Research Proposal
Unit I: Introduction to Reserved
Lesson 1- Nature and Ethics of Research
Research- is purposive, systematic, analysing, discovery
-careful, critical disciplined inquiry – carried out for specific purpose
-contributes to attainment
Importance
Of Research
- Is conducted in different settings.
-education should look at research – inform¹ action, always high quality.
- Should have implications & policy
Goals of Research.
• To produce evidence-based practice institutions
Results must be published, utilized in seminars.
Established Credibility on the profession – body of knowledge,
•To observe Accountability for the profession
• rationale & action.
+To promote cost-effectiveness through documentations.
Must be shared with individuals, satisfy reasearcher’s goal
Purpose of Research – indicates Focus direction.
Exploratory / formative Research- convey
Descriptive Research – presents a picture.
Explanatory Research – describe & answer “why”
Purpose conducted discover new facts, Finds answers
Improve existing techniques, discover previously unrecognized.
Pathways, or order-related. – provide basing satisfy curiosity Find answer, acquire better & deeper
understanding, to expand improve educational practices, promote health,
Lesson 2. Nature of Research
Research is systematic adopted to undertake
Research is controlled- all variables except that tested
-causality concerning two variables, social sciences!
Research is empirical- all procedures. Research in analytical / critical – all the data used
Research is objective, unbiased & logical- all findings are logically based on empirical data
The research employs a hypothesis – experimental, it is expressly stated
Research employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical
measures. Research is original work gathered from Research is done by an expert – use valid & care
fully designed primary source Research is an accurate investigation, observation & description all
conclusion based on actual evidence
Research is patient & unhurried activity – ensure accuracy
Research requires in effort-making- without exertion
Research requires courage. Oftentimes and orgy hazards. Transparent- aims method.
Characteristics of Researcher
Passion- driven by desire
Curiosity- insatiable curiosity
Perseverance- grit & determination
Critical thinking skilled at analysing Data
Collaboration isn’t solitary pursuit.
Effective communication- wide range of audience
Organizational skills- high achieving researcher
Prudence exercising good judgement
Self-reliance- independent & self-sufficient
Ethical conduct-adhere to strict ethical guidelines.
Research Process -range of significant &reliable Selecting the Research topic foremost work
Defining research topic- defined clearly precisely,
Crucial decisions
Objectives of Research essential ingredient
Literature Survey – organizational pattern
Formulation of Hypothesis – dependent & independent variables.
Sketching Research design- structured plan outlining
Sample Design-economic way Collection of Data – supporting or replacing
Execution of Project pre-set Analysis of Data- essential to draw out
Testing of Hypothesis- prime motive
Generalization & Interpretation of Data – meaning I valuation Preparation of Research Report –
needs skills & knowledge
Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry.
Tradition accepting that customs. Authority accepting without question.
Inaccurate observation- when wrongly described.
Overgeneralization pattern out
Selective observation- persisting to belive an observed pattern
Made-up information – explain away confusion
Illogical reasoning- attributing something.
Ego-involvement- In understanding- unfavourable situation
Mystification- supernatural To enr is human fallibility of non
Dogmation unwritten policy
Lesson 3: Classification of Research Quantitative Research- numeric in formation
Types: Survey, Correlational, Casual – Comparative, Experimental
Survey – interviews, questionnaires. Correlational relationship between two variables
Causal – Comparative – uncover cause & effect
Experimental hypothesis
Quantitative Research Designs
Experimental Designs- manipulation or control. Internal validity: dependent to independent
External Validity; extraneous variables
True experimental designs- Solomon four
Quasi-experimental designs- time series group
Pre-experimental designs- one shot case study
Non-experimental Designs- understanding human
Types. Action, Developmental, Evaluation studies
Qualitative Research- understanding human behaviour in a natural setting
Gaining insights Concerned with an
In-depth Unstructured interviews.
4 to synthesize the patterns.
Not limited by existing theories
Types: Ethnography describe culture’s characteristics – involves collection & analysis of data
Phenomenal describe experiences as they are lived – no clearly defined steps
Historical- described past events.
· Primary sources: .: written records
Second sources: person narrates information
· Internal criticism• establishing the authenticity
External criticism: based analysis printed
Case study – gain insights into little-known problem
Phase in a Qualitative Study:
Orientation and Overview – phenomenon or culture of interest
Focused Exploration -scrunity.
Confirmation & Closure- findings are trustworthy
Mixed Method Research Design mix of quantitative & qualitative research techniques
Two Common Types of mixed research design Mixed method research paradigm
Mixed model research- approaches within a stage
E-research- broader term that includes non scientific research
