Nanoscience and technology (3170509)

Ch 1 : Introduction to nanotechnology
Contents
• Introduction
• Definition
• History
• Effects of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in different fields
What is nanoscience
and nanotechnology?
• Nanoscience refers to the study, manipulation and
engineering of matter, particles and structures on the
nanometer scale (one millionth of a millimeter, the scale of
atoms and molecules)
• Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience leading
to the use of new nanomaterials and nanosize components
in useful products. Nanotechnology will eventually provide
us with the ability to design custom-made materials and
products with new enhanced properties
• Nanoscience is a convergence of physics, materials science
and biology, which deal with manipulation of materials at
atomic and molecular scales; while nanotechnology is the
ability to observe measure, manipulate, assemble, control,
and manufacture matter at the nanometer scale.
Introduction
• Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century.
• It is the ability to convert the nanoscience theory to useful applications by
observing, measuring, manipulating, assembling, controlling and manufacturing
matter at the nanometer scale.
• The prefix nano in the word nanotechnology means a billionth (1 x 10−9).
• Nanoscience is the study of structures and molecules on the scales of nanometers
ranging between 1 and 100 nm, and the technology that utilizes it in practical
applications such as devices etc. is called nanotechnology.
• As a comparison, one must realize that a single human hair is 60,000 nm thickness
and the DNA double helix has a radius of 1 nm.
• Nanotechnology deals with various structures of matter having dimensions of the
order of a billionth of a meter.
• It has been said that a nanometer is “ a magical point on the length scale, for this is
the point where the smallest man made devices meet the atoms and molecules of
the natural world”.
• In a recent report of the National Science Foundation to the President’s Office of
Science and Technology Policy it was stated that “Nanoscience and technology will
change the nature of almost every human made object in the next century.”
Definition
• The term “nanotechnology” has been getting a lot of attention in
the media in the past few years. News stories have heralded
nanotechnology as the next scientific revolution–with promises of
faster computers, cures for cancer and solutions to the energy crisis,
to name a few.
• Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and engineering
devoted to designing, producing, and using structures, devices, and
systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale, i.e.
having one or more dimensions of the order of
100 nanometres (100 millionth of a millimetre) or less.
• The formal definition of nanotechnology the National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is: “Nanotechnology is the
from
understanding and control of matter at dimensions between
approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena
enable novel applications.”
Definition
• There are several definitions of nanotechnology and of the products
of nanotechnology, often these been generated for specific
purposes.
• Scope of nanoscience and nanotechnology used by the UK Royal
Society and Royal Academy of Engineering in their 2004 report
(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering 2004) adequately
expresses nanotechnology concept.
• This suggests that the range of the nanoscale is from
the atomic level, at around 0.2 nm up to around 100nm.
• It is within this range that materials can have substantially different
properties compared to the same substances at larger sizes, both
because of the substantially increased ratio of surface area to mass,
and also because quantum effects begin to play a role at these
dimensions, leading to significant changes in several types of
physical property.
Definition
• The present Opinion uses the various terms of nanotechnology in a manner
consistent with the recently published Publicly Available Specification on the
Vocabulary for Nanoparticles of the British Standards Institution (BSI 2005), in
which the following definitions for the major general terms are proposed:
• Nanoscale: having one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nm or less.
• Nanoscience: the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials
at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale.
• Nanotechnology: the design, characterization, production and application of
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.
• Nanomaterial: material with one or more external dimensions, or an internal
structure, which could exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same
material without nanoscale features.
• Nanoparticle: particle with one or more dimensions at the nanoscale. (Note: In
the present report, nanoparticles are considered to have two or more
dimensions at the nanoscale).
• Nanocomposite: composite in which at least one of the phases has at least one
dimension on the nanoscale.
• Nanostructured: having a structure at the nanoscale,
History
• NANOTECHNOLOGY IS REALLY NOT THAT NEW:
• It is known that in the fourth-century A.D. Roman glassmakers were fabricating glasses containing Nano
sized metals.
• The invention from this period called the Lycurgus cup. The cup is made from soda lime glass containing
silver and gold nanoparticles.
• The color of the cup changes from green to a deep red when a light source is placed inside it.
• The great varieties of beautiful colors of the windows of medieval cathedrals are due to the presence of
metal nanoparticles in the glass.
• Photography is an advanced and mature technology, developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, which depends on production of silver nanoparticles sensitive to light.
• In the late eighteenth century the British scientists Thomas Wedgewood and Sir Humprey Davy were able
to produce images using silver nitrate and chloride, but their images were not permanent.
• Interestingly James Clark Maxwell produced the first color photograph in 1861.
• Around 1883 the American inventor George Eastman (later found the Kodak Corporation) produced a film
consisting of a long paper strip coated with an emulsion containing silver halides. He later developed this
into a flexible film that could be rolled, which made photography accessible to many.
• In 1959, Physics Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman gave a talk at Caltech on the occasion of the American
Physical Society meeting. The talk was entitled, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.”
• In this lecture, Feynman made the hypothesis “Why can’t we write the entire 24 volumes of the
Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”, and described a vision of using machines to construct
smaller machines and down to the molecular level.
• This new idea demonstrated that Feynman’s hypotheses have been proven correct, and for these
reasons, he is considered the father of modern nanotechnology.
History
• In 1990, the scientists analyzed the cup using a TEM to explain
phenomenon of dichroism (two colors) which is due to the presence
of nanoparticles with 50-100 nm in dia.
• As the Lycurgus cup is recognized as one of the oldest synthetic
nanomaterials, a similar effect is seen in late medieval church
windows, shining a luminous red and yellow colors due to the fusion
of Au and Ag nanoparticles into the glass.
• During the 9th–17th centuries, glowing, glittering “luster” ceramic
glazes used in the Islamic world, and later in Europe contained Ag
or copper (Cu) or other nanoparticles.
• The Italians also employed nanoparticles in creating pottery during
16th century.
• They were influenced by Ottoman techniques: during the 13th–18th
centuries, to produce “Damascus” saber blades, cementite
nanowires and carbon nanotubes were used to provide strength,
resilience, and the ability to hold a keen edge.
• In 1857, Michael Faraday studied the preparation and properties of
colloidal suspensions of “Ruby” gold. Their unique optical and
electronic properties make them some of the most interesting
nanoparticles.
Effects of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in different
• What are these “nanothings” that are going to change our lives?
fields
Perhaps the best way to begin to convey the possibilities is to list topical
areas that nanotehcnology promises the effect.
• Pharmacy: it may be possible to create biomolecules that could release
cancer-fighting nanoparticles or chemicals in response to a distress
signal from an affected cell.
• Therapeutic drugs: it is now possible to produce new solid state
medicines by simply producing them in nanoparticle form . Due to high
surface areas of these small particles, increases its solubility in
bloodstream than normal micro particles cannot.
• Tagging of DNA and DNA chips: Nanoparticles assay of DNA has been
possible by coating gold nanoparticles with DNA Strands. when these
exposed to complementary DNA, binding occurs and causes the
colloidal gold particles to aggregate and color change take place.
• Microarrays to detect and help identify DNA samples have been built by
creating devices upto 100,000 different known DNA sequences. When
unknown target DNA sequences match with any of the DNA chip arrays,
then binding occurs and unknown sequence is identified by its position
on the array.
Effects of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in different
fields
• Information storage: Nanoparticles have already found their way
into modern audio and videotape and disks. Further advances will
be made with smaller and smaller sizes and with control of
magnetic coercivity and optical absorption, so that much denser
media should be possible.
• Refrigeration: on application of magnetic field the entropy of a
magnetic species changes, and if adiabatic conditions are
maintained, the application of the field will result in a temp change.
This ΔT is the magnetocaloric effect, its magnitude depending upon
size of the magnetic moment, heat capacity and temp dependence
of the magnetization.
• If nanoparticles with large magnetic moments and adequate
coercivity can be obtained, the magnetocaloric effect may allow
refrigeration on practical scale.
• Chemical/Optical Computers: Organized two-dimensional arrays of
metal or semiconductor nanoparticles exhibits special optical and
magnetic properties. These materials hold promise in numerous
applications in electronics industry including optical computers
Effects of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in different
fields
• Improved Ceramics and Insulators: The compression of nanoscale
ceramic particles yields more flexible solid objects, apparently
because of the multitude of grain boundaries that exist.
• Harder Metals: nanoparticle metals when compressed into solid
objects exhibit unusual surface hardness.
• Film Precursors: similar to their use in inks, nanoaqeous metallic
colloidal solutions have proven useful as precursor for thin film
formation when used as spray paints.
• Catalysts: heterogeneous catalyst is dependent on nanoparticles of
metals and research on the effect of particle size and shape has
been and continuous to be a vigorous field.
• Sensors: porous aggregates of semiconductor nanoparticles can be
prepared by low-load compression. As these materials maintain high
surface areas, more gas to be detected is adsorbed per unit mass
compared with normal compressed powders.
Effects of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in different
fields
• Nanostructured Electrodes: nanoscale metal crystallites can be grown by rapid
electrodeposition due to very high nucleation rates and thereby reduced
crystallite growth. Magnetic metals such as iron can then form dense magnetic
solids with soft magnetic properties. These materials are useful for transformers.
• Improved polymers: there are almost magical effects produced when
Nanopowders are added to polymer matrices. The nanopowder can be in the
form of fine particles, needlelike structures or platelets. Because of such
addition strength of composite is greatly increased.
• Self cleaning and unusual coloring in paints: when paints are doped with
light- absorbing nanoparticles, such as 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 , the paints are self-cleaning. The
mechanism by which this happens is related to photooxidation of contaminants
by 𝑇𝑖𝑂2in water.
• Smart magnetic fluids: Ferrofluids are colloidal solutions containing small
magnetic particles stabilized with surfactant ligands. With improvements,
ferrofluids can be use as cooling fluids, nanoscale bearings, magnetically
controlled heat conductors and magnetic acids in separation of ores in mining
and scrap metal separations.
• Improved National Security: the use of high surface area reactive nanoparticles
as destructive adsorbents for decontamination of chemical and biological
warfare agents has proven quite effective and allows rapid response with few
logistical problems.
Effects of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in different
fields
• Environmental/Green chemistry
• Solar cells: Semiconductor nanoparticles with size-tunable band
gapes hold the potential for more efficient solar cells for both
photovoltaic and water splitting.
• Remediation: photoexcitation of fine particles of semiconductors
leads to electron-hole pairs that are useful for both oxidation and
reduction of pollutants, for use in decontaminating water.
• Water Purification: Reactive metal fine powders (Fe, Zn) show high
reactivity toward chlorocarbons in an aqueous environment. These
results have led to the successful implementation of porous metal
powder-sand membranes for groundwater decontamination.
• Destructive Adsorbents: Nanoparticles metal oxides exhibit high
intrinsic surface reactivities and high surface areas and strongly
chemisorb acidic gases and polar organics. Since dissociative is
usually observed, these new materials have been dubbed
“destructive adsorbents” and are finding use in anti-
chemical/biological warfare in air purification.
References
:• Nanoscale materials in Chemistry, K.J. Klabunde,
Wiley, 2001
• Introduction to Nanotechnology, C.P. Poole
Jr. and F.J.Owens, Wiley, 2003.
• Bayda, S., Adeel, M., Tuccinardi, T., & Cordani, M.
(2020). The History of Nanoscience
and
Nanotechnology : From Chemical Physical
– Applications.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010112 January.