Chapter 3
Motivating researchers and engineers to create social
Science and Technology and Nation Building
Role of Science and Technology in Nation Building
 Have an Economic Advances
 To Improve Health Systems
 To Improve Education
 To Improve Infrastructure
Contribution of Science and Technology in Society and
Environment
-with the New Technology the Nation will
 Boost food production
 Improve infrastructure
 Improve Healthcare facilities and services
 Provide sanitation facilities
Government Policies Pertaining to Science and
Technology
 DOST- Dept. of Science & Technology-
- Executive dept. of the Philippine
Government.
- Responsible for the coordination of science
and technology-related projects in the Phil.
- Formulate policies and projects in the field
of S&T in support of national development.
 Philippine, basic strategy
- “National Science and Technology Plan
2002-2020”
- w/ vision related to S&T presented for
three-points in time for 2004,2010 & 2020.
 Strategic areas base on the visions are classified
into 9 categories.
1. Pursuit of a niche and formation of clusters.
2. Efforts to tackle urgent national issues.
3. Cultivation of human resources in the fields of
S&T.
4. Provision of support to small-to-mediocre
enterprise.
5. Promotion of technology transfer and utilization.
6. Building and upgrading of infrastructure in the
fields of S&T.
7. Enhancement of the relationship between
government, industry, academic and society, and
foreign countries.
8. Improvement of administrative ability in the
fields of S&T.
9. Fostering of Scientific, technological and
innovative culture.
In addition, some strategies were updated.
The ff. priority issues were presented:
1. Widening access to cost effective and useful
technologies in order to enhance useful technologies in
order to enhance innovation capabilities of small-to-
medium companies.
2. Providing state-of the art equipment and other
support to assist local industries in creating innovation.
3. Utilizing ICT to expand economic opportunities.
4.
and technical innovations.
Major Development in S&T in the Philippines
USAID- United State Agency for International
Development
- an independent agency of the US federal
government that is primarily responsible for
administering civilian foreign aid and
development assistance.
- Strategically included (STI) Science, Technology &
Innovation in its programming to help Philippines
leapfrog its growth.
- An agreement signed by the former Secretary of
U.S (Hillary Clinton) & former DFA secretary
Albert del Rosario.
Major Personalities in S&T in the Philippines
List of Filipino Scientist who are “changing the world”
1. Reina Reyes- “Pinoy Scientist”- a blog features mostly
young Filipino scientists across different fields and from
across the world.
2. Irene Crisologo- radar meteorologist based in
Postdam, Germany working on open source methods for
processing weather radar data.
3. Julius Sempio- specialist in geoinformatics and remote
sensing.
- helps develop an effective archive and database
for images coming from Diwata 1 (PHLMicrosat-1) and
Diwata 2- microsatellite launched into Space Station.
These are used in mapping. Monitoring the environment
and detecting changes in land features and land usage.
4. Andreia Carillo- astrophysicist based in Austin, USA
5. Kamela Ng- molecular epidemiologist. Her current
research focused on the early detection of drug
resistant-tuberculosis transmission.
6. Migs Canilao- An Anthropologist and Archeologist. His
research involves using high resolution satellite imagery
to track ancient gold trails and settlements in
Northwestern Luzon.
7. Sarah Oliva- Geophysicist based in New Orleans, USA.
List of Famous Filipino Biologist
1. Angel C. Alcala- worked for the conservation of
tropical marine resources and invented artificial coral
reefs that are to be used for fisheries in Southeast Asia.
He is known for his research of Philippine amphibians
and reptiles which led to the addition of 50 new species.
2. Benjamin D. Cabrera- has been involved in medical
parasitology and public health & has published over 100
scientific studies. Developed innovative drug treatments
for mosquito borne diseases.
3. Pedro B. Escuro- developed high-yield varieties of C4
rice that was hardy against diseases and pest.
4. Edgardo Gomez- his work on coral reefs led to saving
the true giant clam from extinction.
5.Bienvenido O. Juliano- developed a method of
evaluating grain quality and is a senior consultant for the
Phil. Rice Research Institute.
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 6. Milagrosa R. Martinez- studied nostoc commune and
chlorella.
7. Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza- has performed research in
plant biochemistry, particularly in the makapuno
phenotype of coconut and the nutritional worth of
certain legumes indigenous to the Phil., cassava and
sweet potatoes. Studied also the resistance of certain
plants to pests or diseases.
8. Baldomero Olveria, Jr- conducted research in the
fields of molecular biology and biochemistry and he has
isolated key DNA enzymes. His discovery of Conus
peptides may lead to drugs for pain and nervous system
disorders.
9. Eduardo Quisumbing- authority of Phil. Plants.
Published numerous papers, many concerning medicinal
plants, like orchids.
10. Asuncion Raymundo- she applied biotechnology and
microbial genetics to agriculture of the Phil. and advisory
group of S&T to the Office of the President.
11. Reynaldo A. Tabada- made contribution in air
pollution and water resources.
12. Carmen Velasquez- discovered 32 species and one
genus of digenetic trematodes on fish population. Also
discovered 2 new trematode species of birds and five on
mammals. Discovered also a parasitic copepod and two
new species of nematodes.
13. Benito S. Vergara- expert on the flowering response
of rice to photoperiodism and physiology. His research
has led to improvement of deep-water rice, rice that is
tolerant to floods and cold temperature and increased
production.
14. Prescillano M. Zamora- done work on the xylem
elements of vascular plants that led to the discovery of
additional species. Also contributed to the conservation
of natural resources & environment policy research.
Science Education in the Philippines
 Philippine ranked poor in terms of Science and
Mathematics. According to abs-cbnnews.com on June
15, 2011, the Phil ranks a poor seventh among nine
ASEAN in the area of education and innovation.
 National Achievement Tests show that science
continues to be the most difficult field of study in
basic education in the Phil. 1999-2000. A.Y
 The phil. Spend only 3.3% of our GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) on public educational institutions
for all levels of education.
 Factors that account for the low performance in
science of the Filipino students includes:
1. Lack of support for scientific culture reflected in
the deficiencies regarding the school curriculum.
2. Inadequate teaching learning process
3. Insufficient instructional materials
4. Lack of teacher training.
5. Large number of students in the classroom
 Several solutions to address country’s poor
performance in science:
1. Project based instruction- allows for more hands-
on interaction for students than the traditional
classroom
2. Lecture-based Instruction- it presents new and
complicated information in a traditional and familiar
light.
3. Inquiry based learning- enables learners to
develop critical thinking skills as they use hands-on
activities and other activities to learn the content.
Chapter 4
S&T and the Human Condition
Martin Heidegger (a philosopher) states that
“technology is a way of reveling”- his view of
technology as a way of revealing would suggest that
technology is inextricably bound up with the way in
which we live, our practices and our institutions.
Human Flourishing- is an effort to achieve self-
actualization and fulfillment within the context of a
larger community of individuals, each with the right
to pursue his or her own such efforts.
The whole range of S&T examine one or more of the
following aspects of human flourishing:
 The structure of the physical world in which
we live
 The nature of human identity and human
mystical experiences
 Character formation in adverse
circumstances
 Relationship between scriptures and modern
scientific knowledge
 Notion or purpose of biology
The Good life- It is a philosophical term for the life that
one would like to live.
What then constitutes a good life?
1. Produce as much as you can.
2. Develop good friend.
3. Keep your culture alive.
4. Your spirituality counts a lot.
5. Don’t miss anything.
6. Inspire your family and the inner circle.
Examination of Human Rights
1987 Philippine Constitution
Article III- Bill of Rights
Article XII- Social Justice and Human Rights
Human Rights- are designed to protect the individual
against violation by the government or by an
individual or groups of individuals.
Three Human Rights
1. Natural Rights- possessed by man (not granted by
the state) but conferred to him by God and nature so
that he may live happily.
Ex. Right to happiness, right to live, right to love
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2. Statutory Rights- rights that are granted to
individual by laws which are promulgated by the law-
making body and consequently may be abolished by
the same body
Ex. Right to receive minimum wage, right to
receive 13th month pay, right to service incentive pay.
3. Constitutional Rights- rights of the citizens to
participate directly or indirectly to the establishment
or administration of the government. These Rights of
citizenships (Article IV) and Right to suffrage, right on
information on matters of public concern (Article III,
section 7)
Ex. Civil rights, social and economic rights, and
rights of the accused.
Ethical Dilemma of Robotics
Isaac Asimov- developed his famous “three laws of
Robotics”
 A robot may not injure a human being, or
through inaction, allow human being to come
to harm.
 A robot must obey the orders given it by
human beings except where such orders
would conflict with the first law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict with
the first or second law.
Is Google making us stupid?
Nicholas G. Carr- main argument is that the internet
Internet might have detrimental effects on cognition
that diminish the capacity for concentration and
contemplation.
Dr. Maria Wimber- a lecturer in University
Birmingham’s School of Psychology. Believes that
internet simply changes the way we handle and store
information, so the “google effect” makes people
good at remembering where to find a given bit of
information, but not necessarily what the information
was.
Prof. Betsy Sparrow concluded that brains rely on the
internet for memory in much the same way they rely
on the memory of a friend, family member or co-
worker.
Dr. Genevieve Bell- Vice President of an Intel
Company- believes not, saying technology help us live
smarter as we’re able to access answer. Being able to
create a well-formed question is an act of intelligence.
Local Government Policies that protect the well-
being of the person
The ff. laws and agencies created to protect the
citizens and natural habitat from the impact and
negative effect of new technologies
Republic Act no. 10173- Data Privacy Act of 2012-
Protects the fundamental human rights of privacy of
communication w/c measures free flow of info. To
promote innovation & growth.
1987 Phil. Constitution- w/c stipulates that the “state
shall protect & advance the right of the people to a
balance & healthful ecology with rhythm of nature.
Phil. Agenda 21- w/c serves as the nation’s blueprint
for sustainable development.
Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change (IA CCC)
w/c aimed at harnessing and synergizing the various
activities undertaken by the national government &
civil society in response to the crisis pose by the
growing problem on climate change.
R.A 8749 (Clean Air Act)- that moves for an effective
air quality management program that will mitigate
the worsening problem of air pollution in the country.
R.A 8435 (Agriculture and Forestry Modernization
Act of 1997)- stated that Dept. of Agriculture should
take into account climate change, weather
disturbance and annual productivity cycle in order to
forecast and formulate appropriate agricultural and
fisheries programs.
R.A 9003 (Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)-
aimed at providing a comprehensive solution to the
country’s garbage problem.
R.A 9275 (Phil. Clean Water Act 0f 2004)- moves for
comprehensive water quality management.
Administrative order 171, 2007- created Presidential
Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC) to address and
mitigate the impact of climate change in the Phil.
R.A 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009)- systematized
and integrated the concept of climate change in the
policy formulation and development plan of all
government agencies and units to prepare the
government for the impact of climate change.
Phil. Climate Change Commission (PCCC)- under the
office of the President as the policy making body of
the Government to coordinate, monitor and evaluate
the program and action plan relating to climate
change.
Natural Framework Strategy on Climate Change
2010-2022 committed towards ensuring and
strengthening the adaptation of our natural
ecosystem and human communities to climate
change.
Current Issue in Science and Technology
The countries of the world must decide whether it
wants to continue establishing their important role in
technology market or just watch their role to diminish
in this cyberage.
3

Notre’ Dame’s John J. Relly Center for S&T, a list of
emerging ethical issues as well as policy issues in S&T.
1. Personalized genetic tests/personalized medicine.
2. Hacking into medical devices
3. Driverless Zipcars
4. 3-D printing
5. Adaptation to climate change
6. Low-quality and counterfeit pharmaceuticals
7. Autonomous systems
8. Human-animal hybrids (chimeras)
9. Ensuring access to wireless and spectrum
10. Ensuring access to wireless and spectrum
11. Human enhancements.
Chapter 5
Specific Issues in S&T
Development of Information Age (Computer Age,
Digital Age or New Media Age)
 Began around 1970s and is still going on today
 This era brought about a time period in which people
could access information and knowledge easily.
 Johannes Gutenberg- first one who introduced
printing to Europe with the printing press on 15th
century.
 The role of the Gutenberg press and the internet in
the establishment of Information and knowledge
networks is profound because it enabled increasing
complex social organization and structures to
emerge and prosper
 Printing Press- was responsible for some of the great
revolutions in history, formed the basis for the
modern market economy and radically changed the
socio-political structure of Europe.
 Gutenberg press and the Internet have allowed for
the development and flourishing of complex social
organization, the shifting nature of power and
control and the increasing de-centralization of
authority structures.
The impact of Social Media and Information Age on
People’s Lives
Social- refers to interaction of organism with other
organisms.
Media- defined as technologies that are intended to
reach a large audience by mass communication.
Classification of Media
 Broadcast media like radio
 Print media like newspaper, book etc.
 Digital media like mobile, pager etc.
 Internet media or social media like e-mail,
website, blogs etc.
 Social Media- is the interaction among people in
which they share & exchange information & idea in
virtual community & network.
- The future of communication, a
countless array of internet, based tools
& platform that increase & enhance
the sharing of information
Impacts of Social Media
Positive Impact
1. You can use social networking site to communicate to
your friends, family, classmates, officemates, etc. E.g.
Facebook
2. Talk to friends and people you haven’t seen in a long
time.
3. Thru online, you will have some form of internet
security.
4. Children can able to teach the older person and help
them about social media.
5. Health benefits like determining certain kinds of
diseases and interventions.
6. In business, it gives opportunity to any person to
produce, join and advertise products.
7. In school, it gives students another option to study.
Negative Impact
1. In Personal Security, hackers can able to break
through and steal things, such as credit card details, etc.
2. It prevents one generation communicating with
another due to their not being much that they can both
relate to it.
3. In Health, the doctors may diagnose you wrong
because they are not seeing you in person. Prolonged
expose to social media affects your health condition
due to lack of exercise.
4. In business, it makes harder for new companies to
succeed due to big companies.
5. In school, the work of students save on it could
deleted by a system error.
Information: The New Language of Science
 Hans Christian Von Baeyer- Physicist who provided
an accessible and engaging overview of the emerging
role of information as a fundamental building block
of science.
 Biodiversity- refers to the variety found in biota
form genetic make-up of plants and animals to
cultural diversity.
Health Consequences of Biodiversity
Specific Pressures and Linkages of Biodiversity
1. It has crucial role in human nutrition
2. It has an essential role in primary health care
3. it reduces the abundance of some organisms.
4. It provides numerous ecosystem services.
4
What does Biodiversity give to human lives?
Atleast 40% of the world’s economy & 80% of the needs
of the poor are derived from biological resources. In
addition, the richer the diversity of life, the grater the
opportunity for medical discoveries, economic
development, and adaptive responses to such new
challenges are climate change.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): Science, Health
and Politics
- are organisms that have had their genomes
changed in a way that does not happen naturally
- Genomes- an organisms complete set of DNA,
including all of its genes. Each genome contains all
of the information needed to build and maintain
that organism. Ex. Crops
- Any organisms could be genetically modified, but
laws restrict the creation of genetically modified
humans, and the production and distribution of
other GMOs are tightly regulated.
- it could represent one of the biggest advances ever
achieved in farming
- it could trigger a wide variety of serious
environment and health problems.
- the main proponents/supporters of GM foods are
Americans
- the main Skeptics/doubters are Europeans and
Asians.
Benefits of GMO
1. Food supplied become predictable/expected- “when
crop yields become predictable then the food supply
becomes predictable. This gives us the ability to reduce
the presence of food returns around the world providing
a greater population.
2. Herbicides and Pesticides are used less often.
3. Nutrition content can be improved- The nutritional
content of the crops can alter thus people in the future
could gain the same nutrition from lower levels of food
consumption.
4. It creates foods that are more appealing to eat- colors
can be change or improved with genetically modified
foods so they become more pleasing to eat.
The risks of GMOs
1. Allergic Reaction- happens when a certain protein or
allergen present in the GMO crop enters the body and
stimulates an immune response.
2. Production of toxins that harmful to human-toxins
being produced when there is a damage in the “Gene of
Interest” during the insertion process.
3. Disruption of biodiversity- The better traits produce
from engineering genes can result in the favoring of one
organism.
Chapter 6
The Nano World- small world
 Nano- Latin word “nenus” which means dwarf/
extremely small.
 Nano world- the global market leader for tips for
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) and Atomic
Force Microscopy (AFM). Enables its users in
research and high-tech industry to investigate
materials at the atomic scale.
 AFM- defining instrument for the whole field of
nanoscience and nanotechnology.
 Nanometer (nm)- is a unit of length equivalent to
one billionth (10-9) of a meter.
Role of Nanotechnology in aiding and revolutionizing
different aspects of S&T include:
1. Areas of environmental science
2. Information technology
3. Medical science
4. Energy
5.Transportation
6. Internal security
7. Food safety
8. Those related to human and environmental health
Nanotechnology and Impact on Human Lives
1. Faster, smaller and more powerful computers.
2. Faster, more functional and more accurate medical
diagnostic equipment.
3. Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products improve its
quality.
4. Improved vehicle fuel efficiency and corrosion
resistance.
5. Nano particles or nanofibers in fabrics can enhance
stain, water and flame resistance without a significant
increase in weight, thickness or stiffness of the fabric.
6. Water filters that are only 15-20 nm wide can remove
nano-sized particles, including virtually all viruses and
bacteria.
7. Carbon nanotubes have a variety of commercial uses,
including making sports equipment stronger and lighter
weight.
8. Most sunscreens today are made from nanoparticles
that effectively absorb light including the more
dangerous ultraviolet range.
9. Many drink bottles are made from plastics containing
Nano clays, which increase resistance to permeation by
oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture.
10. Thanks to nanotechnology, a huge variety of chemical
sensors can be programmed to detect a particular
chemical at amazingly low levels, for example, a single
molecule out of billions.
5
Major Impact of Nanotechnology on Society
Positive Impact
1. Revolutionize manufacturing, healthcare, energy,
supply, communicating and probably defense.
2. Transform labor, and the workplace, the medical
system, transportation and power infrastructure and the
military.
Negative Impact
1. Exacerbate problem stemming from existing socio-
economic inequity and unequal distribution of power
between rich and poor causing “nano-divide”.
2. Has the potential to destabilize international relations
through nano arms, race and the increased potential for
bioweaponry.
Cost and Benefits to Society of Nanotechnology
 Potential opportunities of nanotechnologies in the
international development priorities include:
1. Improved water purification systems
2.ImprovedEnergy Systems, medicines and
pharmaceuticals
3. Increase Food production and nutrition
4.Improved Information and communication
technologies.
Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and Its
Products
Negative effect of Nanotechnology in environment
1. Increased toxicological pollution on the environment
due to technology.
Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology
Anthology of Nanotechnology from delves into near-,
mid-, and far-term issues. Comprehensive and
authoritative, it
1. Goes beyond the usual environmental, health and
safety (EHS) concerns to explore such topics as privacy,
nanomedicine, human enhancement, global regulation,
military, humanitarian, education, artificial intelligence,
space exploration, life extension and more.
2. Features contributions from forty preeminent experts
from academia and industry worldwide, reflecting
diverse perspectives.
3. Includes seminal works that influence nanoethics
today.
4. Encourage an informed, proactive approach to
nanoethics and advocates addressing new and emerging
controversies before they impede progress or impact our
welfare.

Advantages of Nanotechnology The end.

1. Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of
electronic products, procedures and applications.
2. Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector.
3.Another industry that can benefit from
nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will
need materials like nanotubes, aerogels, nano particles
and etc.
4. In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a
boon since these can help with creating what is called
smart drugs.

Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
1. Possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and
manufacturing industry.
2. It can bring crash of certain market due to the lowering
of the value of oil and diamonds due to the possibility of
developing alternative sources of energy.
3. Atomic weapons that can be now more accessible and
made to be more powerful and more destructive.
4. Since these particles are very small, problems can
actually arise from the inhalation of these minute
particles, much like the problems a person gets from
inhaling minute asbestos particles.
5. Nanotechnology is very expensive because of pretty
difficult to manufacture.