Group 5: Nanoworld

Reporters:
Bea Elaine Mata
Jennelyn Quiming
Nemie Jauod Garcia
Francis Dominic Cuyos
CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION

• Definition
• History and Development
• Benefits
• How it works
• Distinct features
• Government funding and efforts
• Social and ethical consideration and examples.
 Definition of
Nanoworld
• According to the Collins Dictionary Nano
world is the world at a microscopic level,
as dealt with by nanotechnology.
• The prefix ‘nano’ is referred to a Greek
prefix meaning ‘dwarf’ or something very
small. It means one-billionth, or 10-9;
therefore one nanometer is one-billionth
of a meter.
• The two terms used in the literature with
reference to the world of nano materials
are nanoscience and nanotechnology.
• Nanoscience refers to the scientific study of
materials of nanometer size, and is a combination
of developments in solid state chemistry,
synthetic chemistry, molecular biology, solid state
physics and engineering, and scanning tunneling
microscopy.
 Nanotechnology refers to various
Nanotechnology refers to various
technologies to produce materials of
technologies to produce materials of
extra high precision and dimensions on
extra high precision and dimensions on
the scale of one-billionth of a meter. It
the scale of one-billionth of a meter. It
implies the ability to generate and utilize
implies the ability to generate and utilize
structures, components, and devices with
structures, components, and devices with
a size range from about 0.1nm to about
a size range from about 0.1nm to about
100nm. Nano world is a highly integrated
100nm. Nano world is a highly integrated
and extensively broad area of research
and extensively broad area of research
and development.
and development.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

 History and
Development
• Nanoparticles and structures have
been used by humans in fourth
century AD, by the Roman,
which demonstrated one of the
most interesting examples of
nanotechnology in the ancient
world. The Lycurgus cup, from
the British Museum collection,
represents one of the most
outstanding achievements in
ancient glass industry. It is the
oldest famous example of
dichroic glass.
• A similar effect is seen in
late medieval church
windows, shining a
luminous red and yellow
colors due to the fusion of
Au and Ag nanoparticles
into the glass. Figure
shows an example of the
effect of these
nanoparticles with different
sizes to the stained glass
windows.
 How It Started?

The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard

Feynman introduce the concept of nanotechnology in 1959.
During the annual meeting of the American Physical Society,
Feynman presented a lecture entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom” at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
In this lecture, Feynman made the hypothesis “Why can’t we
write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on
the head of a pin?”, and described a vision of using machines to
construct smaller machines and down to the molecular level .
This new idea demonstrated that Feynman’s hypotheses have
been proven correct, and for these reasons, he is considered the
father of modern nanotechnology.

Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of

nanotechnology.
• After fifteen years, Norio Taniguchi, a
Japanese scientist was the first to use
and define the term “nanotechnology”
in 1974 as:
• “nanotechnology mainly consists of
the processing of separation,
consolidation, and deformation of
materials by one atom or one
molecule”
• the physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer invented a new type of
microscope at IBM Zurich Research
Laboratory, the Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM) [19,20]. The STM uses
a sharp tip that moves so close to a
conductive surface that the electron
wave functions of the atoms in the tip
overlap with the surface atom wave
functions. When a voltage is applied,
electrons “tunnel” through the vacuum
gap from the atom of the tip into the
surface (or vice versa). In 1983, the group
published the first STM image of the
Si(111)-7 × 7 reconstructed surface,
which nowadays can be routinely imaged
 In 1986, Binnig and Rohrer received the Nobel Prize in Physics “for their design of the STM”.
This invention led to the development of the atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning probe
microscopes (SPM), which are the instruments of choice for nanotechnology researchers today.

• A few years later, in 1990, Don Eigler of IBM in Almaden and his colleagues used a STM to
manipulate 35 individual xenon atoms on a nickel surface and formed the letters of IBM logo. The
STM was invented to image surfaces at the atomic scale and has been used as a tool with which
atoms and molecules can be manipulated to create structures. The tunneling current can be used to
selectively break or induce chemical bonds.
• Sumio Iijima is a Senior Research Fellow at NEC's Central Research Laboratories, who inspired the world
with his discovery of new carbon nanotube materials in 1991. He stated "My ambition is to accelerate
Japan's creativity with new materials“
• Carbon nanotubes are extremely small, nanometer (one billionth of a meter) sized tube-like structures made
of carbon material, as their name suggests.
• They have extraordinary electrical conductivity, and depending on their structure they can be made into
semiconductors or even metals. They also have other fascinating characteristics, such as being several
dozen times stronger than steel. Meanwhile, carbon nanohorns are a type of carbon nanotube consisting of
spheres of horn-like shapes clustered together.
Benefits and application of
Nanotechnology
• As with the spread of any powerful new
technology, there are likely to be a range of
negative as well as positive outcomes
associated with nanotechnology.

• For example, how do manufactured

nanoparticles interact with biological systems
of the human body and what health effects
may this have? In laboratory tests some
nanomaterials have been shown to affect the
formation of fibrous protein tangles, which
are similar to those seen in some brain
diseases. There is some evidence that
nanoparticles could lead to genetic damage.
Nanoparticles have also been examined for
their impact on the heart and blood vessels.
• Advances in nanotechnology also present numerous challenges and risks in health and
environmental areas. Nanotechnology risk assessment methods and protocols need to be
developed and implemented by the regulatory bodies. The overproduction or chronic
production of reactive oxygen species can cause inflammatory reactions, tissue changes
and DNA, protein and lipid damage. Nanoparticles also cause mechanical damage within
the cells and thus trigger oxidative stress.
• Nanotechnology supporters believe that it has the potential to transform our lives
dramatically, while opponents of nanotechnology fear that self-replicating "nanobots"
could escape from laboratories and reduce all life on earth to "gray goo.
• Long-term exposure to nanoparticles, particularly as they become more common in
everyday items, is something that needs to be monitored. Dr Sam Bruschi, toxicologist and
member of the Nanotech Advisory Group of the National Industrial Chemicals Notification
and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) noted that carbon nanotubes, about 5,000 tons of
which are produced each year for commercial use, have been shown to produce cancer in
animal testing, and many resemble the shape and size of asbestos fibers.

• The way that nanomaterials interact with the environment also needs further study. How a
particle behaves in the lab may be very different to how it behaves in water, air or soil, and
how it interacts with organic matter. Indeed, the way nanoparticles behave in the
environment depends not only on their individual physical and chemical characters, but
also on the character of the receiving environment (whether it is hot, wet, acidic and so on).
• There is also the possibility that nanomaterials may move from organism to organism,
or through food chains. The fact that there are many different types of nanomaterials
means there is the potential for a wide range of effects. Some experiments have shown
that they could have harmful effects on invertebrates and fish, including changes to
their behavior, development and reproduction.

• Risk assessment and testing needs to keep pace with the technology, especially as the
use of nanomaterials expands into the production of ever more consumer goods.
Testing needs to include methods for estimating exposure and identifying hazards.
• Nanotechnology in the area of medicine will include automated diagnosis. This in turn will
translate into fewer patients requiring physical evaluation, less time needed to make a diagnosis,
less human error, and wider access to health care facilities. And, with nanomedicines, if the
average human life span increases, the larger number of elderly persons requiring medical
attention will likely result in increased health expenditures.
• It is essential for nanotechnology stakeholders to strive to achieve four social objectives:
• (1) developing a strong understanding of local and global forces and issues that affect people and
societies,
• (2) guiding local/global societies to appropriate uses of technology,
• (3) alerting societies to technological risks and failures, and
• (4) developing informed and ethical personal decision-making and leadership to solve problems
in a technological world.

• Precautionary principle states that when human activities may lead to threats of serious and
irreversible damage to the environment that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions shall
be taken to avoid or diminish that threat.
• References:
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286586042_Nanoworld_of_science_and_technology#:~:text=Abstract,governmen
ts%2C%20industries%2C%20and%20academicians.&text=Nanotechnology%20refers%20to%20various%20technologies,one
%2Dbillionth%20of%20a%20meter
• https://www.science.org.au/curious/nanoscience#:~:text=Nanowires%2Ftubes%20have%20diameters%20in,of%20carbon
%20one%20atom%20thick
• https://www.science.org.au/curious/nanoscience#:~:text=Nanowires%2Ftubes%20have%20diameters%20in,of%20carbon
%20one%20atom%20thick
• https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition#:~:text=Over%20a%20decade%20later%2C%20in,atoms%2C%20that
%20modern%20nanotechnology%20began
• https://www.qscience.com/content/papers/10.5339/qproc.2015.elc2014.57#:~:text=Despite%20many%20benefits%20of
%20nanotechnology,issues%20involved%20in%20its%20implementation.&text=The%20social%20implications%20of
%20nanotechnology,privacy%2C%20environment%2C%20and%20security.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982820/