(Distributed control system)
(DCS)
In a DCS, controllers are often distributed across the
plant, with each dedicated controller responsible for a
specific area or process.
This distributed architecture allows for greater flexibility,
scalability, and fault tolerance, as the failure of a single
controller does not shut down the entire system.
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DCS components
Human
Controllers machine
interface
I/O modules
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(1)Controllers :
Controllers are responsible for executing control
algorithms and managing the overall system.
The control center receives input data from
sensors, process the data according to
predefined control logic, and sends output
signals to actuators to control the process
variables.
Single loop controller:
These are the simplest form of controllers, designed to
control a single process variable. They use a single
input and output channel and are typically used for
basic control tasks, such as flow rate, temperature, or
pressure control.
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Multi loop controller:
They have several input and output channels and
can handle complex control tasks.
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(2) I/O Module :
Input/output (I/O) modules are the interface between
the control room and the field devices, such as
sensors, actuators, and other process equipment.
I/O modules are responsible for collecting data from
sensors, converting it into digital signals, and
transmitting it to the controllers for processing.
Similarly, they receive control signals from the
controllers and convert them into appropriate output
signals to drive actuators and other devices.
Analog IO modules
There are various types of I/O modules, each designed
for specific applications and signal types.
Analog input modules:
Analog output modules:
Digital input modules:
Digital output modules:
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(3) Human machine interface :
A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) or operating system
provides a graphical interface for operators to monitor
and control industrial processes.
HMIs enable operators to visualize process data,
interact with DCS control algorithms, and perform
various tasks, such as adjusting setpoints,
acknowledging alarms, and initiating manual control
actions.
Functionalities of HMIs :
1. Graphical representation of process data in the form
of bar graphs, trends and gauges.
2.Adjusting set points, initiating manual control actions,
acknowledging alarms.
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3. HMIs display alarms in a priortized manner, allowing
operators to quickly identify and address the most
critical issues.
4.Historical data analysis can be done for
troubleshooting , process optimization and decision
making.
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