ranging 8.0 to 8.5. Nitrogen content is very low.

The presence of Phosphate and Nitrate make the desert soils fertile and pro distributed in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan. They are classified in the order ' A Peaty and Marshy Soils

These soils occur in humid regions with accumulation of high organic matter water and the water receipts after the monsoon during which period rice is c with pH of 3.5. Free alluminium and ferrous sulphate are present.

The depressions formed by dried rivers and lakes in alluvial and coastal area and such soils are blue in colour due to the presence of ferrous iron.

Peaty soils are found more in Kerala and marshy soils are found more in coa - East coast of Tamilnadu. Saline - Sodic Soils

Saline soils contain excess of natural soluble salts dominated by chlorides a or alkali soils contain high exchangeable sodium salts.

Both kinds of salt effected soils occur in different parts of India like Uttarprad Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Rajastan and Andhra pradesh. These soils are classifie

DETAILED SOILS CATEGORIES IN STATE OF PUNJAB Description of codes (LEGEND) FAMILY | PARTICLE SIZE SOIL EROSION CLASS C.L. Coarse loamy e1 Slight Erosion F.L. Fine loamy e2 Moderate Erosion F.S. Fine Silty e3 Severe Erosion CALCAREOUS CLASSES Cal. Calcareous Other units are noncalcareous SOIL SALINITY (EC dS/m) S1 Slight Salinity (0.8-1.6) S2 Moderate Salinity (1.6-2.5) S3 Strong Salinity SOIL SODICITY (Ph 1:2) N1 Slight Sodicity (8.7-9.2) N2 Moderate Sodicity (9.2-9.8) N3 Strong Sodicity (>9.8)

SOIL DRAINAGE Dr2 Poorly Drained Dr3 Imperfectly Drained Dr4 Moderately Well Drained Dr5 Well Drained Dr6 Somewhat Excessively

Drained Dr7 Excessively Drained FLOODING (% area flooded) F1 Slight Flooding (<25%) F2 Moderate Flooding (2550%) 62,/&$7(*25,(6,1381-$% 1. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr6, e3, mod, stony (Typic Udorthents)/ C.L. Soils, Dr7, e2 (Typic Euthrochrepts) 2. F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr6, e3, mod, stony (Typic Udorthents)/ F.L. Soils, Dr7, e2 (Typic Euthrochrepts) 3. Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, e3, mod, stony (Typic Ustorthents)/ Sandy. Soils, Dr7, e3, mod, stony (Typic Euthrochrepts) 4. L.Sk. Soils, Cal., Dr6, e3, mod. (Typic Ustorthents)/ Sandy. Soils, Dr7, e3, mod, stony (Typic Ustipsamments) C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr6, e3, mod, stony (Typic

Ustorthents) 5. L.Sk. Soils, Cal., Dr6, e3, mod. (Typic Ustorthents)/ Sandy. soils, Dr7, e3, (Typic Ustipsamments) C.L. Soils with loamy surface, Dr6, e3, slightly stony (Typic Ustochrepts) 6. L.Sk. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, mod. Gravelly (Typic Udorthents)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Fluventic Euthrochrepts) 7. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Typic Euthrochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2 (Fluventic Euthrochrepts) 8. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Typic Euthrochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2 (Dystric Euthrochrepts) 9. C.L. over sandy Soils, Cal., Dr6, e1, (Typic Ustifluvents)/ Sandy soils, Cal., Dr7, e2 (Typic Ustochrepts)

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts) 10. Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, e2, (Typic Ustipsamments)/ C.L. Soils with loamy surface, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Fluventic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. over Sandy soils, Cal., Dr6, e1 (Typic Ustifluvents) 11. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Typic Ustifluvents)/ Sandy soils, Cal., Dr7, e2 (Typic Ustipsamments) C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts) 12. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustifluvents)/ F.L. soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustorthents) 13. C.L. sandy Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustifluvents)/ C.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustorthents) 14. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ Sandy soils, Dr7, e2 (Typic Ustorthents) C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2 (Fluventic

Ustochrepts) 15. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr7, e2 (Typic Ustifluvents) C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2 (Typic Ustipsamments) 16. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts) 17. Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, e2, (Typic Ustipsamments)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts) 18. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts) 19. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ Stratified C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustifluvents) 20. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts) C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustifluvents)

21.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts) C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2 (Typic Ustorthents)

22.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ Sandy over loamy Soils, Cal., Dr6, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts)

23.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Typic Haplustalfs)

24.

F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts)

25.

F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Typic Haplustalfs)

26.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, e1, (Fluventic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Fluventic Ustochrepts)

27.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, e1, (Fluventic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustifluvents)

28.

F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1, (Typic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ *** F.L. Soils, Dr5, nearly level, e1 (Typic Haplustalfs)

29.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, S1, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., S1, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)

30.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, S1, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, S1, N1 (Typic Ustipsamments)

31.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S1, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr3, S2, N2 (Aeric Halaquepts)

32.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, S1, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S2, N2 (Natric Ustochrepts)

33.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S2, N2 (Natric Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S2, N2

(Typic Halaquepts) 34. F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S1, N2 (Natric Ustochrepts) F.L. Soils, Dr2, S2, N2 (Aeric Halaquepts) 35. F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S1, N1 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S2, N2 (Typic Ustochrepts) 36. F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4 (Typic Naturstalfs )/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S1, N1 (Natric Ustochrepts) 37. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4 (Typic Ustochrepts)/ C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S1, N1 (Fluventic Ustochrepts)/ F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S2, N2 (Natric Ustochrepts) 38. Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, F2, (Typic Ustipsamments)/ C.L. over sandy Soils, Cal., Dr5, F1, (Typic Ustifluvents)

39.

Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, e2, (Typic Ustipsamments)/ C.L. over sandy Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2, (Typic Ustifluvents) / F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e2 (Typic Ustochrepts)

40.

C.L. over sandy Soils, Cal., Dr5 (Typic Ustifluvents)/ Sandy Soils, F2, Cal., Dr7, (Typic Ustipsamments)

41.

F.L. over sandy Soils, F2, Cal., Dr5 (Typic Ustifluvents)/ F.L. over Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr5, (Typic Ustifluvents)/ Sandy Soils, Cal., Dr7, e2 (Typic Ustipsamments)

42.

F.L. Soils, F1, Cal., Dr2, S2, N1 (Aeric Halaquepts) / F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr4, S1 (Typic Ustochrepts)

43.

Sandy soils, Dr7, moderate wind erosion (Ustic Torripsamments)/ C.L.Soils, Cal., Dr5, moderate wind erosion (Ustic Haplocambids)

44.

C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1(Ustic Haplocambids)

/ Sandy soils, Cal., Dr7, e1(Ustic Torripsamments) 45. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1(Ustic Haplocambids) / Sandy over loamy soils, Cal., Dr6, e1 (Ustic Haplocambids) 46. C.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1(Ustic Haplocambids) / F.L. soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Ustic Haplocambids) 47. F.L. Soils, Cal., Dr5, e1(Ustic Haplocambids) / C.L. soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Ustic Haplocambids) 48. Sandy soils, Dr7, e1(Ustic Torripsamments)/ F.L. over sandy soils, Cal., Dr5, e1 (Ustic Torrifluvents) 49. Sandy soils, Cal., Dr6, S2, N1 (Ustic Torripsamments)/ C.L. soils, Cal., Dr4, S2, N1(Ustic Haplocambids) 50. C.L. Soils, Dr4, S2, N2 (Ustic Haplocambids)

/ C.L. soils, Dr4, S2, N3 (Ustic Haplocambids)

Source : Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana