Fractures: Simple close Compound Open Cardinal signs Swelling Tenderness Pain Crepitus Loss of function Treating fractures:

Reduction Realignment Rehab Stages of Bone Healing: Hematoma formation Cellular proliferation Callus formation Ossification Consolidation and remodelling GADGETSTraction Manual Traction Skeletal Traction Skin Traction (adhesive skin traction and non-adhesive skin traction)I. SKELETAL TYPE OF TRACTION1. Halo femoral traction Halo pelvic traction 90-90 degrees severe scoliosis2. scoliosis3.

sub-trochanteric of the femur4. supracondylar of the humerus5. hip and femur affectionII.

Overhead traction

Balanced skeletal traction (BST) SKIN ADHESIVE TRACTION1. Dunlop traction

supracondylar fracture of the humerus2.

Bryant s traction hip and femur affection for children ages 6 years old or 3 years old andbelow; congenital hip dislocation3. Buck s extension Zero degree hip and femur affection for adults4.

for the neck of the humerusIII.

SKIN NON-ADHESIVE TRACTION1. Cotrel combination of head halter and pelvic girdle traction; for scoliosis2. for lumbo-sacral affection; for HNP (herniated nucleus pulposus)3. pelvic affections4.

Pelvic girdle traction

Hammock s suspension Head halter traction Boot cast traction paralysis

for cervical spine affection5. special type of traction for hip and knee contractures and post-polio withresidual

Casts (it can be either plaster of paris or made up of fiber glass)(purposes): Immobilization Support Prevent and correct fractures Maintain good alignment Elevation Model in making and artificial limbPrinciples for application: Immobilized the joint below and joint above Always apply a padding material Apply the cast in circular motion using the palmEquipments in removal: Cast cutter Cast spreader Cast knife Bandage scissorsI. UPPER EXTREMITIES1. Body cast Minerva lower thoracic and upper lumbar2. upper dorsal; cervical spine3. scoliosis4.

Rizzer s jacket Collar cast Hanging cast Functional cast

cervical cast affection5. fracture of the shaft of the humerus6. fracture of the shaft of the humerus with callus formation7. fracture of the radius and ulna8. fracture of the radius and ulna with wound swellingand infection9. fracture of the wrist and finger with open wound swelling andinfection10.

Long arm circular cast Long arm posterior mold Short arm posterior mold Munster/fuenster cast

fracture of the radius and ulna with callus formation11.

Shoulder spica cast

fracture of the upper portion of the humerus and the shoulder joint12.

Sugar tong fracture of the upper portion of the humerus and shoulder joint with open woundswelling and infection13. Airplane cast fracture of the neck of the humerus/recurrent shoulder dislocation14. fracture of the first metacarpal bone

Thumb spica cast II.

LOWER EXTREMITIES1. Pantalon cast Brace cast pelvic affections2. fracture of the distal third of femur with callus formation3. fracture of the shaft of the femur with callus formation4. hip and femur affections5.

Quadrilateral cast

Double hip spica cast 1 hip spica cast Single hip spica cast Basket cast Frog cast Delvit cast Cylinder cast Cylinder mould

hip and femur affections6. hip and femur affections7.

severe/massive bone injury8. for congenital hip dislocations9. fracture of the distal third of the tibia-fibula with callus formation10. for patellar affections11. fracture of the patella with open wound swelling and infection12. fracture of the hip and femur with open wound swelling and infection13. tibia and fibula affections14. ankles, tarsals/ and metatarsals affections15. tibia-fibula with callus formation16.

Single hip spica mould Long leg circular cast Short leg circular cast

Patellar tendon bearing cast (PTB) Long leg posterior mould Short leg posterior mould infection18.

tibia-fibula affections with open wound swelling and infection17. ankles, tarsals and metatarsals affections with open wound swellingand

Internal rotator board/splint hip surgery (partial and total hip surgery)Braces weakened muscles, bones and joints(purposes): y Immobilization y Support y Prevent and correct fracture y Maintain good body alignment y Control involuntary movements y Permits patient to walk without fatigue1. Shuntz collar-cervical spine affections2. Philadelphia collar Forester cervical spine affections3.

mechanical support for

cervico thoraco lumbar spine affections4. upper thoracic affections; pott s disease5. lower thoracic and upper lumbar affections6.

Taylor brace Jewett s brace Chairback Yamamoto Milwaukee 9.

lumbo sacral affections; HNP (herniated nucleus pulposus)7. scoliosis8. scoliosis

Unilateral long leg brace Bilateral long leg brace Openheimer Banjo splint

post-polio with residual paralysis10. post-polio with residual paralysis11.

residual nerve paralysis12. peripheral nerve paralysis13. clubfoot14. spinal injuries

Dennis browne shoes

SOMI (sterno-occipito-mandibular-immobilizer)