SHAPES OF MOLECULES
Chapter-3
Dr. Raj Karpoormath
“sp” Hybridization: all 2 Region
Species
Be 2
e C
B l 2 l
C e
B l
C 2Cl 14
16 e's/2= 8 prs
l
C e
B l
C (octet violator)
Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 2
l
C e
B l
C shape : LINEAR
bond angles: 180o
Hybridization of Be in BeCl2
Valence e’s
Hybrid sp orbitals:
1 part s, 1 part p
Atomic Be: 1s2 2s2
Energy
2p separate "hybridize"
2p
"sp" "sp"
2s 2s
"arrange"
Be is said to be
e
B
"sp hybridized"
(VSEPR)
FORMATION OF BeCl2:
Each Chlorine atom, 1s22s22p63s23p5 , has one
unshared electron in a p orbital. The half filled
p orbital overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid
sp orbital of the beryllium to form a sigma bond.
l
C e
B l
C
l
C e
B l
C
l
C e
B l
C
sp hybridized, linear, 180o bond angles
“sp2” Hybridization: All 3 Region Species
F
B 3
F
B 3 F B F 3F 21
24 e's/2= 12 prs
F B F (octet violator)
Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 3
F shape : TRIGONAL PLANAR
bond angles: 120o
B
F F
Hybridization of B in BF3
Hybrid sp2 orbitals:
Valence e’s 1 part s, 2 parts p
Atomic B : 1s2 2s2 2p1
Energy
2p separate "hybridize"
2p
"sp2" "sp2" "sp2"
2s 2s
"arrange"
B is said to be
B
"sp2 hybridized"
(VSEPR)
FORMATION OF BF3:
Each fluorine atom, 1s22s22p5, has one unshared
electron in a p orbital. The half filled p orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp2 orbital
of the boron to form a sigma bond.
sp2 hybridized, TRIGONAL PLANAR,
120o bond angles
F
F
B
B
F F
F F
“sp3” Hybridization: All 4 Region Species
C 4
H
C 4 H 4H 4
8
H C H 8 e's /2 = 4 pr
Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 4
H
shape : TETRAHEDRAL
bond angles: 109.5o
C
H H
H
Hybridization of C in CH4
Valence e’s Hybrid sp3 orbitals:
1 part s, 3 parts p
Atomic C : 1s2 2s2 2p2
Energy
2p separate "hybridize"
2p
"sp3" "sp3" "sp3" "sp3"
2s 2s
"arrange"
C is said to be
C "sp3 hybridized"
(VSEPR)
FORMATION OF CH4:
Each hydrogen atom, 1s1, has one unshared
electron in an s orbital. The half filled s orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3 orbital
of the carbon to form a sigma bond.
sp3hybridized, TETRAHEDRAL,
109.5o bond angles
H
H
C C
H
H H H
H H
Unshared Pairs, Double or Triple Bonds
Unshared pairs occupy a hybridized orbital the
same as bonded pairs: See the example of NH3
that follows.
Double and triple bonds are formed from electrons
left behind and unused in p orbitals. Since all
multiple bonds are formed on top of sigma bonds,
the hybridization of the single (σ) bonds determine
the hybridization and shape of the molecule...
N 5
3H 3
H
N 3 H N H 8e's/2=4 prs
H
H N H
Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 4
shape : TETRAHEDRAL
bond angles: < 109.5o
N
H H
H
Hybridization of N in NH3
Valence e’s
Atomic N: 1s2 2s2 2p3
Energy
"hybridize"
2p
"sp3" "sp3" "sp3" "sp3"
2s
"arrange"
N is said to be
N "sp3 hybridized"
(VSEPR)
FORMATION OF NH3:
Each hydrogen atom, 1s1, has one unshared
electron in an s orbital. The half filled s orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3 orbital
of the nitrogen to form a sigma bond.
sp3hybridized, TETRAHEDRAL,
~107o bond angles
N N
H
H H H
H H
Group Work 13.1
Describe Hybridization of C and shape of following
species:
CO, CO2, HCN, CH2O, CO32- , CBr4
C O O C O H C N
O O 2 Br
C C C
H H O O Br
Br
Br
“sp3d” Hybridization: All 5 Region Species
F
P 5
F F 5F 35
F
P P
5 40
F 40 e's /2 = 20 pr
F
F
F F
P
F
F
Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 5
F
F shape : TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
bond angles: 90, 120, 180o
P F
F
F
Hybridization of P in PF5 P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
Energy
3d 3d
separate
3p 3p
3s 3s
"hybridize"
"sp3d" "sp3d" "sp3d" "sp3d" "sp3d"
"arrange"
P is said to be
P "sp3d hybridized"
(VSEPR)
FORMATION OF PF5:
Each fluorine atom, 1s22s22p5, has one unshared
electron in a p orbital. The half filled p orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3d orbital
of the phosphorus to form a sigma bond.
sp3d hybridized, TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL,
90, 120, 180o bond angles
F
F
F
F
P F P F
F F
F
F
“sp3d2” Hybridization: All 6 Region Species
F
S 6
F F 6F 42
F
S S
6 48
F F
48 e's /2 = 24 pr
F
F
F F
S
F F
F
Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 6
F
F F shape : OCTAHEDRAL
bond angles: 90, 180o
S
F F
F
Hybridization of S in SF6 S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Energy
3d 3d
separate
3p 3p
3s 3s
"hybridize"
"sp3d2"
"arrange"
S is said to be
S "sp3d2 hybridized"
(VSEPR)
FORMATION OF SF6:
Each fluorine atom, 1s22s22p5, has one unshared
electron in a p orbital. The half filled p orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3d2 orbital
of the phosphorus to form a sigma bond.
sp3d hybridized, TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL,
90, 120, 180o bond angles
F
F
F
F F F
S
S
F F
F F
F
F
Group Work 13.2
Describe hybridization of S and shape of species
in SF2, SO2, SO32- , SF3+, SF4, SF5-
2-
S
S S
F
O O O O
F O
F F
F
F
S S
S
F F F
F F
F F
F
Summary: Regions, Shapes and Hybridization
#, regions shape hybridization
2 linear sp
2
3 trigonal sp
planar
3
4 tetrahedral sp
3
5 trigonal sp d
bipyramidal
3 2
6 octahedral sp d
“BOTTOM LINE”
IF you can draw a Lewis structure for a species,
and count electronic regions around central atom,
you can immediately determine:
• the shape of the species about the central atom
• the hybridization of the species based on the
central atom
